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MCE 415 - HEAT TRANSFER

MCE 415 - Heat Transfer

PROFESSOR ADEKOJO WAHEED

MCE 415: HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2 UNITS)

COURSE SYNOPSIS
• Theory of steady state heat conduction, convection and radiation.
Dimensional analysis and similitude in heat transfer. Analog between
momentum and heat transfer, boundary layer flow relations used in
convection heat transfer calculations. Materials and design of heat
exchangers. Introduction to mass transfer, analogy between heat and mass
transfer.

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COURSE OUTLINE
• Introduction and basics of heat transfer: Modes of heat transfer, Fourier’s law, conductivity,
diffusivity.
• Steady heat conduction: Heat conduction in plane wall, cylinder, sphere, network analysis, critical radius
of insulation, heat transfer from fins.
• Introduction to convection: Fundamentals, Velocity and thermal boundary layer, laminar, turbulent
flows, conservation equations for mass, momentum and energy, solution of boundary layer equations,
Analogy between heat and momentum transfer, Non-dimensional numbers
• Heat Exchangers: Types of heat exchangers, overall heat transfer coefficient, analysis of heat
exchangers, the log mean temperature method, ε-NTU method.
• Introduction to radiation: Fundamentals, radiative properties of opaque surfaces, Intensity, emissive
power, radiosity, Planck’s law, Wien’s displacement law, Black and Gray surfaces, Emissivity, absorptivity,
Spectral and directional variations, Stephan Boltzmann law, Kirchhoff’s law
• Mass Transfer: Introduction, analogy between heat and mass transfer, mass diffusion, Fick’s Law,
boundary conditions, steady mass diffusion through a wall, cylinder and sphere, water vapour migration
in buildings, transient mass diffusion, mass transfer in a moving medium, diffusion of vapor through a
stationary gas: Stefan Flow

RESOURCES FOR OUR LEARNING

Textbook:
• Bergman, T. L., Lavine, A. S., Incropera, F. P. and Dewitt, D. P. Fundamentals of Heat
and Mass Transfer
• Cengel, Yunus A. Heat Transfer: A practical Approach

• Holman, J. P. Heat Transfer:

Others
• Read assigned sections before coming to class.
• Class participation - welcome and essential.
• Other Instructors, i. e., Classmates, Organized Learning Groups very useful
• Homework: Submission, grading, and return policies will be announced in the class.

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GRADING POLICY
Homework 10%
Mid-Semester Exam 15% (Date?)
Class Attendance/Quiz 5%
Final Semester Exam 70% (Date?)
Total 100%

Please turn in homework on time! May discuss, but do not copy solutions
from any source!
10% penalty for late homework.
No credit after solutions have been posted, except in serious situations.

IMPORTANT INFORMATION
Homework:
• You are encouraged to work along with your colleagues, but each of you must provide
your own individual solution set. Plagiarism will result in a zero for that set.
Exam:
• There will be a midterm and comprehensive final exams
Student responsibilities:
• You have certain responsibilities and rights as an adult and a student. Please refer to the
student handbook for a description of what these entail.
Academic Integrity:
• Academic integrity is the cornerstone of the university and will be strongly enforced in
this course. Any student found in violation of the academic integrity policy will be
given an “F” for the course and will be referred to the Student Disciplinary Committee.
For additional information about FUNAAB’s Academic Integrity policy/procedures
please contact the office of the College Officer.
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Heat Transfer as a Course

• Has a “reputation” for being one of the most challenging, fundamental,
conceptual courses in ME. It is the “heart” of thermal engineering
• Why??
– Physically diverse: thermodynamics, material science, diffusion theory, fluid
mechanics, radiation theory
– Higher-level math: vector, calculus, ODEs, PDEs, numerical methods
– Physically elusive: heat is invisible; developing intuition takes time
– Appropriate assumptions: required to simplify and solve most problems
• However, Heat Transfer is interesting, fun, and readily applicable to the real
world

Lecture I
INTRODUCTION
Introduction and basics of heat transfer: Modes of heat transfer, Fourier’s law,
conductivity, diffusivity, Newton’s law of cooling and Stefan–Boltzmann law of
radiation

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THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

• Heat: The form of energy that can be transferred from one system to another as a
result of temperature difference.
• Thermodynamics is concerned with system in equilibrium states and changes from
one equilibrium state to another; may be used to predict the amount of heat
transfer as a system undergoes a process from one equilibrium state to another.
• Heat Transfer deals with system that lack thermal equilibrium; it deals with the
determination of the rates of such energy transfers as well as variation of
temperature.
• The transfer of energy as heat is always from the higher-temperature medium to
the lower-temperature one.
• Heat transfer stops when the two mediums reach the same temperature.
• Heat can be transferred in three different modes:
conduction, convection, radiation
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Application Areas of Heat Transfer

Indeed a relevant subject in many industrial and environmental problem
• Power generation and distribution: In energy production and conversion, i.e. in the
generation of electrical power whether through nuclear fission or fusion, the combustion of
fossil fuels, magnetohydrodynamic processes, or the use of geothermal energy sources, there
are numerous heat transfer problem that must be solved, i.e. in boilers, condensers, cooling
towers, feed heaters, transformer cooling, transmission cable cooling, etc.
• Renewable energy system: Development of solar energy conversion systems for space
heating as well as for electric power production, flat plate collectors, thermal energy storage,
photovoltaic cell (PVC) module cooling, etc.
• Transportation: In propulsion systems such as internal combustion, gas turbine, and rocket
engines, engine cooling, automobile radiators, etc.
• Comfort heating, ventilation, and air conditioning: Design of convectional space and
water heating systems in the design of incinerator and cryogenic storage equipment, in the
design of refrigeration and air conditioning systems, and in many manufacturing processes,
mobile food storage,

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Application Areas of Heat Transfer

• Aviation and space exploration: Gas turbine blade cooling, vehicle heat shields,
rocket engine/nozzles cooling, space suits, space power generation, etc.
• Chemical, petrochemical and process industry: heat exchangers, reactors, reboilers,
etc.
• Electrical machines and electronic equipment: Cooling of motors, generators,
computers and microelectronic devices, etc.
• Manufacturing and material processing: Metal processing, heat treatment,
composite material processing, crystal growth, micromachining, laser machining, etc.
• Fire and combustion: combustion plant
• Domestic applications: ovens, stoves, toaster, etc.
• Health care and biomedical applications: blood warmers, organ and tissue storage,
hypothermia, etc.
• Weather and environmental changes: Also relevant to air and water pollution and
strongly influences local and global climate, climate control, etc.
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Application Areas of Heat Transfer

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HEAT AND OTHER FORMS OF ENERGY

• Energy can exist in numerous forms such as:

• thermal,
• mechanical,
• kinetic,
• potential,
• electrical,
• magnetic,
• chemical,
• nuclear.
• Their sum constitutes the total energy E (or e on a unit mass basis) of a
system.
• The sum of all microscopic forms of energy is called the internal energy
of a system.

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MODE OF HEAT TRANSFER

Different types of heat transfer processes are called different modes of heat transfer
• Conduction heat transfer is due to a temperature gradient in a stationary medium or
media
• Convection heat transfer occurs between a surface and a moving fluid at different
temperatures
• Radiation heat transfer occurs due to emission of energy in the form of
electromagnetic waves by all bodies above absolute zero temperature
• Net radiation heat transfer occurs when there exists a temperature difference
between two or more surfaces emitting radiation energy

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CONDUCTION
Conduction: heat transfer is due to a temperature gradient in a
stationary medium or media.
It is transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of a
substance to the adjacent less energetic ones as a result of
interactions between the particles.
In gases and liquids:
Conduction is due to the collisions and diffusion of the molecules
during their random motion.
In solids:
It is due to the combination of vibrations of the molecules in a lattice
and the energy transport by free electrons.
The rate of heat conduction through a plane layer is proportional to
the temperature difference across the layer and the heat transfer Heat conduction through a large plane
wall of thickness x and area A.
area, but is inversely proportional to the thickness of the layer.

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When x → 0 Fourier’s law of heat

conduction

Thermal conductivity, k: A measure of the ability of a material

to conduct heat.
Temperature gradient dT/dx: The slope of the temperature
curve on a T-x diagram.
Heat is conducted in the direction of decreasing temperature,
and the temperature gradient becomes negative when
temperature decreases with increasing x. The negative sign in
the equation ensures that heat transfer in the positive x
direction is a positive quantity.

In heat conduction analysis, A

represents the area normal to the The rate of heat conduction through a solid
direction of heat transfer. is directly proportional to its thermal
conductivity.
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Thermal Conductivity
Thermal conductivity: The
rate of heat transfer through
a unit thickness of the
material per unit area per unit
temperature difference.
The thermal conductivity of a
material is a measure of the
ability of the material to
conduct heat.
A high value for thermal
conductivity indicates that the
material is a good heat A simple experimental setup to
conductor, and a low value determine the thermal
indicates that the material is conductivity of a material.
a poor heat conductor or
insulator.

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Thermal Diffusivity
Thermal diffusivity, m2/s: Represents how fast heat
diffuses through a material

cp Specific heat, J/kg · °C: Heat capacity per unit mass

cp Heat capacity, J/m3·°C: Heat capacity per unit
volume
A material that has a high thermal conductivity or a
low heat capacity will obviously have a large thermal
diffusivity.
The larger the thermal diffusivity, the faster the
propagation of heat into the medium.
A small value of thermal diffusivity means that heat
is mostly absorbed by the material and a small
amount of heat is conducted further.

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CONVECTION
Convection: The mode of energy
transfer between a solid surface
and the adjacent liquid or gas that
is in motion, and it involves the
combined effects of conduction
and fluid motion.
The faster the fluid motion, the
greater the convection heat
transfer.
In the absence of any bulk fluid
motion, heat transfer between a
solid surface and the adjacent Heat transfer from a hot surface to air by convection.
fluid is by pure conduction.

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Forced convection: If the fluid is

forced to flow over the surface by
external means such as a fan,
pump, or the wind.
Natural (or free) convection: If
the fluid motion is caused by
buoyancy forces that are induced
by density differences due to the
variation of temperature in the
fluid. The cooling of a boiled egg by forced and
natural convection.

Heat transfer processes that involve change of phase of a fluid are also considered to be
convection because of the fluid motion induced during the process, such as the rise of the
vapor bubbles during boiling or the fall of the liquid droplets during condensation.

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Newton’s law of cooling

h convection heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 · °C

As the surface area through which convection heat transfer takes place
Ts the surface temperature
T the temperature of the fluid sufficiently far from the surface.

The convection heat transfer

coefficient h is not a property of the
fluid.
It is an experimentally determined
parameter whose value depends on
all the variables influencing
convection such as
- the surface geometry
- the nature of fluid motion
- the properties of the fluid
- the bulk fluid velocity

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RADIATION
• Radiation: The energy emitted by matter in the form of electromagnetic waves (or
photons) as a result of the changes in the electronic configurations of the atoms or
molecules.
• Unlike conduction and convection, the transfer of heat by radiation does not require the
presence of an intervening medium.
• In fact, heat transfer by radiation is fastest (at the speed of light) and it suffers no
attenuation in a vacuum. This is how the energy of the sun reaches the earth.
• In heat transfer studies we are interested in thermal radiation, which is the form of
radiation emitted by bodies because of their temperature.
• All bodies at a temperature above absolute zero emit thermal radiation.
• Radiation is a volumetric phenomenon, and all solids, liquids, and gases emit, absorb, or
transmit radiation to varying degrees.
• However, radiation is usually considered to be a surface phenomenon for solids.

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Stefan–Boltzmann law
 = 5.670  108 W/m2 · K4 Stefan–Boltzmann constant
Blackbody: The idealized surface that emits radiation at the maximum rate.
Radiation emitted by
real surfaces
Emissivity  : A measure of how closely a surface
approximates a blackbody for which  = 1 of the
surface. 0   1.

Blackbody radiation represents the maximum amount of radiation

that can be emitted from a surface at a specified temperature.

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Absorptivity : The fraction of the radiation energy incident on a surface that is

absorbed by the surface. 0   1
A blackbody absorbs the entire radiation incident on it ( = 1).
Kirchhoff’s law: The emissivity and the absorptivity of a surface at a given
temperature and wavelength are equal.

The absorption of radiation

incident on an opaque
surface of absorptivity .

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Net radiation heat transfer: The When a surface is completely enclosed by a much
difference between the rates of larger (or black) surface at temperature Tsurr separated
radiation emitted by the surface and by a gas (such as air) that does not intervene with
the radiation absorbed. radiation, the net rate of radiation heat transfer
between these two surfaces is given by
The determination of the net rate of
heat transfer by radiation between two
surfaces is a complicated matter since
it depends on
• the properties of the surfaces
• their orientation relative to each other
• the interaction of the medium
between the surfaces with radiation
Radiation is usually
significant relative to
conduction or natural
convection, but negligible
relative to forced convection.
Radiation heat transfer between a surface and the surfaces surrounding
it.
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When radiation and convection occur simultaneously between a surface and

a gas:

Combined heat transfer coefficient hcombined

Includes the effects of both convection and radiation

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SIMULTANEOUS HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISMS

Heat transfer is only by conduction in opaque solids, but by
conduction and radiation in semitransparent solids.
A solid may involve conduction and radiation but not convection.
A solid may involve convection and/or radiation on its surfaces
exposed to a fluid or other surfaces.
Heat transfer is by conduction and possibly by radiation in a still
fluid (no bulk fluid motion) and by convection and radiation in a
flowing fluid.
In the absence of radiation, heat transfer through a fluid is either
by conduction or convection, depending on the presence of any
bulk fluid motion.
Convection = Conduction + Fluid motion
Heat transfer through a vacuum is by radiation.
Although there are three
Most gases between two solid surfaces do not interfere with radiation.
mechanisms of heat transfer, a
Liquids are usually strong absorbers of radiation. medium may involve only two of
them simultaneously.

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