DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS

AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Year / Sem : III / VI

Dept : ECE , CSE, AI&DS , IT
Sub code / Name: OEI 351 Introduction To Industrial and Control

UNIT - I COMMON UNIT OPERATIONS IN PROCESS INDUSTRIES -I

Unit Operation, Measurement and Control:-Transport of solid, liquid and gases -
Evaporators – Crystallizers-Dryers.
 UNIT – I
Measurement:-
The old measurement is used to tell us length, weight and temperature are a change of these physical
measurement is the result of an opinion formed by one (or) more observes about the relative size (or) intensity
of some physical quantities.

Definition:
The word measurement is used to tell us the length, the weight, the temperature, the colour or a change in one
of these physical entities of a material. Measurement provides us with means for describing the various
physical and chemical parameters of materials in quantitative terms. For example 10 cm length of and object
implies that the object is 10 times as large as 1 cm; the unit employed in expressing length.

These are two requirements which are to be satisfied to get good result from the measurement.
1. The standard must be accurately known and internationally accepted.
2. The apparatus and experimental procedure adopted for comparison must be provable.

Instrumentation:-
Definition:
The human senses cannot provide exact quantitative information about the knowledge of events
occurring in our environments. The stringent requirements of precise and accurate measurements in the
technological fields have, therefore, led to the development of mechanical aids called instruments.
Or

Definition: the technology of using instruments to measure and control physical and chemical properties of
materials is called instrumentation

Uses:
-> Study the function of different components and determine the cause of all functioning of the system, to
formulate certain empirical relations.
-> To test a product on materials for quality control.
-> To discover effective components.
-> To develop new theories.
-> Monitor a data in the interest of health and safety.

Methods of measurement:-
1. Direct and indirect measurement.
2. Primary and secondary & tertiary measurement.
3. Contact and non-contact type of measurement

1. Direct and indirect measurement

Measurement is a process of comparison of the physical quantity with a standard depending upon
requirement and based upon the standard employed, these are the two basic methods of measurement.

Direct measurement:
The value of the physical parameter is determined by comparing it directly with different standards.
The physical standards like mass, length and time are measured by direct measurement.

Indirect measurement:
The value of the physical parameter is more generally determined by indirect comparison with the secondary
standards through calibration. The measurement is convert into an analogous signal which subsequently
process and fed to the end device at present the result of measurement

2. Primary and secondary & tertiary measurement:

The complexity of an instrument system depending upon measurement being made and upon the
accuracy level to which the measurement is needed. Based upon the complexity of the measurement systems,
the measurement are generally grouped into three categories.
i. Primary
ii. Secondary
iii. Tertiary.
In the primary mode, the sought value of physical parameter is determined by comparing it directly with
reference standards the required information is obtained to sense of side and touch.
Examples are:
a) Matching of two lengths is determining the length of a object with ruler.
b) Estimation the temperature difference between the components of the container by inserting fingers.
Secondary and tertiary measurement are the indirect measurements involving one transmission are called
secondary measurements and those involving two convergent are called tertiary measurements.
Ex: The convergent of pressure into displacement by means of be allows and the convergent of force into
displacement.

3. Contact and non-contact type of measurements:

Contact type:
Where the sensing element of measuring device as a contact with medium whose characteristics are being
measured.

Non-contact type:
Where the sense doesn't communicate physically with the medium.
Ex: The optical, radioactive and some of the electrical/electronic measurement belong to this category.

Objectives of instrumentation:-
1. The major objective of instrumentation is to measure and control the field parameters to increase safety
and efficiency of the process.
2. To achieve good quality.
3. To achieve auto machine and automatic control of process there by reducing human.
4. To maintain the operation of the plan within the design exportations and to achieve good quantity
product.
Generalized measurement system and its functional elements:-

1) Primary sensing element.

2) Variable conversion (or) Transducer element.
3) Manipulation of element.
4) Data transmission element.
5) Data processing element.
 6) Data presentation element.
The principal functions of an instrument is the acquisition of information by Sensing and perception,
the process of that information and its final presentation to a Human observer. For the purpose of analysis
and synthesis, the instrument s are considered as systems (or) assembly of inter connected components
organised to perform a specified function. The different components are called elements.

1) PIMARY SENSING ELEMENT: An element that is sensitive to the measured variable .The sensing
element sense the condition , state (or) value of the process variable by extracting a small part of energy
from the measurement and produces an output which is proportional to the input. Because of the energy
expansion, the measured quantity is always disturb. Good instruments are designed to minimise this
loading effect.
2) Variable conversion (or) transducer element: An element that converts the signal from one physical
for to Another without changing the information content of the signal.
Example:

 Bourdon tube and bellows which transfer pressure into displacement

.  Proving ring and other elastic members which converts force into displacement.
3) MANIPULATION ELEMENT: It modifies the direct signal by amplification, filtering etc., so that a
desired output is produced
. [input]× constant = Output
4) DATA TRANSMISSION ELEMENT: An element that transmits the signal from one location to
another without changing the information content. Data may by transmitted over long distances (from one
location to another) or short distances (from a test centre to a nearby computer).
5) DATA PROCESSING ELEMENT: An element that modifies data before it is displayed or finally
recorded. Data processing may be used for such purposes as:
Corrections to the measured physical variables to compensate for scaling, non-linearity, zero offset,
temperature error etc.
. 6) DATA PRESANTION ELEMENT:
An element that provides record or indication of the output from the data processing element. Ina measuring
system using electrical instrumentation, an exciter and an amplifier are also incorporated into the circuit.
The generalised measurement system is classified into 3 stages:
a) Input Stage
b) Intermediate Stage
i. Signal Amplifications
ii. Signal Filtration
iii.Signal Modification
iv. Data Transmission
c) Output Stage
a) Input Stage: Input stage (Detector-transducer) which is acted upon by the input signal (a variable to be
measured) such as length, pressure, temperature, angle etc. and which transforms this signal in some other
physical form. When the dimensional units for the input and output signals are same, this functional
element/stage is referred to as the transformer.
b) Intermediate Stage: i. signal amplification to increase the power or amplitude of the signal without
affecting its waveform. The output from the detector-transducer element' is generally too small to operate
an indicator or a recorder and its amplification is necessary. Depending upon the type of transducer signal,
the amplification device may be of mechanical, hydraulic/pneumatic, optical and electrical type.
c) Output Stage: which constitutes the data display record or control. The data presentation stage collects
the output from the signal-conditioning element and presents the same to be read or seen and noted by the
experimenter for analysis.

CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS:-
1) Automatic and Manual instruments:
2) Self generating and power operated
3) Self contact and remote indicating instruments
4) Deflection and null type
5) Analog and digital types
6) Contact and no-contact type
1) Automatic and manual instruments:
The manual instruments require the services of an operator while the automatic types donot. For
example, the temperature measurement by mercury-in-glass thermometer is automatic as the instrument
indicates the temperature without requiring any manual assistance. However, the measurement of
temperature by a resistance thermometer incorporating; Wheatstone brigde in its circuit is manual in
operation as it needs an operator for obtaining the null position.
 2) Self generating and power operated
Self-generated instruments are the output is supplied entirely by the input signal. The instrument does
not require any outside power in performing its function
Example: mercury in glass thermometer, bourdon pressure gauge, pitot tube for measuring velocity
So instruments require same auxillary source of power such as compound air, electricity, hydraulic
supply for these operations and hence are called externally powered instruments (or) passive instruments.
Example:

 L.V.D.T(Linear Variable Differential Transducer)

 Strain gauge load cell

 Resistance thermometer and the mister.

 Self contained remote indicator.

3) Self contact and remote indicating instruments:
The different elements of a self-contained instrument are contained in one physical assembly. In a
remote indicating instrument, the primary sensing element may be located at a sufficiently long distance
from the secondary indicating element. In the modern instrumentation technology, there is a trend to install
remote indicating instruments where the important indications can be displayed in the central control
rooms
4) Deflection and null output instruments:
In null-type instruments, the physical effect caused by the quantity being measured is nullified
(deflection maintained at zero) by generating an equivalent opposing effect. The equivalent null causing effect
then provides a measure of the unknown quantity. A deflection type instrument is that in which the physical
effect generated by the measuring quantity (measured) is noted and correlated to the measured.
5) Analog and digital instruments:
The signals of an analog unit vary in a continuous fashion and can take on infinite number of values in
a given range. Wrist watch speedometer of an automobile, fuel gauge, ammeters and voltmeters are examples
of analog instruments.

Belt Type Gravimetric Feeder:

It incorporates a constant speed belt coupled with a gate to modulate the solids flow rate such that belt load is
balanced by an adjustable poise weight.

 The entire feeder is weighted instead of just part of the belt; consequently, the low ratio between the
live load and the tare together with the mechanical friction in the pivots of the linkage results in a relatively
low sensitivity in the band load detection system.
 The position of the door control element is proportional to the load error of the belt. In the same way
that a float-operated level control valve cannot maintain the level at the set point if the supply pressure of
the valve varies, this feeder cannot maintain the established gravimetric rate if the bulk density of the solids
varies.
Belt Type Electromechanical Gravimetric Feeder:
Here the belt load is balanced by a mechanical beam and poise weight system which energizes one or
other of two clutches via a pair of mercury switches energized by a magnet attached to the beam.

The gate is modulated as required to maintain the desired load of the belt as established by the position of the
balance weight on the balance beam. It can be seen that this feeder will maintain the load of the band
independently of the changes in the density of the material, subject to the limits of volumetric control of the
gate.

It can be seen that this feeder will maintain the load of the belt independently of the changes in the density of
the material, subject to the limits of volumetric control of the gate. The belt load set point is indicated by a
mechanical counter oriented to drive the balance weight of the beam.
A second counter adapted to the belt transmission totals the length of the belt traveled. By varying the drive
gears, these counters can be provided to read directly. The total weight fed can be calculated by multiplying
the readings of the two counters

The feed rate of all belt-type gravimetric feeders is a function of the belt speed and the belt load. Belt speed is
normally expressed in terms of meter per minute, while belt load is defined as kg per metre of belt.

Feed rate = Belt speed × Belt load

VENTURIMETER
A Venturimeter is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of fluid flowing through a pipe.
PRINCIPLE:
Bernoulli’s equation It states that in a steady ideal flow of incompressible fluids, the total energy at any point
of the fluid is constant.
CONSTRUCTION
1. Short convergent part: It is that portion where fluid get converges i.e. radius decreases.
2. Throat It is middle portion of venturi .Here the velocity of fluid increases and pressure decreases .It
possesses the least cross-section area .
3. Diverging part In this portion the fluid diverges.
WORKING

1. Here we have considered two cross section, first at the inlet and the second one at the throat. The difference
in the pressure heads of these two sections is used to calculate the flow through Venturimeter.
2. As the water enters at the inlet section i.e. in the converging part it converges and reaches to the throat.
3. The throat has the uniform cross section area and least area in the venturimeter. As the water enter in the
throat its velocity gets increases and due to increase in the velocity the pressure drops to the minimum.
4. Now there is a pressure difference of the fluid at the two sections .at the section 1 i.e. at the inlet the
pressure of the fluid is maximum and the velocity is the minimum and at the section2 i.e. at the throat the
velocity of the fluid is maximum and the pressure is minimum.
5. The pressure difference at the two sections can be seen in the manometer attached at both the sections.
6. This pressure difference is used to calculate the rate flow of a fluid flowing through a pipe.
APPLICATIONS
1. PLUMBING: It is used in pipelines at waste water collection systems and a treatment plant because of their
overall design structure allows solids to pass through it instead of collecting in front of it.
2. Flow of chemicals in pipelines: The temp. and pressure of chemicals in pipelines do not affect the accuracy
of venturi and because of this they are used in crude oil pipelines .
3. Carburetors: The venturi allows the carburetor to adjust and calibrate the distribution of fuel and air to the
engine as needed.
ADVANTAGES
1 .It can be installed in any direction.
2 .It can be used for dirty fluids.
3. Smooth construction and low cone angle.
4. High pressure recovery and low permanent pressure drop.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Cannot be used in pipes having small diameter.
2. Size and cost is high.
3. Non linear
4. Maintenance is not easy.

ORIFICE-METER
An orifice plate is a device used for measuring flow rate, for reducing pressure or for restricting flow .
PRINCIPLE:
When an orifice plate is placed in a pipe carrying the fluid whose rate of flow is to be measured, the orifice
plate causes a pressure drop which varies with the flow rate. This pressure drop is measured using differential
pressure sensor and when calibrated this pressure drop becomes a measure flow rate.
CONSTRUCTION
1. A stainless steel orifice plate which is held between flanges of a pipe carrying the fluid whose flow rate is
being measured.
2. It should be noted that for a certain distance before and after the orifice plate fitted between the flanges, the
pipe carrying the fluid should be straight in order to maintain laminar flow conditions
. 3 .Openings are provided at two places 1 and 2 for attaching a differential pressure sensor .
WORKING:

1. The fluid having uniform cross section of flow converges into the orifice plate’s opening in its
upstream. When the fluid comes out of the plate it’s cross section is minimum and uniform for a
particular distance and then the cross section of the fluid starts diverging in the downstream.
2. At the upstream of the orifice, before the converging of the fluid takes place, the pressure of the fluid
(P1) is maximum. As the fluid starts converging, to enter the orifice opening its pressure drops. When the
fluid comes out of the orifice, its pressure is minimum (p2) and this minimum pressure remains constant in
the minimum cross section area of fluid flow at the downstream.
3. This minimum cross sectional area of the fluid obtained at downstream from the orifice edge is called
VENA-CONTRACTA. 4.The differential pressure sensor attached between points 1 and 2 records the pressure
difference (P1 – P2) between these two points which becomes an indication of the flow rate of the fluid
through the pipe when calibrated.
Applications of Orifice Meter
1.The concentric orifice plate is used to measure flow rates of pure fluids and has a wide applicability as it has
been standardized.
2.The eccentric and segmental orifice plates are used to measure flow rates of fluids containing suspended
materials such as solids, oil mixed with water and wet steam.
ADVANTAGES
1 .It is very cheap & easy.
2 .It occupies less space.
3. Can be used to measure flow rate in large pipes
Limitations of Orifice Meter
1. The vena-contracta length depends on the roughness of the inner wall of the pipe and sharpness of the
orifice plate.
2. Pressure recovery at downstream is poor.
3. Gets clogged when the suspended fluids flow.
4. The orifice plate gets corroded and due to this after sometime, inaccuracy occurs.
5. The coefficient of discharge is low.
Thermal Mass Flow Meter

As flow increases, more heat is absorbed by the gas. The amount of heat dissipated from the heat source is
proportional to the gas mass flow and its thermal properties.

Therefore, measurement of the heat transfer supplies data from which a mass flow rate may be calculated.

Thermal mass flow meters are designed to accurately monitor and measure the mass flow (as opposed to
measuring volumetric flow) of clean gases, a parameter that is not temperature-dependent.

Therefore, the thermal mass flow meter does not require a correction for changes in gas temperature, pressure,
viscosity, and density.
Advantages of Thermal Mass Flow Meter

 Measure gas mass flow rate directly

 Suitable for applications where temperature and pressures fluctuate
 Highly accurate and repeatable measurements with a typical accuracy of ± 1% FS
 Able to measure accurately low gas flow rates or low gas velocities
 Excellent turndown ratio, typically 50:1
 No moving parts

Limitations of Thermal Mass Flow Meter

 Gas mass meter use is limited to clean, non-abrasive fluids

 The presence of moisture or droplets can lead to measurement inaccuracy
 Thermal properties must be known: variation from calibrated values can cause inaccuracies
 Relatively high initial cost

Applications of Thermal Flow Meter

Thermal mass flow meters are suitable for a variety of processes requiring mass flow measurement and are
frequently used for the regulation of low gas flows.

Some common gas flow applications for thermal mass flow meters include:

 Compressed air flow and distribution

 Natural gas consumption eg for burner and boiler feed control
 Monitoring and control of stack or flue gas (where composition known)
 Landfill gas recovery
 Flare gas measurement
 Gas flow mixing & blending
 Gas leak testing and detection
Evaporators
Introduction

Evaporation and vapouration are two processes in which simultaneous heat and mass transfer process
occurs resulting into separation of vapour from a solution. Evaporation and vaporization occur where
molecules obtain enough energy to escape as vapour from a solution. The rate of escape of the surface
molecules depends primarily upon the temperature of the liquid, the temperature of the surroundings, the
pressure above the liquid, surface area and rate of heat propagation to product.

Evaporation and vaporization occur where molecules obtain enough energy to escape as vapour from a
solution. The rate of escape of the surface molecules depends primarily upon the temperature of the liquid, the
temperature of the surroundings, the pressure above the liquid, surface area and rate of heat propagation to
product. In a closed container with air space above the liquid, evaporation will continue until the air is
saturated with water molecules.
In the dairy industry evaporation means the concentration of liquid milk products containing dissolved,
emulsified or suspended constituents. During this process water is removed by boiling. This process is used in
the dairy industry for manufacture of evaporated milk, condensed milk and traditional Indian Dairy products In
milk condensing plant, milk is condensed by evaporating a part of its water content by using saturated steam.
The milk is boiled under vacuum. As the milk boils, water vapour is formed. This vapour is utilized for heating
the milk further in the next stage which is at a higher vacuum
Long tube vertical (rising and falling film type) evaporator
In natural convection evaporators, the velocity of the fluid is usually less than one to 1.25 m/s. It is
difficult to heat viscous materials with a natural circulation unit. Therefore the use of forced circulation to
obtain a velocity of liquid up to 5 m/s, at the entrance of the tubes is desired for more rapid heat transfer. The
liquid head above the heat exchanger is usually great enough to prevent boiling in the tubes. A centrifugal
pump is normally used for circulation of milk products, but a positive pump is used for highly viscous fluids.
 Tubes of 3 to 5 cm diameter and 300 to 500 cm long are used to move the liquid on the inside. These
are placed in a steam chest. So that steam heats from the outside of the tube. The Long Tube Vertical (LTV)
evaporator is used normally with the heating element separate from the liquid-vapour separator. The product
enters at the bottom of the evaporator body and as it is heated by steam condensing on the opposite side of the
tube, the product moves rapidly to the top of the tube and then into a separation chamber. The evaporator is
thus a continuous one in operation. Within the tubes there are three distinct regions. At the bottom under the
static head of liquid, no boiling takes place, only simple heating occurs. In the center region the temperature
rises sufficiently for boiling and vapour is produced, heat transfer rates are still low. In the upper region the
volume of vapour increase and the remaining liquid is being wiped into a film on the tube surfaces resulting in
good heat transfer conditions.
The great advantage of the falling film is the short time the product remains inside the tube. This gives
better quality product with minimum changes or damage to the product.
Dryer
Re circulatory batch dryer

The grain is fed to the top of the inside cylinder. While descending through the annular space from the
feed end to the discharge end by gravity, the grain comes in contact with a cross flow of hot air. The exhaust
air comes out through the perforations of the outer cylinder and the grain is discharged through the outlet of
the hopper. The feed rate of grain is controlled by closing or opening the gate provided with the outer pipe of
the discharge hopper. The grain is recirculating till it is dried to the desired moisture level.
Advantages
1. Price is reasonable.
2. Simplest design amongst all flow type dryers
3. Easy to operate 4. It can be used on the farm and rice mill as well.
5. Operating cost is low with husk fired furnace.
Disadvantages
1. Drying is not so uniform as compared to mixing type.
2. Perforations of the cylinders may be clogged with the parboiled paddy after using it for a long time.
Tray Dryer
Schematic of a typical batch dryer is shown in fig. Tray dryers usually operate in batch mode, use racks
to hold product and circulate air over the material. It consists of a rectangular chamber of sheet metal
containing trucks that support racks. Each rack carries a number of trays that are loaded with the material to be
dried. Hot air flows through the tunnel over the racks. Sometimes fans are used to on the tunnel wall to blow
hot air across the trays. Even baffles are used to distribute the air uniformly over the stack of trays. Some moist
air is continuously vented through exhaust duct; makeup fresh air enters through the inlet. The racks with the
dried product are taken to a tray-dumping station

These types of dryers are useful when the production rate is small. They are used to dry wide range of
materials, but have high labor requirement for loading and unloading the materials, and are expensive to
operate. They find most frequent application for drying valuable products. Drying operation in case of such
dryers is slow and requires several hours to complete drying of one batch. With indirect heating often the
dryers may be operated under vaccum. The trays may rest on hollow plates supplied with steam or hot water or
may themselves contain spaces for a heating fluid. Vapour from the solid may be removed by an ejector or
vacuum pump.

Spray Dryers
In a spray dryer, foods are transformed from slurry into a dry powder. A fine dispersion of pre-
concentrated food is first atomized ‘to form droplets (10-200 μm diameter) and sprayed into a current of
heated air at 150-300°C in a large drying chamber The spray-drying operation is easily divided into three
distinct processes; atomization, drying through the contact between the droplets and the heated air, and
collection of the product by separating it from the drying air. While liquid food droplets are moving with the
heated air, the water evaporates and is carried away by the air. Much of the drying occurs during a constant-
rate period and is limited by mass transfer at the droplet surface. After reaching the critical moisture content,
the dry food particle structure influences the falling-rate drying period. During this portion of the process,
moisture diffusion within the particle becomes the ratelimiting parameter. After the dry food particles leave the
drying chamber, the product is separated from air in a cyclone separator. The dried product is then placed in a
sealed container at moisture contents that are usually below 5%. Product quality is considered excellent due to
the protection of product solids by evaporative cooling in the spray dryer. The small particle size of dried
solids promotes easy reconstitution when mixed with water.
 Crystallization
Crystallization is the process of formation of solid crystals from solution, melt or by deposition directly
from a gas phase. Crystallization is obtained through a variation of the solubility conditions of the solute in the
solvent, by opposition to precipitation that is due to a chemical reaction.
Batch Crystallizers
Batch crystallizers without agitation or circulation may result in undesirably large, interlocked, impure
crystals because of entrapment of mother liquor, and difficulty in removing crystals from the vessel
• In the design with external circulation, a high magma velocity is used through the tubes of the heat
exchanger to obtain a reasonable heat-transfer rate with a small temperature-driving force and minimal crystal
formation on the tubes
• In the design with internal circulation, the magma is circulated internally through a draft tube by a
propeller. Energy for evaporation is supplied by the hot feed
• A typical cycle, including charging the feed, crystallization, and removal of the magma, is 2 to 8 h
 In the main body of the crystallizer, evaporation occurs, under vacuum, at the boiling surface
• Near the bottom and inside of the draft tube is a low-rpm propeller that directs the magma upward
through the draft tube toward the boiling surface under conditions of a small degree of super cooling and in the
absence of any violent flashing action
→ Nucleation and buildup of crystals on the walls are minimized
• Surrounding the draft tube is an annular space where the magma flows back downward for re-entry
into the draft tube
 PART-A
1. What is unit operation?
A process that does not include any chemical reaction is known as a unit operation. Unit operations
deal with only physical changes in the substances involved in the process.
2. What is unit operation or process?
Unit processes are also referred to as chemical conversions. In simple terms, the process which
involves chemical changes are known as Unit Processes. Together with unit operations (physical conversions),
unit processes (chemical conversions) form the basic building blocks of a chemical manufacturing process.
3.What is the importance of unit operations?
 The unit operation like distillation, absorption, evaporation, filtration, drying, etc. are most important
factors. Distillation is a purification method for liquids and can separate components of a mixture if
they have significantly different boiling points. Absorption is a physical or chemical phenomenon.
4. What is the advantage of unit operation?
The unit operations which are used to recover bioproducts include those which facilitate disintegration
of solids, separation and recovery of solids and liquids, recovery of soluble molecules and the so-called
finishing operations which include processes such as drying and crystallization.
5. What is the definition of measurement?
Measurement, the process of associating numbers with physical quantities and phenomena.
6. What is the difference between a control system and a measurement system?
Control systems are systems that are used to control other systems or processes. These systems use
feedback to adjust the behavior of the controlled system so that it behaves in a desired way. Measurement
systems are systems that are used to measure physical or chemical quantities
7. What is the basic of instrumentation and control?
Instrumentation and control refer to the analysis, measurement, and control of industrial process
variables using process control instruments and software tools such as temperature, pressure, flow, and level
sensors, analyzers, electrical and mechanical actuators
8. What is the importance of measurement in control?
Accurate measurements ensure that products meet quality standards and regulatory requirements.
9. What is called control system?
A control system is a set of mechanical or electronic devices that regulates other devices or systems by
way of control loops.
10. What is called instrumentation?
Instrumentation is the design, equipping, and/or use of measuring instruments in determining real-life
conditions in a plant's process, as for observation, measurement and control.
11. What is the main purpose of measurement?
The purposes of measurement can be categorized as measurement being in the service of quality,
monitoring, safety, making something fit (design, assembly), and problem solving.
12. What are the five methods of measurement?
Types of measurements are:

 Indirect method of measurement.

 Direct method of measurement.
 Fundamental method of measurement.
 Substitution method of measurement.
 Comparison method of measurement.
13. Why is measurement important in industry?
By utilizing the science of measurement to guide production, manufacturers can confidently deliver
high-quality products, strengthening their reputation and increasing customer satisfaction.

14. What is solid transport?

Sludge transport (homogenous mixture of very small particles of high concentration) Suspended
particle transport (homogenous mixture of low concentration) Jumping particle transport (non-homogenous
mixture, with higher concentration at the bottom of horizontal pipes)

15. Why conveyors are used for transportation of solids?

Fine free flowing solids are best transported on a belt or a flight conveyor. On the other hand, non-
abrasive granular medium size materials can be practically conveyed by any of the common types (belt, apron,
flight, screw) although screw conveyors cannot be used if the shape of the particles has to be preserved.

16. What is the basic principle of conveyor?

Conveyor systems consist of a belt stretched across two or more pulleys. The belt forms a closed loop
around the pulleys so it can continually rotate.

17. What is the classification of a conveyor?

These are generally classified as (a) Gravity discharge bucket conveyor, (b) pivoted bucket conveyor
and (c) bucket elevator.

18. Which type of transport is suitable for transporting liquids?

Liquids particularly can be transported by operators carrying buckets, the usual mode of transport of
fluids is through pipelines with pumps, blowers, compressors, or ejectors.

19. How are gases transported for industrial use?

The major industrial gases can be produced in bulk and delivered to customers by pipeline, but can also
be packaged and transported. Most gases are sold in gas cylinders and some sold as liquid in appropriate
containers
20. What is meant by orifice meter?
An Orifice meter is a device used to measure the rate of flow of a fluid through a pipe. It works on the
principle of Bernoulli's theorem. It consists of a flat circular plate that has a circular sharp-edged hole called an
orifice, which is concentric with the pipe
21. What is orifice and Venturimeter?
Orifice meters introduce higher pressure drops but are simpler in design and widely used.
Venturimeters, on the other hand, have lower pressure drops, higher energy efficiency, and improved
accuracy, making them suitable for applications where minimal pressure loss and accurate flow measurement
are required.
22. What is orifice and its types?
An orifice is any opening, mouth, hole or vent, as in a pipe, a plate, or a body.
23. Where is Venturimeter used?
This device is commonly used to monitor the flow rates of fluids inside a pipe in the water, chemical,
pharmaceutical, and oil & gas sectors.
24. What is the definition of an evaporator?
An evaporator is a vessel or stage which turns a liquid into vapor. In a commercial refrigeration
system, changes in temperature force a refrigerant to become a vapor in the evaporator. The main heating and
cooling functions of an evaporator are vaporization and condensation.
25. What is the function of the evaporator?
The evaporator works the opposite of the condenser, here refrigerant liquid is converted to
gas, absorbing heat from the air in the compartment. When the liquid refrigerant reaches the evaporator its
pressure has been reduced, dissipating its heat content and making it much cooler than the fan air flowing
around it.
26. What is the advantage of evaporator?
Evaporators are indispensable in many industrial processes, offering significant advantages such
as water recovery, concentration of solids, and energy efficiency.
26. What is the evaporator or condenser?
While the evaporator coil cools indoor air, the condenser coil releases heat outdoors. Understanding
their differences and the importance of proper maintenance can help you make informed decisions to keep
your space cool and energy-efficient all year
27. What is the meaning of industrial dryer?
The descriptor, "industrial dryer", is a generic term used to describe a wide assortment of dryers each
of which has a different and unique operating system.
28. What are the different types of dryers?
There are three main types of tumble dryer to choose from – heat pump, condenser or vented.
29. What are the different types of industrial dryers?
The most common types of industrial dryers are fluidized bed dryers, rotary dryers, rolling bed dryers,
conduction dryers, convection dryers, pharmaceutical dryers, suspension/paste dryers, toroidal bed or
TORBED dryers and dispersion dryers.
30. What is the definition of a crystallizer?
A crystallizer is a vessel in which a hot solution is allowed to cool and form crystals. A crystallizer is a
vessel or stage in which a crystal grows from a liquid.
31. What is the advantage of crystallizer?
The dry products which are obtained from this process can be directly packed or stored. The energy
requirement is low for this process. It helps in purification of seawater.
32. What is the use of crystallizer in sugar industry?
 This process involves the boiling of the sugar cane through evaporators. This helps in removing all the
water and forming thick syrup.
33. What is one major industrial application of crystallization?
The most practical usage of crystallization should be salt crystallization and it's the most cost-effective way to
produce salt even at today. Other applications of the tech include compound purification and crystal
production.
PART-B
1. Define measurement. Explain briefly the various types measurement used in the industries.

2. Explain briefly the any two types of solid flow measurement used in industries with advantage
and disadvantage.
3. Explain briefly the any two types of liquid flow measurement used in industries with advantage
and disadvantage.
4. Explain briefly the gas flow measurement used in industries with advantage and disadvantage.

5. Define evaporator and explain briefly the evaporator with a neat diagram used in the industrial
purpose.
6. Explain briefly the different types of dryers used in the industries with the neat diagram.

7. Discuss briefly the crystallizers used in the industries with the neat diagram with the
application.