Chapter 5

Arrays

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 Learning Objectives
• Introduction to Arrays
– Declaring and referencing arrays
– For-loops and arrays
– Arrays in memory
• Arrays in Functions
– Arrays as function arguments, return values
• Programming with Arrays
– Partially Filled Arrays, searching, sorting
• Multidimensional Arrays

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 Introduction to Arrays
• Array definition:
– A collection of data of same type
• First "aggregate" data type
– Means "grouping"
– int, float, double, char are simple data types
• Used for lists of like items
– Test scores, temperatures, names, etc.
– Avoids declaring multiple simple variables
– Can manipulate "list" as one entity

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 Declaring Arrays
• Declare the array à allocates memory
int score[5];
– Declares array of 5 integers named "score"
– Similar to declaring five variables:
int score[0], score[1], score[2], score[3], score[4]
• Individual parts called many things:
– Indexed or subscripted variables
– "Elements" of the array
– Value in brackets called index or subscript
• Numbered from 0 to size - 1

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 Accessing Arrays
• Access using index/subscript
– cout << score[3];

• Note two uses of brackets:

– In declaration, specifies SIZE of array
– Anywhere else, specifies a subscript
• Size, subscript need not be literal
– int score[MAX_SCORES];
– score[n+1] = 99;
• If n is 2, identical to: score[3]

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 Array Usage
• Powerful storage mechanism
• Can issue command like:
– "Do this to ith indexed variable"
where i is computed by program
– "Display all elements of array score"
– "Fill elements of array score from user input"
– "Find highest value in array score"
– "Find lowest value in array score"

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 Array Program Example:
Display 5.1 Program Using an Array (1 of 2)

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 Array Program Example:
Display 5.1 Program Using an Array (2 of 2)

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 for-loops with Arrays
• Natural counting loop
– Naturally works well "counting through" elements
of an array
• Example:
for (idx = 0; idx<5; idx++)
{
cout << score[idx] << "off by "
<< max – score[idx] << endl;
}
– Loop control variable (idx) counts from 0 – 5

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 Major Array Pitfall
• Array indexes always start with zero!
• Zero is "first" number to computer
scientists
• C++ will "let" you go beyond range
– Unpredictable results
– Compiler will not detect these errors!
• Up to programmer to "stay in range"

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 Major Array Pitfall Example
• Indexes range from 0 to (array_size – 1)
– Example:
double temperature[24]; // 24 is array size
// Declares array of 24 double values called temperature
• They are indexed as:
temperature[0], temperature[1] … temperature[23]
– Common mistake:
temperature[24] = 5;
• Index 24 is "out of range"!
• No warning, possibly disastrous results

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 Defined Constant as Array Size
• Always use defined/named constant for
array size
• Example:
const int NUMBER_OF_STUDENTS = 5;
int score[NUMBER_OF_STUDENTS];

• Improves readability
• Improves versatility
• Improves maintainability

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 Uses of Defined Constant
• Use everywhere size of array is needed
– In for-loop for traversal:
for (idx = 0; idx < NUMBER_OF_STUDENTS; idx++)
{
// Manipulate array
}
– In calculations involving size:
lastIndex = (NUMBER_OF_STUDENTS – 1);
– When passing array to functions (later)
• If size changes à requires only ONE change in
program!

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 Ranged-Based For Loop
• The C++11 ranged-based for loop makes it
easy to iterate over each element in a loop
• Format
for (datatype varname : array)
{
// varname is set to each successive
// element in the array
}

• Example
int arr[] = {20, 30, 40, 50};
for (int x : arr)
cout << x << " ";
cout << endl; Output: 20 30 40 50
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 Arrays in Memory
• Recall simple variables:
– Allocated memory in an "address"
• Array declarations allocate memory for
entire array
• Sequentially-allocated
– Means addresses allocated "back-to-back"
– Allows indexing calculations
• Simple "addition" from array beginning (index 0)

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 An Array in Memory

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 Initializing Arrays
• As simple variables can be initialized at
declaration:
int price = 0; // 0 is initial value

• Arrays can as well:

int children[3] = {2, 12, 1};
– Equivalent to following:
int children[3];
children[0] = 2;
children[1] = 12;
children[2] = 1;

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 Auto-Initializing Arrays
• If fewer values than size supplied:
– Fills from beginning
– Fills "rest" with zero of array base type
int a[10] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
/* initial value of a is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0} */
int a[15] = {[2] = 29, [9] = 7, [14] = 48};
/* a is {0, 0, 29, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 48} */

• If array-size is left out

– Declares array with size required based on
number of initialization values
– Example:
int b[] = {5, 12, 11};
• Allocates array b to size 3
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 Arrays in Functions
• As arguments to functions
– Indexed variables
• An individual "element" of an array can be
function parameter
– Entire arrays
• All array elements can be passed as
"one entity"

• As return value from function

– Can be done à chapter 10

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 Indexed Variables as Arguments
• Indexed variable handled same as simple
variable of array base type
• Given this function declaration:
void myFunction(double par1);

• And these declarations:

int i;
double n, a[10];

• Can make these function calls:

myFunction(i); // i is converted to double
myFunction(a[3]); // a[3] is double
myFunction(n); // n is double

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 Subtlety of Indexing
• Consider:
myFunction(a[i]);

– Value of i is determined first

• It determines which indexed variable is sent
– myFunction(a[i*5]);

– Perfectly legal, from compiler’s view

– Programmer responsible for staying
"in-bounds" of array

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 Entire Arrays as Arguments
• Formal parameter can be entire array
– Argument then passed in function call
is array name
– Called "array parameter"

• Send size of array as well

– Typically done as second parameter
– Simple int type formal parameter

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 Entire Array as Argument Example:
Display 5.3 Function with an Array Parameter

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 Entire Array as Argument Example

• Given previous example:

• In some main() function definition,
consider this calls:
int score[5], numberOfScores = 5;
fillup(score, numberOfScores);
– 1st argument is entire array
– 2nd argument is integer value

– Note no brackets in array argument!

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 Array as Argument: How?
• What’s really passed?
• Think of array as 3 "pieces"
– Address of first indexed variable (arrName[0])
– Array base type
– Size of array

• Only 1st piece is passed!

– Just the beginning address of array
– Very similar to "pass-by-reference"

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 Array Parameters
• May seem strange
– No brackets in array argument
– Must send size separately
• One nice property:
– Can use SAME function to fill any size array!
– Exemplifies "re-use" properties of functions
– Example:
int score[5], time[10];
fillUp(score, 5);
fillUp(time, 10);

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 The const Parameter Modifier
• Recall: array parameter actually passes
address of 1st element
– Similar to pass-by-reference
• Function can then modify array!
– Often desirable, sometimes not!
• Protect array contents from modification
– Use "const" modifier before array parameter
• Called "constant array parameter"
• Tells compiler to "not allow" modifications

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 Functions that Return an Array
• Functions cannot return arrays same way
simple types are returned
• Requires use of a "pointer"
• Will be discussed in chapter 10…

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 Programming with Arrays
• Plenty of uses
– Partially-filled arrays
• Must be declared some "max size"

– Sorting
– Searching

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 Partially-filled Arrays
• Difficult to know exact array size needed
• Must declare to be largest possible size
– Must then keep "track" of valid data in array
– Additional "tracking" variable needed
• int numberUsed;
• Tracks current number of elements in array

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 Partially-filled Arrays Example:
Display 5.5 Partially Filled Array (1 of 5)

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 Partially-filled Arrays Example:
Display 5.5 Partially Filled Array (2 of 5)

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 Partially-filled Arrays Example:
Display 5.5 Partially Filled Array (3 of 5)

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 Partially-filled Arrays Example:
Display 5.5 Partially Filled Array (4 of 5)

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 Partially-filled Arrays Example:
Display 5.5 Partially Filled Array (5 of 5)

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 Global Constants vs. Parameters
• Constants typically made "global"
– Declared above main()
• Functions then have scope to array
size constant
– No need to send as parameter then?
• Technically yes
– Why should we anyway?
• Function definition might be in separate file
• Function might be used by other programs!

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 Searching an Array
• Very typical use of arrays
• Display 5.6 next slide

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 Display 5.6
Searching an Array (1 of 4)

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 Display 5.6
Searching an Array (2 of 4)

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 Display 5.6
Searching an Array (3 of 4)

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 Display 5.6
Searching an Array (4 of 4)

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 Sorting an Array:
Display 5.7 Selection Short
• Selection Sort Algorithm

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 Sorting an Array Example:
Display 5.8 Sorting an Array (1 of 4)

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 Sorting an Array Example:
Display 5.8 Sorting an Array (2 of 4)

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 Sorting an Array Example:
Display 5.8 Sorting an Array (3 of 4)

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 Sorting an Array Example:
Display 5.8 Sorting an Array (4 of 4)

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 Multidimensional Arrays
• Arrays with more than one index
– char page[30][100];
• Two indexes: An "array of arrays"
• Visualize as:
page[0][0], page[0][1], …, page[0][99]
page[1][0], page[1][1], …, page[1][99]
…
page[29][0], page[29][1], …, page[29][99]

• C++ allows any number of indexes

– Typically no more than two

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 Multidimensional Array Parameters
• Similar to one-dimensional array
– 1st dimension size not given
• Provided as second parameter
– 2nd dimension size IS given

• Example:
void DisplayPage(const char p[][100], int sizeDimension1)
{
for (int index1=0; index1<sizeDimension1; index1++)
{
for (int index2=0; index2 < 100; index2++)
cout << p[index1][index2];
cout << endl;
}
}

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 Summary 1
• Array is collection of "same type" data
• Indexed variables of array used just like
any other simple variables
• for-loop "natural" way to traverse arrays
• Programmer responsible for staying
"in bounds" of array
• Array parameter is "new" kind
– Similar to call-by-reference
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 Summary 2
• Array elements stored sequentially
– "Contiguous" portion of memory
– Only address of 1st element is passed to functions

• Partially-filled arrays à more tracking

• Constant array parameters
– Prevent modification of array contents

• Multidimensional arrays
– Create "array of arrays"

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