JENICA IRIS P.

SUPAN BSMLS 1 Y2-6

Intellectual Revolution
Timeline

I. RENAISSANCE PERIOD (14th century) 14thntury

Renaissance led scientists to
question traditional beliefs and the
Church about the workings of the
universe. It was a new way of
thinking about the natural world. II. GEOCENTRIC THEORY (mid. 1500's)
European scholars accepted and
The Bible and Aristotle were
believed the teachings of Ptolemy, an
the only authorities
ancient Greek astronomer. Ptolemy
accepted as truth
taught that the Earth was the center of
the universe. People felt this was
common sense, and the geocentric
theory was supported by the Church.

III. NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1543)

Copernicus published “De revolutionibus
orbium coelestium” (On the Revolutions of IV. TYCO BRAHE (Late 1500's)
the Heavenly Spheres). In his book, Provided evidence that supported
Copernicus made two conclusions: The Copernicus’ heliocentric theory. He set
universe is heliocentric, or sun- up an astronomical observatory. Every
centered.The Earth is merely one of night for years he carefully observed
several planets revolving around the sun. the sky, accumulating data about the
movement of the stars and planets

V. JOHANNES KEPLER (1609)

Kepler’s calculations supported Copernicus’
heliocentric theory. His calculations also
showed that the planets moved in oval VI. GALILEO GALILEI (1610)
shaped orbits, and not perfect circles, as
Galileo assembled the first telescope which
Ptolemy and Copernicus believed. Kepler’s
allowed him to see mountains on the moon
finding help explain the paths followed by
and fiery spots on the sun. He also observed
man-made satellites today.
four moons rotating around Jupiter – exactly
the way Copernicus said the Earth rotated
around the sun. He discovered that objects
fall at the same speed regardless of weight.
The Church came against Galileo because it
claimed that the Earth was fixed and
unmoving. The Church punished him for his
VII . SIR ISAAC NEWTON (1665) belief in this idea. He was questioned by the
Inquisition and forced to confess that his ideas
He used math to prove the existence of gravity - were wrong.
a force that kept planets in their orbits around
the sun, and also caused objects to fall towards
the earth He discovered laws of light and color,
and formulated the three laws of motion.

1.A body at rest stays at rest

2. Acceleration is caused by force VIII. THOMAS MALTHUS (1798)
3. For every action there is an equal opposite reaction
Noticed that people were being born
He invented calculus: a method of mathematical faster than people were dying. He
analysis. reasoned that if the human population
grew unchecked, there would not be
enough living space and food for
everyone
IX. LAMARCK’S EVOLUTIONARY THEORY(1801)
Proposed that the use or disuse of
organs caused organisms to gain or
lose traits over time. These new
characteristics could be passed on to
the next generation. X. CHARLES DARWIN ( 1837 -1839)
Darwin developed the biological theory of
evolution that explains how modern
organisms evolved over long periods of time
through descent from common ancestors.
There was evidence that suggested that
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION species were not fixed and that they could
In artificial selection, nature provides the change by some natural process.
variations, and humans select the ones
they find useful. Darwin realized that
that natural variation provided the raw SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
material for evolution
Darwin felt that there must be a connection
between an animal’s environment and how it
survives. Ability to survive and reproduce in a
specific environment is called FITNESS – that
XI. SIGMUND FREUD (1896) depends upon how well an organism is suited
for its environment. Fitness is a result of
Introduced personality theory stating ADAPTATION
that everyone has an id, their primal
instincts, a superego that contains a
sense of morality, and an ego that
balances the two