MICROBIOLOGY health

 Study of microorganisms:
organisms that exist as single
cells of cell clusters and must be
viewed individually with the aid of
a microscope.
 The study of microbes.
 The scientific study of these
microorganisms.
 Foundation of Modern
Biotechnology
 Among the many specialized
fields of microbiology
- virology, mycology,
bacteriology, immunology,
microbial ecology,
biotechnological microbiology,
environmental microbiology, food
microbiology, forensic
microbiology, and molecular
biology.

Two (2) main themes involved

in microbiology
1. Basic - cellular processes SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY
2. Applied - concerning (Branches)
agriculture, industry, and 1. Pure science
 Bacteria - bacteriology
 Algae - phycology
 Fungi - mycology
 Protozoa - protozoology
 Parasites - parasitology
 Genetics - the study of
heredity and variations
 Immunology - the study of
the mechanism involved in
the development of
resistance by the body to
infectious diseases.
 Virus - virology

2. Applied science
 Medical Microbiology
 Deals with the study
of causative agents
of infectious
 diseases in human
beings
 Has close links with
other disciplines  Aquatic microbiology
such as pathology,  The study of
clinical medicine, microorganisms and
pharmacology, and their activity in fresh
therapeutics. and marine water
 Pharmaceutical including lakes,
Microbiology rivers, bays,
 Deals with the study estuaries, and seas.
of microorganisms  Also includes water
that are responsible purification,
for the production of microbiological
antibiotics, examination, and
enzymes, vaccines, biological
vitamins, and other degradation of
pharmaceutical waste.
substances.
 The methods of
sterilization and  Air microbiology
disinfection,  The role of
microbiological aerosphere in
testing of contamination and
pharmaceuticals, spoilage of food
sterile product  Deals with the
preparation, and spreading of plant
diagnosis of and animal
disease and diseases through
treatment. the air.

 Industrial Microbiology  Epidemiology Microbiology

 Food Microbiology  The monitoring,
 Soil microbiology control, and spread
of diseases in
communities.
 Agricultural Microbiology
 Study of the
relationship of
microorganisms and
crops with an HALLMARKS OF LIFE: (MDRCE)
emphasis on the 1. Metabolism: nutrient uptake,
control of plant biomass, waste output
diseases and 2. Differentiation: bacillus spp.
improvement of Caulobacter
yield. 3. Reproduction: binary fission
 4. Communication: pseudomonas 1. Acellular Microbes
aeruginosa (Infectious Particles):
5. Evolution: antibiotic resistance, viruses and prions
pathogens 2. Cellular Microbes
(Microorganism): bacteria,
Exist all archaea, all protozoa,
 to continue to be, have life; live. and some fungi.
MICROBES IN OUR LIVES
Germs  Some are pathogenic (disease-
 are the microbes that cause causing)
disease  Decompose organic waste
 Produces through photosynthesis
Micro (eg: purple sulfur bacteria must
 are very small. anything so small fix CO2 to live)
that it must be viewed with a  Play a role in the industry (eg:
microscope (an optical instrument fermentation to produce ethanol
used to observe very small and acetone)
objects)  Produces fermented food (eg:
vinegar, cheese, & bread)
 Produces products used in
MICROBES manufacturing (cellulase) and
 are mostly beneficial or have a treatment (insulin)
neutral effect on our lives.
 Are essential for life on this planet Decomposers or Saprophytes
as we know it. Some produce  An organism that lives on dead or
oxygen through the process decaying organic matter, aids in
known as Photosynthesis. Fertilization by returning inorganic
 Microbes contribute more oxygen nutrients to the soil, they break
to our atmosphere than do plants down dead and dying organic
this organism that requires materials (plants and animals)
oxygen. into nitrates, phosphate, and
 Many microbes are involved in other chemicals necessary for the
the decomposition of dead growth of plants.
organisms referred to as
Decomposers or Saprophytes Algae and Cyanobacteria
 Microbes that cause disease are  A group of photosynthetic
known as Pathogens (disease- bacteria that produces oxygen.
causing microorganisms) 3% of
those that do not cause disease MICROORGANISMS
are called Non-Pathogens  organisms that are too small to
see with the naked eye and
Microbial Enemies: microbes that include things like bacteria, fungi,
help our microbial allies and and viruses.
those that harm us.  Living things which individually
Two (2) major categories of are too small to be seen with the
microbes naked eye
  Organisms without a true
Small Microorganism (BAPFV) nucleus and less complex
 Bacteria (eubacteria, cells
archaebacteria) Eg: archaea and bacteria
 Algae
 Protozoa Note: viruses are microbes but
 Fungi (yeasts, molds) they are not considered to be
 Viruses cells because they are acellular,
hence they are not included in the
family tree.

Often called
 Microbes
 Single-celled organism
 germs

MICROORGANISM AND FOOD TYPES OF PROKARYOTES

 Microorganisms and food: 1. Bacteria (P) / Bacterium (S)
1. Prevent spoilage (tempeh,  Prokaryotes
salted fish)  Has peptidoglycan cell
2. Assist in manufacturing of walls
food  Binary fission
 Utilize organic/inorganic
chemicals, or
 Microorganisms and energy: photosynthesis to obtain
1. Natural gas (methane) energy
2. Ethanol (biofuel)
3. Bioremediation
2. Archaea
 Prokaryotic
 Microbes and the future  Lacks peptidoglycan cell
1. Genetic engineering walls
 Live in extreme
FAMILY TREE OF MICROORGANISM: environments
Primitive Cells are divided into:  Include: Methanogens,
1. Eukaryotes (pre-nucleus): Simple Extreme halophiles,
Cells extreme thermophiles
 Organisms with a true
nucleus and more complex CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA
Eg: algae, fungi, and (Domain)
protozoa 1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Eukaryota
2. Prokaryotes (true nucleus): TYPES OF EUKARYOTES
Complex Cells 1. Protozoa
 Unicellular eukaryote
  Absorb or ingest organic MICROBIAL CLASSIFICATION
chemicals Bacteria (s. Bacterium): Type of
 May move using biological cell.
pseudopods, cilia, or Morphology; size, shape, and cell
flagella arrangement
 Eg: amoeba
Shapes
1. Spherical or coccoid bacteria -
2. Algae COCCI (s. coccus)
 unicellular/multicellular 2. Rod-shaped bacteria - BACILLI
 Has cellulose cell walls (s. bacillus)
 Gain energy through 3. Curved or spiral-shaped -
photosynthesis SPIRILLI
 Produce molecular and
organic compounds

BENEFITS OF MICROBIAL ACTIVITY

1. Food preparation
2. Energy production and cleaning
up the environment
3. Sustaining agriculture
4. Production of useful natural gene
production or products
5. The human microbiota and
microbiome.

MICROBIAL STRUCTURE
Two (2) cell lines:
1. Eukaryote - unicellular
(microscopic) and multicellular,
nucleus, and membrane-bound
organelles

Assigning specific names

2. Prokaryote - microscopic, The binomial system of nomenclature
unicellular organisms, that lack  The generic (genus) name
nuclei and membrane-bound followed by the species name
organelles  The generic part is capitalized,
species is lowercase
 Both are italicized or underlined if
Viruses - acellular, parasitic particles italics aren’t available.
composed of nucleic acid and protein
 Eg: Staphylococcus Aureus Five Kingdoms

Scientific Names
 Italicized or underlined
 The genus is capitalized,
and the specific epithet is
with lowercase

 Could be as an honor for the

scientist
 A latin origin
Eg. escherichia coli (e. coli) *in
intestine
 Discoverer: Theodor
Escherich
 Describes the habitat
(colon/intestine)

Eg. Staphylococcus Aureus (s.

aureus) *on skin 1. Prokaryotae (monera)
 Clustered (staphylo). 2. Protista
Spherical (cocci) 3. Fungi
 Gold colored colonies 4. Plantae
(aureus) 5. Animalista

Based on:
TRADITIONAL WITTAKER  Morphology
CLASSIFICATION  Metabolism (biochemical activity)
 Molecular techniques
Fatty acids profiles
Protein differentiation
DNA Finger Printing

TAXONOMY: NAMING, CLASSIFYING,

AND IDENTIFYING
MICROORGANISMS
 Microbial nomenclature - naming
microorganisms
 Taxonomy - classifying living
things
 Identification - discovering and
recording and be named and
classified
CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 6. Caprophytes
BASED ON THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO  bacteria that grow better in
OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE the presence of increased
concentrations of carbon
dioxide.
1. Obligate Aerobe
 requires an atmosphere
containing oxygen in A BRIEF HISTORY OF
concentration comparable MICROBIOLOGY
to that found in room air Development of Microscopy
(20-21% oxygen)  384 - 322: Aristotle and others
eg. mycobacterium and believed living organisms could
certain fungi develop from non-living materials.
 Microaerophilic Aerobe -  1590: Hans and Zacharias
requires oxygen lower than Janssen (dutch lens grinders)
that found in room air (5% mounted two lenses in a tube to
oxygen) produce the first compound
microscope.
 1660: Robert Hooke published
2. Anaerobes “Micrographia”: drawings and
 organism that does NOT detailed observations of biological
require oxygen for life and materials made with the best
reproduction compound microscope and
3. Obligate Anaerobe illumination system of the time.
 anaerobe that grows only  1676: Anton van Leeuwenhoek is
in an anaerobic the first person to observe
environment (no oxygen) microorganisms
 1883: Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abbe
pioneered developments in
4. Aerotolerant Anaerobe microscopy (such as immersion
 does not require oxygen lenses and apochromatic lenses
and grows better in the which reduce chromatic
absence of oxygen but aberration) that exist until the
can survive in an present day.
atmosphere containing  1931: Ernst Ruska constructed
molecular oxygen (room the 1st electron microscope.
air)

5. Facultative Anaerobe SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

 capable of surviving in CONTROVERSY
either the presence or  1688: Francesco Redi was an
absence of oxygen, Italian physician who refuted the
anywhere from 0% oxygen idea of spontaneous generation
to 20-21% oxygen. by showing that rotting meat
carefully kept from files would not
spontaneously produce maggots.
  1836: Theodor Schwann helped  Infectious agents in tobacco plant
develop the cell theory of living fluids
organisms, namely that all living
organisms are composed of one Paul Ehrlich (1910)
or more cells and that the cell is  Introduced concept of
the basic functional unit of living chemotherapy
organisms  Use of salvarsan for the
 1861: Louis Pasteur’s famous treatment of syphilis
experiments with swan-necked
flasks finally proved that Alexander Fleming (1928)
microorganisms do not arise by  Discovered the first antibiotic -
spontaneous generation. Penicillin

PROOF THAT MICROBES CAUSE

DISEASE
 1546: Hieronymous Fracastorius
(Girolamo Fracastoro) wrote “On
Contagion’, the 1st known
THE GOLDEN AGE OF discussion of the phenomenon of
MICROBIOLOGY (1857-1914) [50 contagious infection
YEARS]
Beginning with Pasteur’s work,
discoveries included the relationship  1835: Agostino Bassi de Lodi
between microbes and disease, showed that a disease affecting
immunity, and antimicrobial drugs. silkworms was caused by a
fungus - the first microorganism
Robert Koch to be recognized as a contagious
 Identified a bacterium as the agent of animal disease.
cause of Anthrax  1847: Ignaz Semmelweiss, a
 Introduced Agar, inoculating loop Hungarian physician - decided
to transfer bacteria and prepare that doctors in Vienna hospitals
pure cultures were spreading childbed fever
 Introduced “Koch’s Postulate” while delivering babies. He
and the concept that a disease is started forcing doctors under his
caused by a single organism. supervision to wash their hands
before touching patients.
Joseph Lister (1865)
 Introduced the “Antiseptic
Technique”  1857: Louis Pasteur proposed the
 Use of phenol (carbolic acid0 as “Germ theory of disease”
disinfectant  Ancients believed that
disease was the result of a
Martinus Beijerinck (1884-1885) divine punishment.
 Discovered ‘viruses’ (toxins, Pasteur fought to convince
poisons) surgeons that germs
existed and carried
 diseases, and dirty experimentally infected
instruments and hands host
spread germs and
therefore disease.
Pasteur’s pasteurization This eventually led to:
process killed germs and  Development of pure culture
prevented the spread of techniques
disease.  Stains, agar, culture media, petri
dishes

 1867: Joseph Lister introduced

antiseptics in surgery. By sparing  “In Vitro” techniques (outside the
carbolic acid on surgical body)
instruments, wounds, and  “Isolating” pure cultures
dressings, he reduced surgical  Angelina Hesse suggested using
mortality due to bacterial infection agar to solidify broth
consderably.
WHO PROPOSED THE GERM
THEORY OF DISEASE
 1876: Robert Koch, a German The notion that disease could be spread
bacteriologist was the first to by “seed-like entities” was first described
cultivate anthrax bacteria outside in the 1500s by Girolamo Fracastoro
the body using blood serum at and were categorized based on how
body temperature. they could be transmitted. Later,
Agostino Bassi in the early 1800s
conducted a series of experiments that
KOCH’S POSTULATES demonstrated that a disease afflicting
 Robert Koch demonstrated the silkworms at the time was caused by a
first direct role of a bacterium in parasite. Bassi theorized that disease in
disease humans and animals was also caused
 Koch’s Postulates (1884), the by microorganisms. Bassi’s work served
critical test for the involvement of to influence Louis Pasteur, who is
a microorganism in a disease: accredited with the germ theory of
1. The agent must be present disease following his experiments
in every case of the demonstrating the relationship between
disease microorganisms and disease.
2. The agent must be MICROORGANISM AND DIVISION OF
isolated and cultured in MICROBIOLOGY
vitro VIRUS
3. The disease must be  Microorganism that causes
reproduced when a pure diseases
culture of the agent is  Even smaller than a bacteria, it
inoculated into a must use a living cell to grow and
susceptible host reproduce.
4. The agent must be  Can cause colds.
recoverable from the  NOT a cell
  Viruses are replicated only when some advantage over other bacteria.
they are in a living host cell For example, it may contain a gene that
 Consist of DNA or RNA core makes the bacterium resistant to a
 Core is surrounded by a protein certain antibiotic.
coat
 Coat may be enclosed in a lipid Bacteria are found in every habitat on
envelope Earth: soil, rock, oceans, and even arctic
snow. Some live in or on other
Viral infections are usually limited by the organisms including plants and animals
body defemce: Phagocytes and including humans.
Interferon - antiviral proteins produced
by virus infected cells. There are approximately 10 times as
Bacteriophages - viruses that infect many bacterial cells as human cells in
bacteria or phages. the human body. A lot of these bacterial
Viroid and Prions - smaller than viruses cells are found lining the digestive
and less complex infectious agents. system. Some bacteria live in the soil or
Viroids infect plants and Prions infect on dead plant matter where they play an
livestock or humans. important role in the cycling of nutrients.
BACTERIA
 A large group of unicellular Some types cause food spoilage and
microorganisms. Typically a few crop damage but others are incredibly
micrometers in length. useful in the production of fermented
 Bacteria are classified into five (5) foods such as yoghurt and soy sauce.
groups according to their basic Relatively few bacteria are parasites or
shape: pathogens that cause disease in
 Spherical (cocci) animals and plants.
 Spiral (spirilla)
 Comma (vibrios)
 Corkscrew (spirochaetes) MICROORGANISMS AND DIVISION
 Rod (bacilli) OF MICROBIOLOGY
They can exist as single cells, in pairs, Rudimentary Forms of Bacteria:
chains, or clusters.  Rickettsias, Chlamydias, and
Mucopalsmas are bacteria but
they do NOT possess all of the
 Bacteria are microbes with a cell attributes of typical bacterial cells,
structure similar to that of many they are also small and difficult to
other organisms. Their control isolate.
center, containing the genetic
information, is contained in a Rickettsia and Chlamydias:
single loop of DNA. some Characteristics common to both
bacteria have an extra circle of Rickettsia and Chlamydia
genetic material called a Plasmid 1. coccoid, rod-shaped or
rather than a nucleus. The pleomorphic (irregular)
Plasmid often contains genes that 2. Gram-negative
give the bacterium 3. Obligate intracellular parasites - a
parasite that must live within a
host cell.
  The fungi probably represent an
evolutionary offshoot of the
protozoa; they are unrelated to
the Actinomycetes, mycelial
bacteria that they superficially
resemble.
 The major subdivisions (phyla) of
FUNGI (singular: fungus) fungi are
 Exists in either yeast or mold  Chytridiomycota
forms (yeasts are unicellular)  Zygomycota (the
 Chitin cell walls zygomycetes)
 Use organic chemicals for energy  Ascomycota (the
 Molds and mushrooms are ascomycetes)
multicellular and consist of  Basidiomycota (the
mycelia (composed of filaments basidiomycetes)
called Hyphae)  Deuteromycetes (imperfect
 The smallest or yeasts are similar fungi)
in size to bacteria, but most are
larger (2-12 µm/micrometers) and
multiply by Budding Characteristics:
 Molds form tubular extensions 1. Eukaryotic and includes
(Hyphae), which, when link mushroom, molds and yeasts
together in a branched network, 2. Saprophytes which are the main
form the fuzzy structure seen on source of food in dead and
neglected bread. decaying organic matter
 Fungi are eukaryotic, and both 3. Garbage disposal
yeasts and molds have a rigid 4. NO chlorophyll
external cell wall composed of 5. Reproduce by Budding or by
their unique polymers, called formation of Spores
Glucan, Mannan, and Chitin.
 Their genome may exist in a How can Fungi cause disease?
Diploid or Haploid state and 1. Mushroom
replicate by Meiosis or Simple  some are extremely toxic
Mitosis and can cause death
 Most fungi are free-living and
widely distributed in nature.
 Generally, fungi grow more slowly 2. Molds
than bacteria, although their  penicillin niobium where
growth rates sometimes overlap. penicillin is decreased,
 Found anywhere on earth toxic and carcinogenic to
 Maybe harmful or beneficial humans
 Live on unlikely materials like
leather and plastics
 Beneficial fungi are important in
the production of cheese, yogurt,
beer, wine, and drugs and 3. Yeast
antibiotics.
  helps in the fermentation
process of wine/beer and
is used to leaven light
bread (Eg. Pathogenic
yeats such as candida
albicans - candidiasis.)

FIVE TYPES OF FUNGI

1. Threadlike
2. Sac
3. Club
4. Imperfect
5. Lichens

ALGAE
 Any of the various groups of
chlorophyll-containing, mostly
eukaryotic organisms that range
from infinitesimal single-celled
forms to multicellular kinds 100
feet (30 meters) or longer.
 Mainly distinguished from plants
because they lack genuine roots,
stems, and leaves and have an
absence of non-reproductive cells
in the reproductive structures.

Characteristics of Algae
 Autotrophic since they
derive their energy and
food from their
environment in the form of
sunlight
 Play a significant role in
the food chain as they
release large amounts of
oxygen on the planet
 Are photosynthetic
 Could be multicellular or
unicellular
 Arrange in colonies which
are found in water and soil
 An important source of
food
 Damage water system by
clogging filter and piper