CA

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

LAB MANUAL
(R22A0504)

B.TECH

(II YEAR – II SEM)

(2023-24)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE

(CSE-AIML, AIML & AIDS)

MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(Autonomous Institution – UGC, Govt. of India)
Recognized under 2(f) and 12 (B) of UGC ACT 1956
(Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE - Accredited by NBA & NAAC – ‘A’ Grade - ISO 9001:2015 Certified)
Maisammaguda, Dhulapally (Post Via. Hakimpet), Secunderabad – 500100, Telangana State, India
 Department of Computer Science & Engineering
(Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning)

Vision
To be a premier centre for academic excellence and research through innovative
interdisciplinary collaborations and making significant contributions to the
community, organizations, and society as a whole.

Mission
 To impart cutting-edge Artificial Intelligence technology in accordance with
industry norms.
 To instill in students a desire to conduct research in order to tackle challenging
technical problems for industry.
 To develop effective graduates who are responsible for their professional
growth, leadership qualities and are committed to lifelong learning.

Quality Policy

 To provide sophisticated technical infrastructure and to inspire students to

reach their full potential.
 To provide students with a solid academic and research environment for a
comprehensive learning experience.
 To provide research development, consulting, testing, and customized training
to satisfy specific industrial demands, thereby encouraging self-employment
and entrepreneurship among students.
 Department of Computer Science & Engineering
(Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning)

Programme Educational Objectives (PEO):

PEO1: To possess knowledge and analytical abilities in areas such as maths, science,
and fundamental engineering.
PEO2: To analyse, design, create products, and provide solutions to problems in
Computer Science and Engineering.
PEO3: To leverage the professional expertise to enter the workforce, seek higher
education, and conduct research on AI-based problem resolution.
PEO4: To be solution providers and business owners in the field of computer
science and engineering with an emphasis on artificial intelligence and machine
learning.

Programme Specific Outcomes (PSO):

After successful completion of the program a student is expected to have specific

abilities to:

PSO1: To understand and examine the fundamental issues with AI and ML

applications.
PSO2: To apply machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence
approaches to address issues in social computing, healthcare, vision, language
processing, speech recognition, and other domains.
PSO3: Use cutting-edge AI and ML tools and technology to further your study and
research.
 PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

PEO1 – PROFESSIONALISM &CITIZENSHIP

To create and sustain a community of learning in which students acquire knowledge and
learn to apply it professionally with due consideration for ethical, ecological and economic
issues.

PEO2 – TECHNICAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS

To provide knowledge based services to satisfy the needs of society and the industry by
providing hands on experience in various technologies in core field.

PEO3 – INVENTION, INNOVATION AND CREATIVITY

To make the students to design, experiment, analyze, interpret in the core field with the help
of other multi-disciplinary concepts wherever applicable.

PEO4 – PROFESSIONAL ETHICS

To educate the students to disseminate research findings with good soft skills and become a
successful entrepreneur.

PEO5 – HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

To graduate the students in building national capabilities in technology, education and

research.
 PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

Engineering Graduates should possess the following:

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex
engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design / development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified
needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the
cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of
data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources,
and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge
to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilitiesrelevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with
the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of
the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as
a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multi disciplinary
environments.
12. Life- long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of
technological change.
 MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Maisammaguda, Dhulapally Post, Via Hakimpet, Secunderabad – 500100
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE
(CSE-AIML, AIML & AIDS)

GENERAL LABORATORY INSTRUCTIONS

1. Students are advised to come to the laboratory at least 5 minutes before (to the starting time), those
who come after 5 minutes will not be allowed into the lab.
2. Plan your task properly much before to the commencement, come prepared to the lab
with the synopsis / program / experiment details.
3. Student should enter into the laboratory with:
a. Laboratory observation notes with all the details (Problem statement, Aim,
Algorithm, Procedure, Program, Expected Output, etc.,) filled in for the lab session.
b. Laboratory Record updated up to the last session experiments and other utensils (if
any) needed in the lab.
c. Proper Dress code and Identity card.
4. Sign in the laboratory login register, write the TIME-IN, and occupy the computer
system allotted to you by the faculty.
5. Execute your task in the laboratory, and record the results / output in the lab
observation note book, and get certified by the concerned faculty.
6. All the students should be polite and cooperative with the laboratory staff, must
maintain the discipline and decency in the laboratory.
7. Computer labs are established with sophisticated and high end branded systems,
which should be utilized properly.
8. Students / Faculty must keep their mobile phones in SWITCHED OFF mode during
the lab sessions. Misuse of the equipment, misbehaviors with the staff and systems
etc., will attract severe punishment.
9. Students must take the permission of the faculty in case of any urgency to go out ; if
anybody found loitering outside the lab / class without permission during working
hours will be treated seriously and punished appropriately.
10 Students should LOG OFF/ SHUT DOWN the computer system before he/she leaves the lab after completing
the task (experiment) in all aspects. He/she must ensure the system / seat is kept properly

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT PRINCIPAL

 INDEX

S. No Topic Sign

1 Introduction SQL-SQL*Plus

2 Concept design with ER model

3 Relational model

4 Normalization

5 Practicing DDL commands

6 Practicing DML commands

7 a. Querying

7 b. Nested queries

8 Aggregate functions, GROUPBY,

HAVING,VIEWS
9 Triggers

10 Procedures

11 Usage of cursors

12 Installation of Mysql/MongoDB
 INTRODUCTION

Database Management System

This model is like a hierarchical tree structure, used to construct a hierarchy of records in

the form of nodes and branches. The data elements present in the structure have Parent-Child

relationship. Closely related information in the parent-child structure is stored together as a logical

unit. A parent unit may have many child units, but a child is restricted to have only one parent.

The drawbacks of this model are:

The hierarchical structure is not flexible to represent all the relationship proportions,

which occur in the real world.

It cannot demonstrate the overall data model for the enterprise because of the non-
availability of actual data at the time of designing the data model.

It cannot represent the Many-to-Many relationship.

Network Model
It supports the One-To-One and One-To-Many types only. The basic objects in this model are
Data Items, Data Aggregates, Records and Sets.

It is an improvement on the Hierarchical Model. Here multiple parent-child relationships are

used. Rapid and easy access to data is possible in this model due to multiple access paths to the
data elements.

Relational Model

Does not maintain physical connection between relations

Data is organized in terms of rows and columns in a table

The position of a row and/or column in a table is of no importance

The intersection of a row and column must give a single value

Features of an RDBMS
The ability to create multiple relations and enter data into them
An attractive query language

Retrieval of information stored in more than one table

An RDBMS product has to satisfy at least Seven of the 12 rules of Codd to be accepted
as a full- fledged RDBMS.

1
Relational Database Management System
RDBMS is acronym for Relation Database Management System. Dr. E. F. Codd first
introduced the Relational Database Model in 1970. The Relational model allows data to be
represented in a simple row- column. Each data field is considered as a column and each record is
considered as a row. Relational Database is more or less similar to Database Management System.
In relational model there is relation between their data elements. Data is stored in tables. Tables
have columns, rows and names. Tables can be related to each other if each has a column with a
common type of information. The most famous RDBMS packages are Oracle, Sybase and
Informix.

Simple example of Relational model is as follows :

Student Details Table

Roll_no Sname S_Address

1 Rahul Satelite
2 Sachin Ambawadi
3 Saurav Naranpura

Student Marksheet Table

Rollno Sub1 Sub2 Sub3

1 78 89 94
2 54 65 77
3 23 78 46

Here, both tables are based on students details. Common field in both tables is Rollno. So we
can say both tables are related with each other through Rollno column.

Degree of Relationship
One to One (1:1)

One to Many or Many to One (1:M / M: 1)

Many to Many (M: M)

The Degree of Relationship indicates the link between two entities for a specified occurrence of
each.

2
One to One Relationship: (1:1)
11

Student Has Roll No.

One student has only one Rollno. For one occurrence of the first entity, there can be, at the most
one related occurrence of the second entity, and vice-versa.

One to Many or Many to One Relationship: (1:M/M: 1)

1M

Course Contains Students

As per the Institutions Norm, One student can enroll in one course at a time however, in one
course, there can be more than one student.

For one occurrence of the first entity there can exist many related occurrences of the second
entity and for every occurrence of the second entity there exists only one associated occurrence
of the first.

Many to Many Relationship: (M:M)

MM

Students Appears Tests

The major disadvantage of the relational model is that a clear-cut interface cannot be determined.
Reusability of a structure is not possible. The Relational Database now accepted model on which
major database system are built.

Oracle has introduced added functionality to this by incorporated object-oriented capabilities.

Now it is known is as Object Relational Database Management System (ORDBMS). Object-
oriented concept is added in Oracle8.

Some basic rules have to be followed for a DBMS to be relational. They are known as Codd’s
rules, designed in such a way that when the database is ready for use it encapsulates the
relational theory to its full potential. These twelve rules are as follows.

3
E. F. Codd Rules
1. The Information Rule
All information must be store in table as data values.
2. The Rule of Guaranteed Access
Every item in a table must be logically addressable with the help of a table name.

3. The Systematic Treatment of Null Values

The RDBMS must be taken care of null values to represent missing or
inapplicable information.

4. The Database Description Rule

A description of database is maintained using the same logical structures with

which data was defined by the RDBMS.

5. Comprehensive Data Sub Language

According to the rule the system must support data definition, view definition, data
manipulation, integrity constraints, authorization and transaction management
operations.

6. The View Updating Rule

All views that are theoretically updatable are also updatable by the system.

7. The Insert and Update Rule

This rule indicates that all the data manipulation commands must be operational
on sets of rows having a relation rather than on a single row.

8. The Physical Independence Rule

Application programs must remain unimpaired when any changes are made in storage
representation or access methods.

9. The Logical Data Independence Rule

The changes that are made should not affect the user’s ability to work with the
data.The change can be splitting table into many more tables.

10. The Integrity Independence Rule

The integrity constraints should store in the system catalog or in the database.
11. The Distribution Rule
The system must be access or manipulate the data that is distributed in other systems.

4
 12. The Non-subversion Rule
If a RDBMS supports a lower level language then it should not bypass any

integrity constraints defined in the higher level.

Object Relational Database Management System

Oracle8 and later versions are supported object-oriented concepts. A structure once created can be

reused is the fundamental of the OOP’s concept. So we can say Oracle8 is supported Object

Relational model, Object - oriented model both. Oracle products are based on a concept known as

a client-server technology. This concept involves segregating the processing of an application

between two systems. One performs all activities related to the database (server) and the other

performs activities that help the user to interact with the application (client). A client or front-end

database application also interacts with the database by requesting and receiving information from

database server. It acts as an interface between the user and the database.

The database server or back end is used to manage the database tables and also respond to client
requests.

Introduction to ORACLE

ORACLE is a powerful RDBMS product that provides efficient and effective solutions for major
database features. This includes:

Large databases and space management control

Many concurrent database users

High transaction processing performance

High availability

Controlled availability

Industry accepted standards

Manageable security

Database enforced integrity

Client/Server environment

Distributed database systems

Portability

5
 Compatibility
Connectivity

An ORACLE database system can easily take advantage of distributed processing by using its

Client/ Server architecture. In this architecture, the database system is divided into two parts:

A front-end or a client portion

The client executes the database application that accesses database information and interacts with
the user.

A back-end or a server portion

The server executes the ORACLE software and handles the functions required for concurrent,
shared data access to ORACLE database.

6
AIM: Analyze the problem and come with the entities in it. Identify what Data has to be
persisted in the databases.
The Following are the entities:

1. Bus
2. Reservation
3. Ticket
4. Passenger
5. Cancellation

The attributes in the Entities:

Bus:( Entity)
Destination
Source
Couch Type

Bus No

Bus

Reservation (Entity)

Contact No Bus No
No-of-Seats
Journey date
Address

PNR NO

Reservation

Ticket :(Entity)
Dep- Time
Source
Age

Sex
Journey date
Destination

Ticket No
Bus No
Ticket

8
Passenger:

Contact NO
Age

Sex
PNR NO
Name

Ticket No

Passenger

Cancellation (Entity)

Journey date Seat No

Contact No
PNR NO

Cancellation

9
1. Concept design with E-R Model:

10
What is SQL and SQL*Plus
Oracle was the first company to release a product that used the English-based Structured Query
Language or SQL. This language allows end users to manipulate information of table(primary

database object). To use SQL you need not to require any programming experience. SQL is a

standard language common to all relational databases. SQL is database language used for storing

and retrieving data from the database. Most Relational Database Management Systems provide

extension to SQL to make it easier for application developer. A table is a primary object of

database used to store data. It stores data in form of rows and columns.

SQL*Plus is an Oracle tool (specific program ) which accepts SQL commands and PL/SQL blocks
and executes them. SQL *Plus enables manipulations of SQL commands and PL/SQL blocks. It
also performs additional tasks such as calculations, store and print query results in the form of

reports, list column definitions of any table, access and copy data between SQL databases and
send messages to and accept responses from the user. SQL *Plus is a character based interactive

tool, that runs in a GUI environment. It is loaded on the client machine.

To communicate with Oracle, SQL supports the following categories of commands:

1. Data Definition Language

Create, Alter, Drop and Truncate

2. Data Manipulation Language

Insert, Update, Delete and Select

3. Transaction Control Language

Commit, Rollback and Save point

4. Data Control Language

Grant and Revoke
AIM: Installation of MySQL and practicing DDL & DML commands.

1. Steps for installing MySQL

Step1 1
Make sure you already downloaded the MySQL essential 5.0.45 win32.msi file. Double click
on the .msi file.

Step2 2
This is MySQL Server 5.0 setup wizard. The setup wizard will install MySQL Server 5.0
release 5.0.45 on your computer. To continue, click next.

Step3 3
Choose the setup type that best suits your needs. For common program features select Typical
and it’s recommended for general use. To continue, click next.

16
Step4 4

This wizard is ready to begin installation. Destination folder will be in C:\Program

Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.0\. To continue, click next.

Step5 5
The program features you selected are being installed. Please wait while the setup wizard
installs MySQL 5.0. This may take several minutes.

17
Step6
To continue, click next.

Step7 7
To continue, click next.

18
Step8 8
Wizard Completed. Setup has finished installing MySQL 5.0. Check the configure the MySQL
server now to continue. Click Finish to exit the wizard

d.

Step9 9
The configuration wizard will allow you to configure the MySQL Server 5.0 server instance.

19
To continue, click next.

Step10 10
Select a standard configuration and this will use a general purpose configuration for the
server that can be tuned manually. To continue, click next.
Step11
Check on the install as windows service and include bin directory in windows path. To
continue, click next.

Step12 12
Please set the security options by entering the root password and confirm retype the password.
continue, click next.

Step13 13

21
Ready to execute? Clicks execute to continue.

Step14 14
Processing configuration in progress.

22
Step15 15
Configuration file created. Windows service MySQL5 installed. Press finish to close the
wizard.

24
CREATION OF TABLES

(RELATIONAL MODEL)

1) Create a table called Employee with the following structure.

Name Type

Empno Number

Ename Varchar2(10)

Job Varchar2(10)

Mgr Number

Sal Number

a. Add a column commission with domain to the Employee table.

b. Insert any five records into the table.

c. Update the column details of job

d. Rename the column of Employ table using alter

command.

e. Delete the employee whose Emp no is 105.

SOLUTION:

SQL>create table employee (empnonumber,

ename varchar2(10), job varchar2(10), mgr

number, sal number);

Table created.

25
a. Add a column commission with domain to the

Employee table.

SQL> alter table employee add

(commission number);

Table altered.

SQL> desc employee;

EMPNO NUMBER

ENAME VARCHAR2(10)

JOB VARCHAR2(10)

MGR NUMBER

SAL NUMBER

COMMISSION NUMBER

b. Insert any five records into the table.

SQL> INSERT INTO employee (empno,'ename','job’, mgr, sal,'commission') VALUES ('101', 'abhi',

'manager',50000,10000);

Repeat above query 4 times.

c. Update the column details of table.

SQL> update employee set sal=90000 where empno=101;

d. Rename the column of Employ table using alter

command.

SQL> ALTER TABLE employee RENAME

COLUMN empno TO employ_id;

e. Delete the employee whose Emp no is

105.

SQL> DELETE FROM employee WHERE employ_id=105;

26
PRACTICE QURIES:

27
;

28
NORMALIZATION:

Let us consider the following database schema. As you can see in Fig 1, there are four tables (Existing
Database) - Projects, Employees, ProjectEmployees, and JobOrders. Recently, the Customers table has also
been added to the database to store the customers' information. As you can see in the diagram below, the
Customers table has not been designed in a proper way to support the normal forms, let's go ahead and fix
it.

CREATE TABLE Projects(

[ID] INT PRIMARY KEY IDENTITY,
[Name] VARCHAR(100),
[Value] DECIMAL(5,2),
StartDate DATE,
EndDate DATE
)
GO
CREATE TABLE Employees(
[ID] INT PRIMARY KEY IDENTITY,

29
[FirstName] VARCHAR(50),
[LastName] VARCHAR(50),
[HourlyWage] DECIMAL(5,2),
[HireDate] DATE
)
GO
CREATE TABLE ProjectEmployees(
[ID] INT PRIMARY KEY IDENTITY,
[ProjectID] INT,
[EmployeeID] INT,
[Hours] DECIMAL(5,2),
CONSTRAINT FK_ProjectEmployees_Projects FOREIGN KEY ([ProjectID])
REFERENCES [Projects] ([ID]),
CONSTRAINT FK_ProjectEmployees_Employees FOREIGN KEY ([EmployeeID])
REFERENCES [Employees] ([ID])
)
GO
CREATE TABLE JobOrders(
[ID] INT PRIMARY KEY IDENTITY,
[EmployeeID] INT,
[ProjectID] INT,
[Description] TEXT,
[OrderDateTime] DATETIME,
[Quantity] INT,
[Price] DECIMAL(5,2),
CONSTRAINT FK_JobOrders_Projects FOREIGN KEY ([ProjectID]) REFERENCES
[Projects] ([ID]),
CONSTRAINT FK_JobOrders_Employees FOREIGN KEY ([EmployeeID]) REFERENCES
[Employees] ([ID])
)
GO

CREATE TABLE Customers (

[Name] VARCHAR(100),
[Industry] VARCHAR(100),
[Project1_ID] INT,
[Project1_Feedback] TEXT,
[Project2_ID] INT,
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 [Project2_Feedback] TEXT,
[ContactPersonID] INT,
[ContactPersonAndRole] VARCHAR(255),
[PhoneNumber] VARCHAR(12),
[Address] VARCHAR(255),
[City] VARCHAR(255),
[Zip] VARCHAR(5)
)
GO

OUTPUT:

31
AIM: PRACTICING DDL COMMANDS

Create a Table:

SQL> create table Cancellation (PNR_NO Number(9), No_of_seats Number(8), Address

varchar(50), Contact_No Number(9), Status char(3));
Table created.
SQL> desc Cancellation
Name Null? Type

PNR_NO NUMBER(9)
NO_OF_SEATS NUMBER(8)
ADDRESS VARCHAR2(50)
CONTACT_NO NUMBER(9)
STATUS CHAR(3)

Test Output:

Ticket Table:

SQL> create table Ticket(Ticket_No number(9) primary key, age number(4), sex char(4)
Not null, source varchar(2), destination varchar(20), dep_time varchar(4));
Table created.
SQL> desc Ticket
Name Null? Type

TICKET_NO NOT NULL NUMBER(9)

AGE NUMBER(4)
SEX NOT NULL CHAR(4)
SOURCE VARCHAR2(2)
DESTINATION VARCHAR2(20)
DEP_TIME VARCHAR2(4)

Test Output:

32
Alteration of Table

Addition of Column(s)
Addition of column in table is done using:

SQL> alter table Ticket modify tiketnonumber(10);

Table altered.

Test ouput:

Deletion of Column

Alter table <table_name> drop column <column name>;

SQL>Alter Table Emp_master drop column comm;

Test output:

Alter table <table_name> set unused column <column name>;

For Example,
SQL>Alter Table Emp_master set unused column comm;
Test output:

Alter table <table_name> drop unused columns;

Test output:

33
Alter table <table_name> drop (Column1, Column2, _);
Test output:

Modification in Column

Modify option is used with Alter table_ when you want to modify any existing column.
Alter table <table name> modify (column1 datatype, _);
.

SQL> Alter table emp_master modify salary number(9,2);

Table altered.

Test output:

34
Truncate Table

Truncate table <table name> [Reuse Storage];

Example
SQL>Truncate Table Emp_master;

Or

SQL>Truncate Table Emp_master Reuse Storage;

Table truncated.

Test output:

35
AIM: PRACTICING DML COMMANDS

a) Insert command

Insert into <table name> values (a list of data values);

Insert into <table name>(column list) values(a list of data);

SQL> insert into emp_master (empno,ename,salary) values (1122,‘Smith’,8000);

1row created.

Adding values in a table using Variable method.

SQL> insert into Passenger values (&PNR_NO, &TICKET_NO, '&Name', &Age, '&Sex',
'&PPNO');
Enter value for pnr_no: 1
Enter value for ticket_no: 1
Enter value for name: SACHIN
Enter value for age: 12
Enter value for sex: m
Enter value for ppno: sd1234
old 1: insert into Passenger values(&PNR_NO,&TICKET_NO, '&Name', &Age, '&Sex',

'&PPNO')
new 1: insert into Passenger values(1,1,'SACHIN',12,'m','sd1234')
1 row created.
SQL> /

SQL>/

36
SQl>/

SQL>/

SQL> insert into Bus values('&Bus_No','&source','&destination');

Enter value for bus_no: 1
Enter value for source: hyd
Enter value for destination: ban
old 1: insert into Bus values('&Bus_No','&source','&destination')
new 1: insert into Bus values('1','hyd','ban')
1 row created.

SQL> /

SQL> /

37
b) Simple Select Command

Select <column1>,<column2>,_,<column(n)> from <table name>;

SQL> select * from emp_master;
Test Output:

Exercise: Display the all column of University Database of Department.

SQL> select empno, ename, salary from emp_master;

Test Output:

SQL> select * from Passenger;

Test Output:

38
Exercise: Display the all column of University Database of project table
Distinct Clause

SQL> select distinct deptno from emp_master;

Test Output:

Exercise: Display the all column of University Database of project table by using distinct clause.
Select command with where clause:
Select <column(s)> from <table name> where [condition(s)];
Example

SQL> select empno, ename from emp_master where hiredate = ‘1-jan- 00’;
Test Output:

SQL> update Passenger set age='43' where PNR_NO='2';

Test Output:

SQL>Select*from passenger;
Test Output:

DROP Table
SQL> drop table Cancellation;
Table dropped.

Test Output:

Select command with DDL and DML command.

Example 1:
Table Creation with select statement
create table <table name> as select <columnname(s)> from <existing table name>;

Example 2:

Insert data using Select statement

Syntax:

Inert into <tablename> (select <columns> from <tablename>);

Example 3:
SQL> insert into emp_copy (select * from emp_master);

Test Output:

Example 4:
SQL> insert into emp_copy(nm) (select name from emp_master);
Test Output:

44
 Change Table Name
One can change the existing table name with a new name.

Syntax

Rename <OldName> To <NewName>;

Example:

SQL> Rename emp_master_copy1 To emp_master1;

Table Renamed.

Test Output:

PRACTICE QUERIES:
Aim: Practice queries using ANY, ALL, IN, EXISTS, UNION, INTERSECT, JOIN

SQL> select order_no from order_master;

Test Output:

SQL> select order_no from order_detail;

Test Output:

46
Example:

SQL>select order_no from order_master union select order_no from

order_detail;
Test Output:

Union All :
Example:
SQL> select order_no from order_master union all select order_no from
order_detail.
Test Output:

Intersect :
Example:
SQL> select order_no from order_master intersect select order_no from

order_detail;

Test Output:

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Minus :
Example:
SQL> select order_no from order_master minus select order_no from order_detail;
Test Output:

PRACTICE QUERIES ON JOINS:

48
49
AIM: Implement Sub Queries:

Subquery

Example:

SQL> select * from order_master where order_no = (select order_no from order_detail where
order_no = ‘O001’);
Test Output:

Example:

SQL> select * from order_master where order_no = (select order_no from order_detail);
Test Output:

Example:

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SQL>Select * from order_master where order_no = any(select order_no from order_detail);
Test Output:

SQL> select * from order_master where order_no in(select order_no from order_detail);
Test Output:

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AIM: Practice Queries using Aggregate functions, Group By, Having Clause and Order
Clause.

1) Avg (Average): This function will return the average of values of the column specified in
the argument of the column.

Example:
SQL> select avg(comm) from emp_master;
Test Output:

2) Min (Minimum):
Example:
SQL>Select min(salary) from emp_master;
Test Output:

3) Max (Maximum):
Example:
SQL>select max(salary) from emp_master;

Test Output:

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4) Sum:
Example:

SQL>Select sum(comm) from emp_master;

Test Output:

5) Count:
Syntax: Count(*)
Count(column name)
Count(distinct column name
Example:

SQL>Select count(*) from emp_master;

Test Output:

Example:
SQL> select count(comm) from emp_master;
Test Output:

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Group By Clause
Example:
SQL>select deptno,count(*) from emp_master group by deptno;

Test Output:

Having Clause
Example
SQL> select deptno,count(*) from emp_master group by deptno having Deptno is not null;

Test Output:

Order By Clause
Select<column(s)>from<Table Name>where[condition(s)][order by<column name>[asc /]
desc ];

Example:
SQL> select empno,ename,salary from emp_master order by salary;
Test Output:

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SQL> select empno,ename,salary from emp_master order by salary desc;
Test Output:

SQL *Plus having following operators.

Example
SQL> select salary+comm from emp_master;
Salary+comm
Test Output:

Example:
SQL> select salary+comm net_sal from emp_master;

Test Output:

SQL> Select 12*(salary+comm) annual_netsal from emp_master;

Test Output

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Comparison Operators:
Example:
SQL> select * from emp_master where salary between 5000 and 8000;
Test Output:

IN Operator:

SQL>Select * from emp_master where deptno in(10,30);

Test Output:

LIKE Operator:

SQL>select*From emp_master where job like ‘M%’;

Test Output:

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Logical operator:
SQL>select*From emp_master where job like „_lerk‟;
Test Output:

AND Operator:
SQL> select * from emp_master where salary > 5000 and comm < 750 ;
Test Output:

OR Operator:

SQL>select * from emp_master where salary > 5000 or comm < 750;

Test Output:

NOT Operator:
SQL>select*from emp_master where not salary=10000;Test Output:

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AIM : Implement Views:

Views
Syntax:Create View <View_Name> As Select statement;
Example:
SQL>Create View EmpView As Select * from Employee;
View created.
Syntax:Select columnname,columnname from <View_Name>;
Example:

SQL>Select Empno,Ename,Salary from EmpView where Deptno in(10,30);

Test Output:

Updatable Views:
Syntax for creating an Updatable View:
Create View Emp_vw As
Select Empno,Ename,Deptno from Employee;
View created.
SQL>Insert into Emp_vw values(1126,’Brijesh’,20);
SQL>Update Emp_vw set Deptno=30 where Empno=1125;
1 row updated.

SQL>Delete from Emp_vw where Empno=1122;

View defined from Multiple tables (Which have no Referencing clause):

For insert/modify:

Test Output:

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For delete:
Test Output:

View defined from Multiple tables (Which have been created with a Referencing
clause):
Syntax for creating a Master/Detail View (Join View):
SQL>Create View EmpDept_Vw As

Select a.Empno,a.Ename,a.Salary,a.Deptno,b.Dname From Employee a,DeptDet b

Where a.Deptno=b.Deptno;

View created.
Test Output:

SQL>Update EmpDept_Vw set salary=4300 where Empno=1125;

Test Output:

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 SQL>Delete From EmpDept_Vw where Empno=1123;
Test Output:

PRACTICE QUERIES

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Aim: Writing triggers

Example
Create or replace trigger upperdname before insert or update
on dept for each row
Test Output:

Example
Create or replace trigger emp_rest before insert or update or delete on
Emp.
Test Output:

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Example
Create or replace trigger find_tran before insert or updateor delete on dept for each row
Test Output:

Examples:
Create of insert trigger, delete trigger and update trigger.

Test Output:

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b) Create Trigger updchek before update on Ticket For Each Row

Test Output:

b) CREATE OR RELPLACE TRIGGER trig1 before insert on Passenger for each

row
Test Output:

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AIM : Implement Cursors:
Example

Aim: Implement the %notfound Attribute Write a

cursor by using the %notfound Attribute

Aim; Implement the %found Attribute

Write a cursor program by using The % found Attribute

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Aim: Implement The %rowCount Attribute:
Write a cursor program by using the %rowCount Attribute:

Test Output:

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66 | P a g e