1 sin’, cos’ —— = ee (5.2) 88.0) Bycos™@ By cos‘ 8 The integers T and L are the transverse and lateral power distribution coefficients, respectively. In general, for edge emitters, L= 1 (which is a lambertian distribution with a 120° half-power beam width) and Tis significantly larger. For laser diodes, L can take on values over 100. gp patton Example 5.1 Figure 5.2 compares a lambertian Solving for L, we have pattern with a laser diode that has a lateral ($= 0°) half- power beam width of 20= 10°. What is the lateral power p= 10805 _ 10805 _ gy distribution coefficient? Tog(cos5®) log 0.9962 Solution: From Eq, (5.2), we have ‘The much narrower output beam from a laser diode a allows significantly more light to be coupled into an 1) = Byicoss°)* = > B, optical fiber. BO = 5.0n” ‘ai Coup fre Fxeempees Consider an LED that has a circular emitting area of radius 35 jam and a lambertian emission pattern with 150 W/(cm?: sr) axial radiance at a given drive current. Compare the optical powers coupled into two step-index fibers, one of which has a core radius of 25 um with NA = 0.20 and the other which has a core radius of 50 jim with NA = 0.20. Solution: For thelarger core fiber, we use Fas(5.6) and (5.7) to get Fesp. ap = RONAY = 27 (NAY = 17(0,0035 em)* [150 WAcmn?-st)] (0.2077 = 0.725 mW For the case when the fiber end-face area is smaller than the emitting surface area, we use Eq, (5.8), Thus the coupled power is less than the above case by the ratio of the radii squared: Sym Pann (23) to m (0.725 m\ san 5 mW) = 037mWExample 5.3 A GaAs optical source with a refrac~ five index oF 3.6 is coupled to a silica fiber that has a refractive index of 1.48, What is the power loss between, the source and the fiber? Solution: ifthe fiber end and the source are in close physical contact, then, from Eq, (5.10), the Fresnel reflee= tion at the interface is 2 > feo g(a ey nin) (3.604148 This value of F corresponds to a reflection of 17.4 Percent of the emitted optical power back into the source. Example 5.4 An inGaAsP optical source that hasa refractive index of 3.540 is closely coupled toa step-index fiber that has a core reffactive index of 1.480, Assume ‘that the souree size is smaller than the fiber core and that, ‘the small gap between the source and the fiber is filled ‘with a gel that has a refractive index of 1.520, (a) What is the power loss in decibels from the source into the fiber? (b) What is the power loss ifno gel is used? Solution: (@ Here weneedto consider the reflectivity at two interfaces, First, using Eq. (5.10) we have that the reflectivity Rug at the source-to-gel interface is Roe 3.540 ~ 1.520 ty (ae) = 0.159 3.540 + 1.520 Similarly, using Eq. (5.10) we have that the reflectivity Fiat the gel-to-fiber interface is Given that Proupsa = 1 = F)Pomite the power loss L in decibels is found from: P. t=-10 rf Fn) Fenited = 10 log(0.826) = 10log(1 — R) 8348 ‘This number can be reduced by having an index- ‘matching material between the source and the fiber end. Ry ‘The total reflecti (0.159) x (0.040) = 0.0064. ‘The power loss in decibels is (see Example 5.3) 10 log (1 = R) (b) Ino index-maiching gel is used, and if we assume there is no gap between the source and the fiber, then from Eq, (5.10) we have that the reflectivity is (4 1.520 2 1.48041, = oan then is R= Ry x Py = L 10 log (0.994) = 0.0028 4B (Ee = 1.480, ae oes In this case the power loss in decibels is L==10 log (1 ~ R) = ~10 log (0.832) = 0.799 dBExample 5.6 Anoptical source with acircular out- put pattern is closely coupled toa step-index fiber that has ‘a numerical aperture of 0.22. If the source radius is = 50 um and the fiber core radius @= 25 jam, what is the maximum coupling efficiency from the source into the fiber’? Solution: Since the ratio ra 1, we can find the ‘maximum coupling efficieney ri. ftom the top expres- sion in Eq. (5.17): Cie 2 (25) cay ww Thoax (g]o~ (Je = 0.25(22)* = 0.012 = 1.2% ‘Thus the coupling efficiency is reduced to 25 percent compared to the case in which the source and fiber radii are equal.gy fa kin(& pouxw Example 8.2 Consider a 1550-nm laser diode that Iaunches a +3-dBm (2-mW) optical power level intoa fiber flylead, an InGaAs APD with a —32-dBm sensitivity at 2.5 Gls, and a 60-km long optical cable with a 0.3-dB/km einea a WAnceee rare ahee aes aoc equipment is arranged, a 5-m optical jumper cable is needed at each end between the end of the transmission cable and the SONET equipment rack as shown in Fig. 8.5. Assume that each jumper cable introduces a loss of 3 dB. In addition, Table 8.1 Example of a spreadsheet for assuume a 1-dB connector loss occurs at each fiber joint (two at each end because of the jumper cables). Table 8.1 lists the components in column | and the associated optical output, sensitivity, or loss in column 2, Column 3 gives the power margin available after subtracting the component loss from the total optical power loss that is allowed between the light source and the photodetector, which, inthis ease, is 35 dB. Adding all the losses results in a final power margin of 7 4B. calculating an optical-link power budget ‘Componentloss parameter Outputsensitivityioss Power margin (0B) Laser output 3dBm APD sensitivity at 2.5 Gb/s 32 dBm Allowed loss [3 ~ (-32)] 35 Source connector loss 1B 34 Jumper + connector loss 434148 30 ‘Cable attenuation (60 km) 18 dB 12 Jumper + connector loss 34+1dB 8 Receiver connector loss 1dB 7 (final margin) ue SONET OC-48 ‘Wil: — admeaain ——>| optical transceivers il 0" i", 3-dBm input F> 25-dBm output Pe _ S-m jumper Optical connectors Sm jumper {60-km optical transmission cable Patch panel Patch panel Fig. 8.5 A 2.5-Gb/s 60-km optical fiber link with 5-m optical jumper cables at each endExample 8.3 Asan example ofa tise-time budget for a multimode link, let us continue the analysis of the link we started to examine in Sec. 8.1.2. We assume that the LED together with its drive circuit has a rise time of 15 ns, Taking a typical LED spectral width of 40 nm, we have a material-dispersion-related rise-time degradation of 21 ns over the 6-km link. Assuming the receiver has a 25-MHz bandwidth, then from Eq, (8.4) the contribution to the rise-time degradation from the receiver is 14 ns. If the fiber we select has a 400-MHz.: km bandwvidth-distance product and with = 0,7 in Eg, (8.6), then from Eq, (8.15) the modal-dispersion-induced fiber rise time is 3.9 ns. Substituting all these values back into Eq, (8.17) results ina link rise time of = [(15 ns)? + 21 ns)? + 3.9 ns)? + (14 ns)?! =30ns This value falls below the maximum allowable 35-ns_ rise-time degradation for our 20-Mb/s NRZ data stream (0.70/bit rate). The choice of components was thus adequate to meet our system design criteria, dnd systir Bie Fs meget)Example :- Design as optical fiber Mbjsec of data for a distance of 4 km with BER of 10-9. Soln: Bandwidth x Length = 15 Mb/see x 4 km = (60 Mb/sec) km Selecting optical source: LED at 820 nm is suitable for short distances The LED generates — 10 dBm optical power. Romar ie ccna Nea ee ten creme ea 50 dBm sensitivity Selection optical fiber: Step-index multimode fiber is selected. Sunes eon er eee COE act aoe re ct Splicing loss Is = 0.5 dBslice Connector loss le = 1.5 dB stem link powr margin Pm ~ 8 dB emer neta Rem tees oN en eres ENS En) eer) NEE osc nax = Optical source output power- optical receiver sensitivity Pmax = -10 dBm ~ (-50 dBm) eee OT Since actual losses in the system are less than the allowable loss, hence the SOS TeontT