INDEX

1. INTRODUCTION

2. GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE

3. METHOD OF WORKING

4. DRILLING & BLASTING

5. TRANSPORT SYSTEM

6. SURVEY

7. MINE MACHINERY

8. MINE PUMPS

9. OTHER INFORMATION

10. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION TO MINING

1-1 Mining Terminology

There are many terms and expressions unique to mining that
characterize the field and identify the user of such terms as a "mining
person." The student of mining is thus advised to become familiar
with all the terms used in mining, particularly those that are peculiar
to either mines or minerals.
 The following three terms are closely related:
Mine: an excavation made in the earth to extract minerals
Mining: the activity, occupation, and industry concerned with the
extraction
of minerals. Or Mining is extracting ore or minerals from the ground.
Mining engineering: the practice of applying engineering principles
to the development, planning, operation, closure, and reclamation of
mines.

 Some terms distinguish various types of mined minerals.

Geologically, one can distinguish the following mineral categories:
Mineral: a naturally occurring inorganic element or compound
having an orderly internal structure and a characteristic chemical
composition, crystal form, and physical properties.
Rock: any naturally formed aggregate of one or more types of
mineral particles
 Economic differences in the nature of mineral deposits is evident
in the. following terms:
Ore: a mineral deposit that has sufficient utility and value to be
mined at a profit.
Gangue: the valueless mineral particles within an ore deposit that
2/8 discarded.
Waste: the material associated with an ore deposit that must be
mined to get at the ore and must then be discarded. Gangue is a
particular type of waste.

 A further subdivision of the types of minerals mined by

humankind is also common. These terms are often used in the
industry to differentiate between the fuels, metals, and
nonmetallic minerals. The following are the most common terms
used in this differentiation:
Metallic ores: those ores of the ferrous metals (iron, manganese,
molybdenum, and tungsten), the base metals (copper, lead, zinc,
and tin), the precious metals (gold, silver, the platinum group
metals), and the radioactive minerals (uranium, thorium, and
radium).
Nonmetallic minerals (also known as industrial minerals): the
nonfuel mineral ores that are not associated with the production
of metals. These include phosphate, potash, halite, trona, sand,
gravel, limestone, sulfur, and many others.
Fossil fuels (also known as mineral fuels): the organic mineral
substances that can be utilized as fuels, such as coal, petroleum,
natural gas, coal bed methane, and tar sands. It should be noted
that the mining engineer is associated with the extraction of
nearly all these mineral resources. However, the production. Of
petroleum and natural gas has evolved into a separate industry
with a specialized technology of its own.
 The essence of mining in extracting mineral wealth from the
earth is to drive an excavation or excavations from the surface to
the mineral deposit.
 If the excavation used for mining is entirely open or operated
from surface, it is termed a surface mine.
• If the excavation consists of openings for human entry below
the earth's surface, it is called an underground mine.
 The mining method distinguish by:
 Details of the procedure
 Layout
 Equipment used in the mine the.
 The mining method is determined by the geologic, physical
environmental, economic, and legal circumstances that p 3/8
the ore deposit being mined.

 Mining is never properly done in isolation, nor is it an entity in

itself. It is preceded by:
 Geologic investigations that locate the deposit and
 Economic analyses that prove it financially feasible.
 Following extraction of the fuel, industrial mineral, or metallic ore,
the run-of- mine material is generally cleaned or concentrated.
This preparation or beneficiation of the mineral into a higher-
quality product is termed mineral processing.
 The mineral products so produced may then undergo further
concentration, refinement, or fabrication during conversion,
smelting, or refining to provide consumer products.
 The end step in converting a mineral material into a useful product
is marketing.
 Quite frequently, excavation in the earth is employed for
purposes other than mining. These include:

o Civil and military works in which the object is to

produce a stable opening of a desired size,
orientation, and permanence.
o Examples are vehicular, water, and sewer tunnels,
plus underground storage facilities, waste disposal
areas, and military installations.
o Many of these excavations are produced by means
of standard mining technology.
 Professionally, the fields of endeavor associated with the
mineral industries are linked to the phase or stage in which
an activity occurs.
 Locating and exploring a mineral deposit fall in the
general province of geology and the earth sciences.
 Mining engineering, already defined, encompasses the
provinc the geologist), planning, developing, and
exploiting of a 4/8 deposit.
 The mining engineer may also be involved with the
closure and reclamation of the mine property, although
he or she may share those duties with those in the
environmental fields.
 The fields of processing, refining, and fabricating are
assigned to metallurgy, although there is often some
overlap in the mineral processing area with mining
engineering.
 SURVEY AND PLANING

Flat storage of plans and section is provided. At the survey office

Lighting is provided. It is also maintained clean. The working space is
Provided adequate. The plane are connected to the national grid
After check survey from the base line at Badkhui o/c Mines. Field
Books of the check survey are property maiontained. The plane are
Prepared on conical co-ordinate system.

Following statutory plans are maintained up to date:

1. Surface plan

2. Main working plan

3. Geological plan

4. Ventilation plan

5. Rescue plan

6.Manpower distributed plan

7.Accident plan
Method of Working
 EXPLANATION OF MINING

QI. What is mining?

There are two types of mining are as follows

1. Open cast Mining

2. Underground Mining

1. Open cast Mining:- Open cast or open pit is a surface mining

technique of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their
removal from an open pit or borrow.

This form of mining differs from extractive methods that require

tunnelling into the earth, such as long wall mining. Open-pit mines
are used when deposits of commercially useful ore or rocks are found
near the surface; that is; where the overburden (surface material
covering the valuable deposits) is relatively thin or the material of
interest is structurally unsuitable for tunnelling (as would be the case
for sand, cinder, and gravel). For minerals that occur deep below the
surface-where the overburden is thick or the mineral occurs as veins
in hard rock-underground mining methods are used to extract the
valued material. Open-pit mines that produce building materials and
dimension stone are commonly referred to as "quarries."

Open-pit mines are typically enlarged until either the minerals

resource is exhausted, or an increasing ratio of overburden to ore
makes further mining uneconomic. When this occurs the exhausted
mines are sometimes converted to landfills for disposal of solid
wastes. However, some form of water control is usually required to
keep the mine pit from becoming a lake, if the mine is situated in a
climate of considerable precipitation or any layers of the pit forming
the mine border productive aquifers.

DEVELOPMENT IN O/C MINE:-

Over the past decade the

cyclical surface mining has been developing and changing rapidly. The
stimulus for this development was provided by consolidation of the
equipment manufacturing capacity and the heated competition
between the remaining manufacturers. Relatively mobile, large
hydraulic shovel have become available, cable to develop huge
digging forces, mine selectively and move fast between mining faces.
Similarly, several families of large wheel loaders have been developed
able to significantly lower the cost of excavation in many mines.
However, the most spectacular developments have been related to
off-highway truck developments. These are briefly discussed below
(Go las inski, 1999).

DEVELOPMENT:- It means forming the roads or galleries into

the area. Due to these the machine like truck will go down.

RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN MINING:-

 LIST OF INSTRUMENT

Sr.No. Name of Least No.

Instruments Count
1 MIcroptic dial 5 1528
2 Tilting
3 Auto level
4 T-2 2 307676
Theodolite
5 E.D.M.D-1000 D-1000

6 Leveling staff

7 Printing
Machine
8 Scales,
Caculators,
Etc.
ADVANTAGES:-

1. There is no problem of roof control or ventilation. Full

extraction of minerals is possible.
2. No minerals is blocked in shaft pillars, support of main
roadways, etc. As in underground mining.
3. Female worker can be employed.
4. High efficiency of mine workers; ease in loading the tubs in
unconfined space and natural light gives high O.M.S.
5. Dangers and hazards are less as compared to u/g mining.
There is no risk of gas explosion.
6. Large scale mechanisation is possible as there is no
restriction on the dimension of machines to be used.
DISADVANTAGES:
1. Work is affected by weather. During winter nights, and
summer mid-days efficiency of workers is very low.
2. Surface land is destroyed and is rendered unfit for
agriculture and residential purposes.

3. Mining lease given only underground rights; surface rights

have to be acquired for quarrying.
4. The method is uneconomic for working minerals beds at
depth.
5. The overall O.M.S. is low due to a large labour force
engaged in OB removal in manual quarrying.
6. If heavy explosive charges have to be blasted as in
mechanised quarries, the quarry site has to be far away from
residential area ( beyond 300 m).
Drilling &Blasting
 DRILLING
DRILLING:-
Drilling means driving holes in to the face for the
blasting purpose the drilling of holes are done by some
drilling patterns.
Coal drill is used for drilling the blast hole. The Dia.
of blast is approximately 3CM and length of hole is always
15CM less than the machine cut made in the face. There are
two rows of holes. The holes in lower row is started from
approximately 0.4 to 0.6m above the cut and hole is drilled
sloping towards the cut to reach within the 15cm to 30cm of
the undercut.
1. BURN CUT
2. Pyramide cut or Diamond cut
3. Wedge cut
4. Fan cut
5. Drag cut
6. Concentring ring
7. Coromant cut
1. BURN CUT:-

1. In these Pattern number of wholes are drilled parallel. They

are same diameter. The wholes are closely placed.

2. Some of the whole are heavily charge and some of the

wholes are left empty uncharged.

3. Uncharged whole provided free face.

4. In some cases the uncharged whole is kept of more

diameter it give better result and more effective blasting.

5. These types of cut is more effective in blasting of coal.

6. Here the advantage of places & clearance of coal is taken

for better blasting.
BLASTING:-
Blasting is the process of explode or blast the
hole by using Detonator & explosive. In blasting the
detonators are connected in series or in parallel wise.
According to the connection the blasting is divided into two
types
1) Series Blasting
2) Parallel Blasting

1)Series Blasting:- 2)Parallel Blasting:-

The average output obtained from the one Blasting is given
by
Gallery size = 2.5 X 3.6
No. of Holes = 12 No. of Detonators = 12
Weight of cartridge = 200gm
Total wt. of explosive = 400 X 12
= 4.87 kg

output of coal = 2.5 X 3.6 X 1.5 (specific gravity)

=13.5 Te

Powder Factor = 13.5

4.87
= 2.81 Te/Kg

Detonator Factor =13.5

12
= 1.125 Det/Kg
 the patansaongi mine has
annual production is 15000 tonns. Which is good as
compaired with the other mines
the P1 explosive is used for development while P5
is used for depillaring which is done in Seam II.
Blasting card system :-
In blasting card system card is
issused on the workers which are going for blasting with the
shot firer. at the time of blasting the shot firer take all the
cards from the workers and said take to his position.
These is very necessary because
any accident happen during or after blasting .if the respective
worker said I am not in that position then the shot firer
shows their card to the safety officer or to the manager.
This process is very commonly
done in all over the mines.
 BLASTING
SOLID BLASTING:-

1. The blasting which is done without giving undercut and

with the help of p5. Permitted explosive in gase coal mine
isknown as solid blasting for effective blasting.
2. It is necessary both from safety and productivity the drilled
pattern is used for solid blasting is wedge cut or fan cut in
case of small heading in board, pillar, working the drilled
pattern is follows.
3. The solid blasting is simple and more economical. It is
safely and less toruble some for breaking the ore.
4. In solid blasting delay detonator is use.

ADVANTAGES OF SOLID BLASTING:-

1. It is simple method of blasting.
2. It produce less ground vibration.
3. It is element the coal cutting machine.
4. Power factor is improved.
5. Detonator factor is also improved, the rate of face of
advance is more.
6. It is less truble some there is no risk of explosive.
7. It is more economical.
TRANSPORT SYSTEM
MINE MACHINERY
LIST OF MACHINERY USED IN
OPENCAST MINE

 DUMPER
 FRONT END LOADER
 BULLDOZER
 SHOVEL

 DUMPER
 IN TIRODI MINE 12 DUMPER ARE USED
 DIESEL CAPACITY OF DUMPER OF BEML
COMPANY = 540 LITRE
 HYDRAULIC TANK CAPACITY OF OF BEML = 225
LITRE
 COMPANY OF DUMPER USED IN TIRODI MINE
1) CATAPILLAR
 2) BEML
3) VOLVO
4) TATA HITACHI

Dumper trucks also known as tipper trucks are widely

used across the construction and mining industry for
the handling of heavy materials. These trucks are
equipped with an open-box hinged at the rear which can
be put in use for handling and dumping of materials.
 SAFETY FEATURES OF
DUMPER
 Limiting speed device to limit the speed as per
working conditions
 Propeller shaft guard
 Dump body raised position indicator with Warning
 Retarder System in addition to Service Parking and
Dump Brakes
 Rock ejectors for tandem tyres
 Cabin Guard Extension/Canopy fully covering
operator's cabin
 Auto dipping System
 Load Indicator
 FRONT END LOADER

 The front end loader is either a crawler track or

wheel mounted tractor having a bucket at the front
of the mainframe. It is used for loading coal or ore
from a smaller height bench (say a height around 3m
to 15m) onto the trucks, rail wagon or other
conveying system. It also loads and transports
material, ore or coal to a smaller distance. During
stripping it piles up blasted rock mass or mineral to
assist power shovel for loading, handling etc. It also
spreads rock or ore in the stockpile of material
handling station. The machine can nicely be used for
the removal and hauling of top soil for a distance of
150m and a thickness of bench around 2m. The
crawler track mounted front end loader is used
where the ground condition is soft, terrain is rough
and also where high digging force is required to
excavate the loose or blasted rock mass or mineral.
The wheel mounted front end loader has a very high
degree of mobility. It is a highly speedy loading
machine and has a high degree of flexibility and a
high degree of productivity and longevity. The
machine is highly efficient for unconsolidated rock,
good fragmented rock mass or ore, but less efficient
of handling blocky poor fragmented rock mass. It
can be used efficiently on the soft to hard floor
condition. It has a high digging capability and
moderate to high production capacity. Combination
of loading by front end loader and transporting by
dumper can transport economically ore to a distance
of more than 3 km for a very low to very high
production rate.
  BULLDOZER

A bulldozer is often referred to simply as a

dozer. It is a tractor with a pusher blades
attached to the front portion. The tractor is the
diesel-operated power unit equipped with
either crawler chains or rubber tyre wheels for
lifting. The pusher blade can be raised or
lowered or tilted through small angles
horizontally by rams operated through
hydraulic pressure or by ropes.
  The dozer blade is used for pushing
loose material or for digging in earth, sand and
soft weathered rock. The machine is also
engaged for levelling or spreading earth, for
levelling of rock spoil in the dumping yard,
grading and compacting temporary roads,
pushing mineral into sub-ground level bunkers
through grizzly, for towing dumpers, etc. It
also serves the purpose of pushing boulders,
pulling down trees, and is an essential
equipment to push scrapers. A dover equipped
with a fork like attachment is known as ripper
and operates like a plough to looses
moderately hard rock. The loosened rock may
be loaded by a scraper. A dozer can dig 1.2m
to 1.5 m below ground in eath or weathered
rock.
  SHOVEL

 A shovel is a equipment which excavates

the rock or ore by digging from it's
operating base to upwards (stripping
shovel in this case) and dump it either
on an dumper (Fig 6.1) or railway wagon
or over the spoil dump backfilling after
swing itself within its limit is a highly
productive machine and-espable to
handle all types of rea racks ranging
from fine to very hard blocky lumps,
 has lower operating cost higher
production and productivity erett
requires lower power and has less write.

 HYDRAULIC SHOVEL

Hydraulic shovels are slowly replacing the

conventional rope shovels. Because of their higher
productivity, higher efficiency, higher machine
availability, smoother an digging and inability of
application is both the pushing and pulling forces,
efficient, smooth and controlled digging and
slumping, faster loading cycle possessing fewer
parts as compared to a conventional rope shovel,
less maintenance cost, low down time, possibility
of Continuous health monitoring system, less
bulkiness and weight compare to a conventional
shovel, ability to selective mining at any desired
horizon, ability to dress the high wall (face) etc.
hydraulic shovels are gaining much popularity in
aside surface mining operation. Some of the
hydraulic excavators employs step less control of
traction and it's speed which offer simple reversing
and operating mechanism with high reduction
speed ratio.
  MINES PUMPS
The Tirodi mine is almost dry mine in which
total catchments area is 2.5 hectors and total pump
capacity is 805724 Gallons. There was maximum
rain fall 192 meter in July, 1994. The quantity of
water directly discharged to surface are 1000 GPM.
MAIN PUMP
■ Check foundation nut/ bolts for tightened.
• Check the coupling belts, replace if necessary.
■ Check oil level in the bearing and top up if
required.
■ Check the gland packing and replace if
necessary.
Pumps are installed in the quarry which has to
be kept nearly dry for operation of shovel and
dumpers. The usual arrangement is to have two or
three pumps as a semi-permanent installation fed
by small portable pumps
The impeller looks some what like a wheel
formed of two discs between which a number
of curved blades or vanes are fixed. These
blades are usually curved backward,
compared with direction of rotation. There is
an opening at the center, called the eye of the
impeller, for entry of water sucked into the
pump. In a single inlet pump there is only one
eye on one side of the impeller and in the
double inlet pump, there are two eyes or
entries, one on either side of the impeller. The
diameter of the impeller ranges between 1 ½
and 3 times the diameter of the eye. Such
pump is suitable for head (up to 20 meter)
and large quantities of water (even up to 4000
liter per minute). In small quarries, in the coal
washers and for irrigation purpose a
centrifugal pump has proved quite popular.

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

A centrifugal pump
consists essentially for working they are
following.
1. An impeller keyed to a shaft.
2. A stationary spiral or volute casing within
which the impeller rotates rapidly (usually
1450 or 3000 revolution per minute).
3. Suction pipe connecting flange.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

1) SURFACE MINING = MACHINERY = SAMIR

KUMAR DAS

2) ELEMENTS OF MINING TECHNOLOGY = VOL

01 & 02

3) EXPOSIVE AND BLASTING PRACTICAL =

S.GHATAK

4) MINE SURVEYING = A GHATAK

5) MINE PUMPS,HAULAGE,WINDING BY =
S.GHATAK