Sy, ae fireebi of force is determined by the Fleming’s left hand py ple acting of the sys i tevolution. After completing the halfrevolution, the segment is in contact with brush >, and R, segment nnects with the brush By. sa result, the current 1s reversed in the coil. So the ition of AB and CD of the ‘evi are interchanged. This ‘jgthe direction of rotation of ‘armature, which is unidirec- ‘tional and the motor is ‘tating in one direction. It should be noted that the funct ‘same as in a generator. By reversing ‘one pole to another, it helps to develop a cont 0.3. Explain what is meant by back emf, Explain the princi torque production ina D.C. motor. , (R.GPV, Dec. 5 H vans, Back emf, or Counter emf. ~ Its conductors out the miss flux when the motor armature moves. Thus, the rotation e.mf. E, is inde ja them. In case of a motor, the rotation e.m.f. is called back emp THES ‘em. opposes the applied voltage. 7 The back emf. is given by ' gZN PB. gan EB, (Back e.m.f.) = ———* =Volt p 60 A whe! and B= V—hRa where V is applied voltage, I, is armature current and Principle of Torque Production — If a current carrying, placed in a magnetic field, a force is generated on it as show! | Assume one such conductor is placed in a | armature slot and consider that it is worked upon by the magnetic field from a north pole of the motor. It is determined the conductor has a tendency to rotate to the left hand side by using Fleming left-hand rule. The force F works in a tangential direction to the rotor because the conductor is in a slot on the circumference 44 Electrical Machine-11 (EX/EE Branch) owt oral non the armature sets it into rota a ation tll qa gne ner DC. Sapp The (b) wo Fig. 2.1 ion of the commutator in the motors ‘urrent in each conductor as it passesi, Po tinuous and unidirectional tx: R, is armature resist conduct! n in figD.C. Machine-I 45 rotor, Therefore, a torque is produced on the rotor and similar torques .¢ rotor conductors. It starts moving in the anticlockwise to move. The torque generated on the rotor and is utilized to drive a mechanical load. nerated on all thi ion since the rotor 1s free moved to the rotor shaft expression for torque developed in D.C. motor. Or rque equation of a D.C. motor. (RGF. Vz, Dec. 2016) meant the turning effect or twisting moment of sured by the product of the force and the radius 4 Derive the rrive the tol “Ans. The term torque is 1 about an axis. It is mea: jich this force act. ‘Consider a pulley of r metre ra‘ ‘newton which causes it to rotate at ‘Then torque, T=Fxr Nm ‘Work done by this force in one revolution, Force x Distance Fx 2ar joules dius acted upon by a circumferential force Nrp.m,, which is shown in fig. 2.3. i} Power developed, Fx 2n.N watt Fxr2aN watt ince 2nN = w = Angular velocity in radian/second and F x r= T Hence, power developed, P = T x @ watt fT, be the torque developed by the armature of a motor running at © \s per second; ‘Then power developed, P Fig. 2.3 " ' P= T,*@ watt=T, x 2nN 0) ince we know that, electrical power converted into mechanical power ture is = Eyl, watt (ii) By = Back emf. 1, = Armature current, juating the equations (i) and (ii), we get T,*2nN = E, Eola "But, we know that, B= gZN x2 watt A Putting the value of E,, in equation (iii), we have T.x2eN © azn? w72AN = QZN iE x1, ee wai,(2) N-m Hence, . Qn I e 1 is the required torque developed by a D.C. motor.D.C. Machine-l1 47 (iii) Life of brush decreases, {iv) Speed drops (0) Binding wire gets loosened. (vi) Connections between coils and commutator get weaker. xplain the operating characteristics of D.C. series motor. Speed-current Characteristics ~ The changes of speed is given by no 4 Since change in voltage is small so it is neglected. In a series motor, the flux sis developed by armature current present in the field winding. So 4: Jy. Temeans with increases 1, armature current, flux ¢ also increases. inthis way, speed is inversely proportional to armature current as shown in fig. 24 (a), It means when load current is small, the speed will very large and at light load or no load, possibility of dangerously high speeds or motor may damage. The speed-current characteristics of a series motor is a hyperbola. (ii) Torque-current Characteristics — In D.C. series motor, T, x $1, in this field windings also have armature current, it means @ « I, so, T, © I7,. At light loads, 1, increases, T, increases as the square of current. So, Ty/I, characteristic is a parabola shown in fig. 2.4 (a). But for larger J,, the net flux tends to remain approximately constant. Torque-current characteristics are shown in fig. 2.4 (a). Speed (Satu. & ALR, Included) rc ly o (©) Speed-current and Torque-current was Fig. i (6) Speed-torque (ity 5 '& 24 D.C. Series Motor Characteristics When D.C. ciee monte Characteristics ~ Thi ; hee D'Rh speed. I is shown eee at low g Thus with negli aoe visi isa hyperega 's characteristics shown that ‘peed and has a low torque at dl fon and a: ', as shown by Gi mature reaction, the speed-toi Solid curve in fig. 2.4 (6).D.C. Machine-l! 55 “ P T= 013962( 2) Now, = 0.1596 x 800 x G) x 0.042 x 80 = 429 N-m Tn, a2: -POINT AND | TING OF D.C. MOTORS — 2-POINT, 3-PO! ara 4-POINT STARTERS ‘i vhat do you mean by D.C. motor starting? + Or Vy is til rent very high in a D.C. motor ? How does the Why is the starting curren ct oe at? rter reduce the starting current fo a safe value ? g, the motor speed is zero, therefore, counter ‘$@,,) is also zero, Then, for the armature m. ‘iy the voltage equation is V~ 0+ I,r, for shunt motor and V = 0 I(t, +1) both series and compound motors, For rated applied voltage, the starting jature current is V/r, for shunt motor and V/r, +r, for both motors. Since resistances r, and (r, +r.) are much smaller, the motor draws large starting aature current from the supply mains, ” For example, a 5 kW, 250 V shunt motor,may have armature circuit istance equal to 0.2 Q. If switched on directly, its starting armature current uld be 250/0.2 = 1250 A, whereas the rated armature current is only 20 A h heavy in rush of starting current taken by the motor may result in- oo High sparking found at the commutator. — Gi) Damage the armature winding and deterioration, of the insulation to overheating. _— SS Gi) High starting torque and quick acceleration which can damage rotating parts of the motor. , — _ °—4iv) Large dips in the ee rge dip: supply voltage, jjite annie current must be limited to a value that can be commutated af inserting a suitable external resistance in the armature circuit. As the lerates,back e.m.f, E, is generated in the armature and this decreases armature current to 4 small value. . 15, sagt o . O15. Why is a starter necessary for D.C, motor ? (R.GR¥., Dec. 2014) Whats Or ie ow the necessary of starter in a D.C. motor ? (R.GPV., Dec. 2016) 1S, is a: Gea when the motor is at rest position, speed is zero and back e.m.f. is -C. motor is connected directly to mains, a heavy current will pass Ans. At the time of startin: af. or back e.m.f. Ey (= Kyae. 4 56 Electrical Machine-I! (EX/EE Branch) through armature. Due to this, it damage the armature Winding by, sparking at commutator. Hence for the protection of motor | = against the excessive Now of current during: jiheoctat starting period (upto 10 seconds), it is necessary that a starter should be connected in series with armature of motor and gradually cut in steps. (the simplest type of starter consists, __of a thgostat inserted, in series, with the Armature circuity as shown in fig. 2.7. Fite 2.7 A Simple iy D.C. Motwy There are mainly two standard types of starters for shunt and motors, i.c., three-point starter and four point starter. 0.16. What is the function of no-volt release (NVR) ant, release (OLR) in a starter ? (R.GPY, Ja Ans. The function of no-volt release is to stop the D.C. mots achieved by bringing the starter handle back to OFF position in case: force of no-volt release, becomes less than the spiral-spring force Due to any overload in the motor, if the line current increase Preset value the excess magnetic force causes the lifting of an iron} the iron piece rakes an upward movement, a contactor fitted alom because of the two terminals of NVR coil to get short circuited. 8 clectromagnet fitted with NVR coil loses its magnetic force and Starter handle from the ON posit ignetic a Position towards th motor against over-load, wards OFF position, thus pr® 9.17. Describe construction an hop s 7 series motor id working of a two-point stare , Or pa 4 short note on D.C. series motor starters. —— in ate Series motor, the field and armature a This type of pana he starting resistance in with the tield ny Soper is used to limit the starting current in ¢8>® poi is quit same to the a ‘wo point starter. The construction of basa (Land field (Fyn Hee-point or four-point starter. kn OP combination of Hf {wo terminal generally used. The F wa" Se n of field and the armature windings. The worki"s starter is simi 7 . eC type of ae to that of three-point starter. This is also called" ——____D.C. Machine-n_ 57 Starting Resisto Fig. 2.8 2-point D.C. Series Motor Starters D.C. series motor is its overspeeding when the gad is less, This should be prevented used two point starter. In this starter the Joiding coil is designed in such a way that it is hold the handle into the running {esition only when it carries sufficient current for motor should be run safely. there is the loss of load then it can be the current drawn by the motor tesreases, due to which holding coil looses its required magnetism and free ‘oe handle. By the spring force the handle is come back to the off position so ge motor is protected by overspeeding. 0.18. Describe construction and working of a three-point starter for pe shunt motor. Ans, A circuit diagram of a three-point starter is shown in fig. 2.9, within he dotted rectangle. Since there are only three terminals (L, A, F) present ‘rom the starter, therefore it is called a three-point starter. The starter terminals _(line), A (armature) and F (field) should be connected to the supply terminal, shnotor armature terminal and the shunt field terminal. } Eee eet is kept in the off Position by a strong spiral spring, ie ae ae One stud marked “OFF” in fig. 2.9 represents that derness conuaa an a the supply. The starting resistance is connected ace aaah : » 3 4, 5, 6. For starting the motor, the handle is AHC get et Aa s with stud 1, thereby the shunt field and holding coil Cet = across the supply, whereas the armature gets he entire starting resistance. Thus, the motor starts ‘The main problem in theD.C. Machine-i1 59 “OFF” position, by the spring, and hence, the motor is automatically «to the Ser ected from the mains in case of overload. is QI. Justify the need of a starter in a D.C. motor. Explain working of D.C. 3-point starter with a neat sketch, (R.GP¥., Dec. 2015) Ans. Refer the ans. of Q.15 and Q.18. 9.20. What are the inbuilt protective devices in a D.C. motor 3-point starter ? Explain their function. (R.GRV,, Dec. 2016) ‘Ans. There are two protective devices in a three point starter. (i) No-volt release or holding coil or under-voltage protection (i) Overdoad release (OLR) coil or over-voltage protection. ‘Also, refer the ans. of Q.18. 0.21. Whatis the difference between three-point and four-point starters? (R.GPRY.,, June 2015) Ans, In the 3-point starter the NVR (no-volt release) coil is connected in series with the shunt field coil. The exciting current through the NVR coil in ;ePomt starter is same as the shunt field current of the motor. In the 4-point Starter the NVR coil along with a high resistance is connected across the Supply voltage. Thus the exciting current through NVR coil ofa 4-point starter Purely proportional to the supply voltage and independent on shunt field current. When speed control is not required, then three point starter can be gised and when wide range of speed shunt field control is required, then four point starter may be used. yy x Eola the construction and working of a four-point starter for ‘Shunt motor, ue a o Wis ; a seh Short nate on 44 .C._ motor. (R.GPV., Dec. 2013) Ansa i of A four-point D.C. shunt motor starter is shown in_fig, 2.10,,This starter is connect “connected to D.C. supply mains and a_D.C. shunt motos, Under- j@!27MAl running ¢ ia - a ail Wis won’ ns with starter handle in the ON position, the holding so get itn series, with the starting resi stance R, In | ‘OfMO cir 7 release (OLR) oper ey thy re sistance and thy supply mains, ‘The current through R is limited by its own short uited 3H Ft Pov i nd the | f Sload release (OLR), sistance, when holding coil 8 P__cs 5 3 Soft Iron orr Hani ( Eig-210 Four-point Starter Connected to a Shunt Motor The shunt field winding in series with the starting resistance, now ~Eirge speed control by field rheostats inserted in the field circuit. Itshouldt —that four-point starter allows the change of field current Feld rhea ~ Constant and (i) Variable losses. (R.GPM., Dec. My, occurred in D.C. machine; _das. There are mainly three types of los {i Copper Losses (a) Armature copper " where R, = Resistance of armaturgand interpoles,and series field windings This loss is about 30-40% of full load losses, —{b) Field copper loss -- This loss is about 20-30% of full load low «_-() Brush contact resistance loss. . i) Core Losses — These losses are also known as iron or maga J losses, These losses are practically constant, These losses due to magnetizs of armature core, These are hysteresis loss,and eddy current loss, Bott these losses upto about 20-30% of full load losses.,. iit] Mechanical Losses — These losses mainly consist {a) friction loss at bearings and commutator (b) air-friction or windage los z rotating armaturg. These losses are about 10-20% of full load losses. xOC Machine-ti 67 overall total losses are summarized as a tree given bet cre : Lowes Constant Lager Aron Mechnnient Copper fn ms Lowe Low ton : Stator Rotor Brawls nystereas Baldy Curret Copper Copper Contact Los Loss Loss Loss Lows Windnge Friction Copper Core Loss Loss Stray Steay Loss Lowe Brash Bearing Friction Friction Loss Loss Fig. 2.17 0.36. Define the efficiency of a D.C machine. Gans The efficiency of D.C. maching,is the. ratio,of useful output power, (Pt) 10 the input power Pig), Input power is equal to sum of useful power and losses, therefore . Output power Efficiency (n) = Input — ee : S ote Oia ee 10 p, * 100 = pi, + Losses in a ori The efficiency is zero at no-load due to no useful power is developed by enotar Efficiency of any D.C. machine is maximum at that load where armature circuit copper losses are equal to the no-load losses. 957, What are the losses that oceur in D.C. machines ? Derive the condition Sor maximum efficiency of a D.C, generator, (R.GRV, Nov. 2018) Ans, Refer the ans. of Q.35. 2 ‘ Maxim elte wind ee of D.C. Generator, ~ The field winding loss V¢lp_ loses 128, are _ losses W, remain approximately constant, If variable affcienty ae oo to the constant losses V¢ ly + Woy, then the maximum *s place, This can be proved as follows 5 . oO: D.C. Machine-1 73 Eyl, _ 23200 ~ Fax 500 60 (when external resistance, Reg, = 7) in © But. = 443 N-m Operation at 450 rp.m. 2 450 T= 443x{——] = 358.83 NA -( oo) 8.83 N-m 450 1,= 4ox (4) =36A Now, To = Fala 2nx450 o ssassx( 2) = [600 - (0.2 + 0.3 + Ry) * 36] * 36 By solving the above expression, we get the external resistance which is inserted with the armature given by, Reg = 3:12 2 Ans. TESTING OF D.C. MACHINES, DIRECT TESTING, SWINBURNE’S TEST AND HOPKINSON’S TEST, APPLICATION OF D.C. MACHINES 0.39, Describe the direct testing method of D.C. machine. Also discuss the disadvantages of this method. di sd Direct testing method is applicable only for small D.C, machines. In Sees the D.C. machine is subjected to rated load and the entire eee is wasted. The ratio of output power to input power gives the ey of a D.C. machine. aa een is carried out for a D.C. motor as pulley has fa : 18.A belt around the air or water-cooled 5, Thebel ee attached to spring balances S, and juting the ae hand wheels H, and Hp, help in Motor, ripe fon the pulley and, therefore, on the be mot nt tnlances are calibrated in kilograms, iput is given by, Motor o uIput = «oS “here g, Put = w(S; ~ Sp) rx 9.81 watts. and §. ‘i Sides of : ri ve the tensions on the tight and slack Tis the effective radius of the brake- a Hy Hy ‘Motor Shaft 18 Brake TestSs ] pulley in metres (= > outside pulley diameter + ; belt thie 2nn) is the motor speed in rad/sec. 74 Electrical Machine-i1 (EX/EE Branch) oe If V, is the motor terminal voltage and |, is the lime curren input to motor = Vl, watts, and percentage motor efficieney, \ te, ee * The brake must be sufficiently tight for 4 series motor, belie. is switched on to the supply. The size of the motor that can be tested by this method, is lini the consideration of the heat that can be dissipated at the brale drum» The disadvantages of this method are ~ (i) The spring balance readings are not steady (ii) The friction torque, at a particular setting of the hand: and H, does not remain constant. 0.40, Write a short note on Swinburne’s test ont D.C. maciioe 5 Or Describe Swinburne’s test with the help of a neat diagram a the efficiency of a D.C. machine. - (RGBK, Des : i What is Swinburne’s test and where this test is want pel “Ans, Fig, 2.19 shows the line-diagram for Swinbumne's t= 1°) load test or losses method and hence cannot be performed 08 send motor. In this method, only no-load losses are supplied tiem Is PF thus it requires low power for testing even large machines. Ale ‘of the machine and losses can be calculated in advance at #92 This test is applicable to only those machines, in which the flua is practically ‘constant, i.c., shunt and compound wound motors. Jn this method, the machine, whether it is @ motor or a generators, is run as a no-load shunt motor at rated speed and with rated terminal voltage V,. If 1,., and Jp are the no-load armature and field currents respectively as shown in fig, 2.19, then the power absorbed by the armature,5 D.C. Machine-i V, 1, is equal to the sum of no-load rotation: * ial I of armature circuit loss, 12, Ry. loss W, and a small No-load rotational loss = Wy = V\t,, ~12, Ry Generator Efficiency — Armature current, \, = I : I = VA e Vili + Wo +12Ry +1 6M, Motor Efficiency — When the machine is working as a motor, then generator output =t-h the motor input = Vii = NotlaRa +1rMi ae VL 0.41. Describe how a Swinburne’s test is conducted on D.C. machines. its advantages and disadvantages. (R.GRY., June 2015) Ans. Refer the ans. of Q.40. Advantages — (i) Low power required for testing even large machines, since only d losses are to be supplied from the mains so it is convenient and ical method. (ii) The efficiency of the machine can be determined at any desired due to constant losses are known. Disadvantages — (i) Stray-load losses can’t be accounted. (ii) The actual performance of machine on rated load can’t be checked. QAS-Explain the Hopkinson's test on D.C. machines. Explain with diagram. it Or Write short note on Hopkinson’s test. (RGB, Dec, 2013) What is Hopkinson’ nection dia son’s test and why is it called regenerative test ? Draw gram to conduct this test. (R.GPV, Dec. 2014) Ai i , ine ne 2.20 illustrates the circuit diagram for Hopkinson’s test on D.C. - This method is also called regenerative test. In this method, there are