MYP 4

Extended Math
Algebra
Revision Guide
by the students, for the students
2.2 Coordinate Geometry
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
● MIDPOINT FORMULA
A. Definitions
● DISTANCE FORMULA
B. Important Formulae
● Formula of a SLOPE
C. Examples & Solved Questions
● Different LINES and their GRADIENTS
D. Practice Questions
● Point - Gradient
E. Worked Solutions
● Standard Form
F. Common Mistakes
● Gradient Intercept

● PRACTICE QUESTIONS
 MIDPOINT - formula (Xm, Ym) =
(x1+x2/2 + y1+y2/2 )

(Xm, Ym) = coordinates

The midpoint on a line is defined as the point that is an equal of point
( X1, y1 )= coordinates
01
distance from both points and lies on the line segment
connecting the two points. of first point
DEFINITION ( X2, y2 )= coordinates
of second point

FORMULA
EXAMPLES
1 ) Find the midpoint of A( 14,6 ) and B( 18,20 ) 02
—> (Xm, Ym) = (x1+x2/2 + y1+y2/2 )
—> ( 14 + 18 / 2 ) + ( 6 + 20 / 2 ) =23, 13
2 ) Find the midpoint of C( 5,-13) and D(10,-8 )
—> (Xm, Ym) = (x1+x2/2 + y1+y2/2 )
—> ( 5+10/ 2 ) + ( -13 -8/2 ) = 7,5, -10.5
 DISTANCE FORMULA
DEFINITION FORMULA
The distance formula is used to find the
distance of two different points on a To find the distance between two points
cartesian plane. It is derived from the (x1 , y1) , (x2 , y2), use the formula
pythagoras theorem. d = √(x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2

EXAMPLE
Example:
1. Find the distance between each pair of points:
(3,11) & (6,15)
Solved Answer
distance of (3,11) and (6,15) = √(6 - 3)2 + (15 - 11)2
= √32 + 42
= √9 + 16
= √25
=5
 TYPES OF LINES
Parallel Lines
Perpendicular Lines
Parallel lines will always have the same
slope.
Slope of line A is 4.5, and A ll B, then line B
slope is 4.5

EXAMPLE
Perpendicular lines have slopes that are
Example: the negative reciprocal of each other.
1. Find the distance between each pair of points:
(3,11) & (6,15)
Slope of line A is-⅘ then the slope of
line B will be 5/4.
Solved Answer
distance of (3,11) and (6,15) = √(6 - 3)2 + (15 - 11)2
 Point-gradient Form
The point-slope form, also known as the point-gradient form, is
an equation of a straight line expressed as y − y1 = m(x − x1),
01 where m represents the slope of the line, and (x1, y1) are the
coordinates of a given point on the line.
DEFINITION
y - y₁ = m(x - x₁) where
(x₁, y₁) are the
coordinates of a point
EXAMPLES on the line, and "m" is
1 ) What is the equation of a line with a slope of 3 passing
through the point (4, 1) in point-gradient form?
02 the slope or gradient
of the line.
● The equation of the line in the point-gradient form is: y - 1
= 3(x - 4)

2 ) Find the midpoint of

FORMULA
 Gradient intercept form
The gradient intercept form, also known as the slope-intercept
form, is the equation of a straight line in the form y = mx + b,
01 where m represents the slope of the line and b represents its
y-intercept
DEFINITION
The gradient-intercept
form of a linear
equation is y = mx + c,
EXAMPLES where "m" represents
hat is the equation of a line with a slope of 4 and a y-intercept
of -3 in gradient-intercept (slope-intercept) form?
02 the slope or gradient
of the line, and "c"
● The equation of the line in gradient-intercept represents the
(slope-intercept) form is: y = 4x - 3 y-intercept,

FORMULA
Standard form
a standard form for different geometric representations such

01
as a straight line, circle, ellipse, hyperbola, and parabola

DEFINITION

Ax + By = C, where A,
B, and C are constants
and A and B are not
EXAMPLES both zero
What is the linear equation 2x - 3y = 6 in standard form?
● The linear equation 2x - 3y = 6 can be written in standard
02
form as 2x - 3y - 6 = 0

FORMULA
 Practice questions

1. Find the midpoint of the line segment with endpoints A(-3, 4) and B(5, -2).
Midpoint formula 2. Given point P(2, 7) is the midpoint of the line segment with endpoint Q(5, y) and R(x, 1). Find the
coordinates of points Q and R.

1. Determine the distance between the points (3, -2) and (-1, 5) on the coordinate plane.
Distance Formula 2. A triangle has vertices at A(1, 4), B(3, -2), and C(-3, 1). Calculate the length of each side AB, BC, and CA.

1. Given the line passes through the points (-2, 5) and (4, 1), find the slope of the line.
Formula of a slope 2. Determine the slope of the line that is perpendicular to the line with equation 3x - 4y = 12.

1. Write the equation of the line that passes through point (3, -1) and has a slope of 2 in point-slope form.
Point gradient form 2. Given the line passes through the point (5, 6) with a slope of -3, express the equation of the line in
point-slope form.

1. Express the equation of the line with a slope of -1/2 and a y-intercept of 3 in slope-intercept form.
Gradient intercept 2. Determine the equation of the line that has a y-intercept of 4 and is parallel to the line 2x - 3y = 6.

1. Convert the equation of the line, y = 3x + 2, into standard form.

Standard Form 2. Given the equation 2x - 4y = 8, write it in standard form.
3.1 Relations and Functions
 9th grade

3.1: Functions
and Relations
Revision Guide

**Use this revision guide in presentation

mode to access the links!
**Click the section titles to jump to its page!

Table of contents
01 02 03
Definitions Rules Explanations

04 05 06
Diagrams Examples + Practice Common Mistakes
Questions + Exam Tips
 Definitions
Mapping Diagram Relation Function
A mapping diagram shows A relation is a set of ordered pairs {(x, y) |x€ A, y € B}. A function is a relation where
how the elements in a It has three components: each element in set A maps
relation are paired. ● A relation or rule that maps x onto y for each to one and only one element
Each set is represented by an ordered pair in the relation in set B. A function is defined
oval, and lines or arrows are ● A set A that contains all the x elements of by a mathematical
drawn from elements in the each ordered pair expression that specifies the
first set to elements in the ● A set B that contains all the y elements. relationship between a
second set for each ordered A relation maps set A onto set B. domain (input values) and
pair in the relation range (output values).

Range Domain Ordered Pair

The range of a function is the set of all The domain of a function is In an ordered pair (x, y), the first
output values that the function the set of input values that the term represents an object from a
generates. The range is also called the set function can take. first set and the second term
of images of the elements in the domain. Ex. {1,3,5,7} represents an object from a second
Ex. {2,4,6,8} Ex. (1,2) (3,4) (5,6)
 Rules
Functions are written in the form: f (x) = y,
where:
Function Domain Range
x is the input value, x ∈ A
f(x)=2x {x|x ∈ R } {y|y ∈ R }
y is the output value, y ∈ B
g(x)= √x {x|x ≥ 0, x ∈ R } {y|y ≥ 0, y ∈ R }
f is the function that maps x to y’
h(x)=x² {x|x ∈ R } {y|y ≥ 0, y ∈ R }
f (x) = y is read “the function f of x is y” or
f(x)=⅟x {x|x ∈ R, x ≠ 0 } {y|y ∈ R, y ≠ 0 }
just “f of x is y”
 Explanations
Relation & Function Vertical Line Test
A relation is a set of ordered pairs, where each pair The vertical line test is a method used to determine
contains an element from a first set (called the domain) whether a given graph represents a function or not.
and an element from a second set (called the range). Here's how it works:

Function ⊆ Relation ● Procedure: For a graph representing a relation,

if any vertical line intersects the graph at more
A function is defined by a mathematical expression that than one point, the relation is not a function.
specifies the relationship between a domain (input
values) and range (output values). ● However, if every vertical line intersects the
graph at most once, the relation represented
For example, if a function ‘f’ is defined as: f(x)=3x+2, by the graph is a function.
then:
● f is the name of the function ● It helps visually assess whether a graphed
● x is an element of the domain relation follows the rule that each input
● f(x) is read as 'f of x' (x-value) is related to exactly one output
● '3x+2' tells you what the function does to each (y-value), which defines a function.
element of the domain to get the corresponding
element from the range.
Diagrams
Types of Relations:
Example Questions Practice Questions
1

2
Common Mistakes Exam Tips
Confusing Functions and Connect one to many, not many to one.
Relations

A function is a special type of relation, When creating mapping diagrams for

in which each input only has one output, one-to-many or many-to-one relations, connect
whereas a relation can have 2 or more each “one” value to its many corresponding
outputs for each input. values, and not the other way around. This will
help you save time and you can be sure you
connected every point.

Repeating Values in the Use common examples

Domain/Range

When you write out the domain Have a set of examples ready for each type
and range of a function (with of relation so that you don’t waste time
values), make sure not to repeat during exams trying to come up with real-life
the same value twice. scenarios to create your own relations
3.2 Factorising Quadratic Expressions
 9th grade

Quadratic
equations
Chapter : 3.2
 Table of contents
Definitions Formulas and
01 and formulas 02 rules

Examples and Exam tips

03 Extra questions 04
and summary
 Understanding variables
and constants
Quadratic Equation Coefficient

A quadratic equation is a polynomial equation of degree 2. In a quadratic equation, the coefficient is the numerical
It is written in the form ax^2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, factor that multiplies the variable or its power. For
and c are constants, and x is the variable. example, in the equation 2x^2 + 3x - 4 = 0, the
coefficient of x^2 is 2, the coefficient of x is 3, and the
Variable constant term is -4.

In a quadratic equation, the variable is the unknown

quantity that the equation aims to solve for. In the
equation ax^2 + bx + c = 0, x is the variable.
Formulas
Trial and error
Summary
 Common mistakes

Common Mistakes Forgetting to Apply the Zero Product

Not Factoring Correctly Property

One common mistake when solving quadratic Another common mistake is forgetting
equations is not factoring correctly. It is to apply the Zero Product Property. This
important to carefully factor the equation to property states that if the product of
find the roots. This involves identifying two factors is zero, then at least one of
common factors and using the distributive the factors must be zero. When solving
property. quadratic equations, it is important to
set each factor equal to zero and solve
for the variable.
 Exam tips
Solving quadratic equations in exams can be challenging, but with the right strategies, you can improve your
performance. Here are some tips to help you approach quadratic equation problems:

1. Read the question carefully: Make sure you understand what the question is asking and identify the
key information provided.
2. Identify the type of quadratic equation: Determine whether the equation is in standard form, vertex
form, or factored form. This will help you choose the appropriate method for solving.
3. Use the appropriate method: Depending on the type of equation, choose the most efficient method
for solving. This may include factoring, completing the square, or using the quadratic formula.
4. Check your solutions: After solving the equation, always verify your answers by substituting them
back into the original equation. This will help you catch any er
 Additional questions

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t_03uu_apq02.pdf?etag=W/%22b1e691b07fed0af563afb49735192cf4%22
Use this link to get additional practice

Try completing mixed practice in your books as a form of practice

3.3 Representing Quadratic Functions
 Evie And Nikki

Numerical And
Abstract
Reasoning: 3.3
Extended mathematics - Revision Guide
All the formulas you’ll need to know
01 02 03
Standard Form Factored form Vertex form
y = ax2+ bx + c y = a (x-p) (x-q) ; x≠ 0 y = a (x-h)2 +k ; a≠0 ;
(h, k)- vertex

04 05 06
X- Coordinate of Y- Coordinate of Quadratic
vertex Vertex function
xv = - b/2a y = axv2+ bxv + c The x-coordinate of vertex is
-b/2a,
07 When x intercepts are The equation of its axis of

Quadratic function given,

x-coordinate: xv=(x1+x2)/2
symmetry is x= -b/2a,
The coordinates of its vertex are
y-coordinate: f(xv) [-b/2a, f(-b/2a)]
Comparing and contrasting
parabolas
a) b)
Concave down parabola Concave up parabola
y = ax2 + bx + c ; a<0 y = ax2 + bx + c ; a>0
1.
Criteria D
examples
2.
Here’s what’s
covered in this
sub-unit
1.
Here’s what’s
covered in this
sub-unit
3.
Here’s what’s
covered in this
sub-unit
4.
Here’s what’s
covered in this
sub-unit
5.
Here’s what’s
covered in this
sub-unit
3.4 Quadratic Equations
 Math Revision
Guide
3.4 - Solving Quadratic Equations
 Table of contents

01 02 03
General properties Laws and Formulae Practice Questions

04
Answer Key
 01
General Properties
 General Properties of Quadratic Equations
Formation: ax2+bx+c=0

a is the coefficient of x2, b is the coefficient of x, c is the constant term

Ways to solve equations:

1.Factorization method:

In the factorization method, you factorize the equation by finding 2 number that multiply to c and add to b.(x2 + 8x + 15)

→ 5, 3 add to 8, and multiply to 15.

→ x2 + 5x + 3x + 15 = x(x+5) + 3(x+5)

→ since *x+5 is a common factor, we can cancel one of them out, leaving us with

→ (x+3)(x+5) = 0

→ According to the null factor law, either (x+3) = 0, or (x+5) = 0

→ This means that x = -3, or -5.

 Continuing
2. Using the Quadratic Formula

Formula: x = (-b 土 √(b2 - 4ac))/2a

x2 + 8x + 15 = 0
There is another type of a quadratic equation. These equations have coefficients greater or less than 0, meaning they are
integers. If you want to solve these equations using the factorization method, you have find the product of ac, and use that
as the new c value.

For example, 2x2 - 3x - 2 = 0

=> c = -2 x 2
=> c = -4
Two numbers that multiply to get -4, and add to get -3:
-4, +1
→ 2x2 - 4x + x - 2 = 0
→ 2x(x-2) + 1(x-2) = 0
→ (2x +1)(x-2) = 0
→ x = -½ or 2
 02
Laws and Formula
 Important Formulae and Rules
Rules: The null factor law: The null factor law states that if the product of two or more numbers is zero, then at least one of
the numbers must be zero.
For two numbers a and b, of ab = 0, then a = 0, or b = 0, or a and b both = 0.
When a quadratic is in the form of ax2 - c = 0, where c > 0, you can use the addition principle to rearrange to ax2 = c and the
multiplication principle to get x2 = c/a. The solution is x2 = 土 √c/a.
Formulae:
Quadratic formula: The quadratic formula is x = (-b 土 √(b2 - 4ac))/2a
 03
Practice Questions
Practice Questions
 Conclusion

Solving quadratic equations is a foundation for algebra,

geometry and calculus. By understanding the factors of
quadratic equations, we will be able to solve problems
more efficiently and effectively. When solving quadratic
equations, we apply the quadratic formula or
factorization to look for the solutions. The solutions can
be real or complex numbers. Understanding quadratic
equations supports the solution of many real-world
problems involving areas, distances, and projectile
motion.