Module 2 Physics Class XI
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ishikamalik470Module 2 Physics Class XI
Uploaded by
ishikamalik470DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL
VASANT KUNJ
Module - 2
PHYSICS
Class - XI
hermal Properties of Matter and Thermodynamics
T
GIST
1. T
emperature
The degreeofhotnessofthebodyisquantitativelyrepresentedbytemperature.
SI unit of temperature is kelvin (K), and °C is a commonly used unit of
temperature.
2. H
eat
Heatisaformofenergythatflowsbetweenabodyanditssurroundingmedium
by virtue of temperature difference between them. The SI unit of heat energy
transferred is expressed in joule (J). Another unit is calorie. 1 calorie = 4.2 J.
3. D
ifferent scales of temperature
A thermometer can be graduated into following scales -
(a)Celsius scale (°C)
(b)Fahrenheit scale (°F)
(c)Kelvin scale (K)
The general formula for conversion between different temperatures is
where t = reading in unknown temperature scale
LFP = lower fixed point
UFP = upper fixed point
4. T
hermal expansion in solids
The increaseinthedimensionsofabodyduetotheincreaseinitstemperature
is called thermal expansion.
The expansion in length is called linear expansion. The expansion in area is
called area expansion. The expansion in volume is called volume expansion.
5. T
hermal coefficient of expansion
The thermal coefficient of linear expansion, area expansion and volume
expansion are given respectively by relations:
1
here∆l=changeinlength,∆A=changeinareaand∆V=changeinvolumefor
w
change in temperature ∆T.
Relation between 𝛼, 𝛽 and 𝛾 is
6. S
pecific heat capacity
It is defined as the amount of heat per unit mass absorbed or rejected by the
substance to change its temperature by one unit.
It depends on the nature of the substance and its temperature. The SI unit of
specific heat capacity is J kg–1 K–1.
If the amount of substance is expressed in moles, then the molar specific heat
capacity of the substance is given as
The SI unit of molar specific heat capacity is J mol–1 K–1.
7. P
rinciple of calorimetry
When a body at higher temperature is brought in contact with another body at
lower temperature, the heat lost by the hot bodyisequaltotheheatgainedby
the colder body, provided no heat is allowed to escape to the surroundings.
8. L
atent heat
The amount of heat per unit mass transferred during change of state of the
substance is called latent heat of the substance for the process.
heSIunitoflatentheatisJkg–1.Thevalueoflatentheatalsodependsonthe
T
pressure.
2
he latent heat for a solid-liquid state change is calledthelatentheatoffusion
T
(LF) ,andthatforaliquid-gasstatechangeiscalledthelatentheatofvaporisation
(Lv) .
9. M
odes of Heat transfer
(a) Conduction
Conductionisthemechanismoftransferofheatbetweentwoadjacentparts
ofabodybecauseoftheirtemperaturedifferencewithoutanyflowofheated
matter.
ForabaroflengthLanduniformcrosssectionAwithitsendsmaintainedat
temperatures T1 and T2, the rate of flow of heat is:
here K is the thermal conductivity of the material of the bar.
w
The greater the value of K for a material, the more rapidly it will conduct
heat. The SI unit of K is J s–1 m– 1 K– 1 or W m–1 K–1.
(b) C
onvection
Convection is a mode of heat transfer by actual motion of matter. It is
possible only in fluids.
(c) R
adiation
Itisthemodeofheattransferthatneedsnomedium.Energyistransferred
in the form of electromagnetic waves and is called radiant energy.
The radiant energy belongs to the infrared region of the electromagnetic
spectrum.
Allbodies(atT>0K)emitradiantenergy,whethertheyaresolid,liquidor
gas. When this thermal radiation falls on other bodies,itispartlyreflected
and partly absorbed. The amount of heat that a body can absorb by
radiation depends on the colour of the body.
(i) Wein’s displacement law
he peak wavelength ( ), for which theradiantenergyemittedbythe
T
black body is maximum, is inversely proportional to the Kelvin
Temperature (T) of the black body.
or,
3
(ii) Stefan’s Boltzmann law
The radiant energy emitted per unit time (i.e. power radiated) is given by
here A = surface area, T is absolute temperature and 𝜎
w is
Stefan-Boltzmann constant.
The value of 𝜎 in SI units is 5.67 × 10–8 W m–2 K–4.
For any object, which is not a perfect radiator,
here 𝜀 is a dimensionless quantity called emissivity.
w
AbodyattemperatureT,withsurroundingsattemperaturesT0, emits,as
well as, receives energy.
Let H1 be rate at which radiant energy is emitted bythebodyandH2 is
therateatwhichradiantenergyisabsorbedbyitfromthesurroundings,
then net rate of loss of energy by the body is given as
10.Newton’s laws of cooling
The rate of loss of a body is directly proportional to the temperature difference
between the body and its surroundings.
here T1 = temperature of the surrounding medium,and T2 = temperature of the
w
body.
11.Thermodynamic variables
Thestateofagasinthermodynamicsisspecifiedbymacroscopicvariablessuch
as pressure, volume, temperature, mass and its composition.
12.Thermodynamic equilibrium
The state of a system is in thermodynamic equilibrium if the macroscopic
variables (P, V and T) do not change with time.
13.Zeroth law of thermodynamics
It states that two systems in thermal equilibrium with a third system separately
are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
14.Internal energy
Internalenergyofasystemisthesumofkineticenergiesandpotentialenergies
of the molecular constituents of the system. As a system’s temperature
4
increases, the molecules will move faster, thus have more kinetic energy and
thus the internal energy will increase.
15.First law of thermodynamics
It states that
ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW
whereΔQistheheatsuppliedtothesystem,ΔWistheworkdonebythesystem
and ΔU is the change in internal energy of the system.
16.Thermodynamic Process
a. Isothermal Process - Temperature of system is fixed.
Heat absorbed by the gas = work done by the gas
b. Isobaric Process - Pressure is constant.
Work done by the gas is
c. Isochoric Process - Volume is constant.
No work is done on or by the gas.
d. Adiabatic Process - No heat flows between the system and surroundings.
Work done by the gas is
where
17.Second law of thermodynamics
a. Kelvin-Planck statement
No processispossiblewhosesoleresultistheabsorptionofheatfroma
reservoir and the complete conversion of the heat into work.
b. Clausius statement
No process is possible whose sole result is the transfer of heat from a
colder object to a hotter object.
5
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
1. t what temperature does the temperature in Celsius and Fahrenheit scale equal?
A
(a) ₋ 40° (b) 40° (c) 36° (d) 38°
2. wo thermometers X and Y have ice points marked at 15° and 25° and steam
T
points marked as 75° and 125° respectively. WhenthermometerXmeasuresthe
temperatureofabathas60°onit,whatwouldthermometerYreadwhenitisused
to measure the temperature of the same bath?
(a) 60° (b) 75° (c) 100° (d) 90°
3. he percentage increase in volume of a metal sphere when its temperature is
T
raised by 24 °C is
(Coefficient of linear expansion for metal is 2 × 10-5 °C-1)
(a) 0.14 (b) 0.20 (c) 0.40 (d) 0.30
4. uppose there is a hole in a copper plate. On heating the plate, thediameterof
S
hole, would
(a) always increase (b) always decrease
(c) always remain the same (d) none of these
5. kgoficeat₋10°Cismixedwith4.4kgofwaterat30°C.Thefinaltemperatureof
1
the mixture is
Specific heat of ice is 2100 J kg–1 K–1
Specific heat of water is 4200 J kg–1 K– 1
Latent heat of fusion of ice is 336 × 103J kg–1
(a) 2.3° (b) 4.4° (c) 5.3° (d) 8.7°
6. he thermal conductivity of copper is nine times that of steel. In the composite
T
cylindrical bar shown in the figure, whatwillbethetemperatureatthejunctionof
copper and steel?
(a) 33 °C (b) 75 °C (c) 25 °C (d) 67 °C
6
7. he figure shows the face and interface temperature of a composite slab
T
containing four layers of two materials having identical thickness. Under steady
state condition, the value of temperature 𝜃 is
(a) 5 °C (b) 10 °C (c) ₋ 15 °C (d) 15 °C
8. he lengths and radii oftworodsmadeofthesamematerialareintheratios1:2
T
and 2:3 respectively. If the temperature difference betweenbetweentheendsfor
the two rods be thesame,theninsteadystate,theamountofheatproducedper
second through them will be in the ratio
(a) 1:3 (b) 4:3 (c) 8:9 (d) 3:2
9. hesurfacetemperaturesoftwobodiesareintheratio3:2.Ifthepeakwavelength
T
for the first body is 4000Å, then the correspondingwavelength for second body is
(a) 9000Å (b) 6000Å (c) 2000Å (d) 8000Å
10. A
spherical black body with a radius of 12cmradiates450Wpowerat500K.If
the radius is halved and the temperature is doubled, then the power radiated in
Watt will be
(a) 225 (b) 450 (c) 1000 (d) 1800
11. In a given process dW = 0, dQ < 0, then for the gas
(a) temperature increases (b) volume decreases
(c) pressure decreases (d) pressure increases
12. A
givenmassofgasexpandsfromstateAtostateB
by three paths 1, 2 and 3 asshowninthefigure.If
W1, W2 andW3 respectivelybetheworkdonebythe
gas along the three paths, then:
(a) W1 > W2 > W3
(b) W1 < W2 < W3
(c) W1 = W2 = W3
(d) W1 < W2 = W3
7
13. IfW1 isworkdoneincompressinganidealgasfromagiveninitialstatethrougha
certain volume isothermally and W2 is work done in compressing the same gas
from the same initial state through the same volume adiabatically, then
(a) W1 < W2 (b) W1 > W2
(c) W1 = W2 (d) W1 = 2W2
14. An ideal gas undergoes four different processes from the same initial state.
ut of 1, 2, 3 & 4 which one is adiabatic
O
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 2
15. F
igureshowstheP-VdiagramofanidealgasundergoingachangeofstatefromA
to B from different processes I, II, III & IV. All leads to the same change of state.
( a) hange in internal energy is same in IV and III cases but not in I and II
C
(b) Change in internal energy is same in all the four cases.
(c) Work done is maximum is Case I
(d) Work done is minimum in case II
16. T
hedoorofarunningrefrigeratorinsidearoomisleftopen.Thecorrectstatement
out of the following is
(a) The room will be cooled slightly
(b) The room will be warmed up gradually
(c) The room will be cooled to the temperature inside the refrigerator
(d) The temperature of the room will remain unaffected.
8
uring an experiment, an ideal gas is found to obey an additional law VP2 =
17. D
constant. The gas is initially at temperature T andvolumeV.Whenitexpandsto
volume 2V, the temperature becomes
(a) T (b) 2T (c) 2T (d) T/2
18. F
igure below shows two paths that may be taken by a gastogofromstateAto
state C.
InprocessAB,400Jisaddedtothesystem,andinprocessBC,100Jisaddedto
the system. The heat absorbed by the system in the process AC will be
(a) 380 J (b) 500 J (c) 460 J (d) 300 J
or Q.No.(s) 19-24,twostatementsaregiven-onelabelledasAssertionandotheras
F
Reason. Select the correct answer to these questions from the options as given below.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are trueandReasonisthecorrectexplanationof
Assertion.
(b) If bothAssertionandReasonaretruebutReasonisnotthecorrectexplanation
of Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.
19. A
ssertion: If the temperature of water is decreased or increased below 4 °C
respectively, its volume increases.
Reason: Density of water is maximum at 4 °C.
20. A
ssertion: Materials used for making cooking utensils is the one having high
specific heat and high thermal conductivity.
Reason: Low thermal conductivity means high specific heat.
21. A
ssertion:Asolidandahollowsphereofsamediameterandsamematerialwhen
heated through the same temperature will expand by the same amount.
9
eason:Thechangeinvolumeisindependentoftheoriginalmassbutdependson
R
the original volume.
22. Assertion: Blue star is at higher temperature than red star.
Reason: According to Wien’s displacement law, .
23. A
ssertion:Abrassdiscisjustfittedinaholeinasteelplate.Thesystemmustbe
cooled to loosen the disc.
Reason:Thecoefficientoflinearexpansionforbrassisgreaterthanthecoefficient
of linear expansion for steel.
24. A
ssertion: Figure shows P-T diagram for a given mass of an ideal gas for the
process AB. During this process, the density of gas is constant.
Reason: For an isochoric process, volume of gas is held constant.
25. A
ssertion: The specific heat of a gas in an adiabatic process is zero and in an
isothermal process is infinite.
Reason: Specific heat of gas is directly proportional to change of heatinsystem
and inversely proportional to change in temperature.
26. A
ssertion: Air quickly leaking out of a balloon becomes cool.
Reason: The leaking air undergoes adiabatic expansion.
Practice Questions
1. ailway lines are laid with gaps to allow for expansion. If the gap betweensteel
R
rails 66 m long is 3.63 cm at 10 °C, then at what temperature will the lines just
touch? Coefficient of linear expansion of steel = 12 × 10-6 °C-1.
2. steel rod with Y = 2.0 × 1011 N m-2 and α =10-5 °C-1 oflength4mandareaof
A
cross-section 10 cm2 is heated from 0 °C to 400 °C without being allowed to
expand. If the tension produced in the rod is a × 10-5 N, then find the value of a.
10
3. one litre flask containssomemercury.Itisfoundthatatdifferenttemperatures,
A
thevolumeofairinsidetheflaskremainsconstant.Whatisthevolumeofmercury
in this flask? Given 𝛼 for glass = 9 × 10-6 °C-1 and 𝛾 for mercury = 1.8 × 10-4 °C-1.
4. he coefficient of volume expansion of glycerine is 49 × 10-5 K-1. What is the
T
fractional change in density for 30 °C rise in temperature?
5. large steelwheelistobefittedontoashaftofthesamematerial.At27°C,the
A
outer diameter of the shaft is 8.70 cm andthediameterofthecentralholeinthe
wheel is 8.69 cm. The shaft is cooled using dry ice. At what temperature of the
shaft does the wheel slip into the shaft? Given Coefficient of linear expansionof
steel = 12 × 10-6 °C-1.
6. thermally insulated vessel contains 100 g of water at 0 °Cwhenairabovethe
A
water is pumped out, some of the water freezes and some evaporates at 0 °C
itself.Calculatethemassoficeformed,ifnowaterisleftinthevessel.Latentheat
ofvaporisationofwaterat0°C=2.10×106 Jkg-1 andlatentheatoffusionofice
= 3.36 × 105 J kg-1.
7. sphereofaluminiumof0.05kgisplacedforsufficienttimeinavesselcontaining
A
boiling water, so that the temperature of the sphere is at 100 °C. It is then
immediately transferred to0.14kgcoppercalorimetercontaining0.25kgofwater
at20°C.Thetemperatureofwaterrisesandattainsasteadystateat23°C.Find
the specific heat capacity of aluminium. Specific heat capacity ofwater=4120J
kg-1 K-1, specific heat capacity of copper = 386 Jkg-1 K-1.
8. indthemassoficeat-14°Crequiredtocool20gofwaterfrom25°Cto10°C.
F
Takespecificheatcapacityofice=0.5calg-1 °C-1 andlatentheatoffusion=80cal
g-1.
9. In an experiment on the specific heat of a metal, a 0.20 kgblockofthemetalat
150 °C is dropped in a copper calorimeter (of water equivalent 0.025 kg)
containing150cm3 ofwaterat27°C.Thefinaltemperatureis40°C.Computethe
specific heat of the metal. Given specific heat capacity of water = 1 cal g-1 °C-1 .
10. A
thermocolcubicaliceboxofside30cmhasathicknessof5.0cm.If4.0kgofice
is put in the box. Estimate the mass of ice left after 6 hours. The outside
temperature is 45 °C. Given thermal conductivity of thermocol is 0.01Wm-1 °C-1
and heat of fusion of water is 335 kJ/kg.
11
11. In the figure below, two bars of thesamemetalareconnected.Thelengthofthe
first bar is half that ofthesecond,butthecross-sectionalareaisdouble.Whatis
the temperature of the junctions of the bar?
12. T
he ratio ofareaofcross-sectionoftworodsofdifferentmaterialsis1:2,andthe
ratio of thermal conductivities of their materials is 4:3. On keeping equal
temperature difference between the ends of these two rods, the rates of
conduction are equal. Determine the ratio of lengths of these rods.
13. A
black body initially at 27 °C is heated to 327 °C.
(i) Find the ratio of heat emitted at higher temperature to heat emitted at lower
temperature.
(ii) What is the wavelength of maximum energy radiation at higher temperature?
Given Wein’s constant = 2.89 × 10-3 m K.
14. L
ightfromthemoonisfoundtohavewavelengthofmaximumemissionat14µ𝑚.
Given Wein’s constant is 2.89 × 10-3 m K, estimatethe moon’s surface.
15. D
etermine the surface area ofafilamentofa100Wincandescentlampradiating
out its labelled power at 3000K.Given σ =5.7×10-8 Wm-2 K-4 andemissivityof
the material of the filament is 0.3.
16. T
he peak wavelength for the maximum emission of radiation from the sun's
surface is 4753 Å. If thetemperatureofthesun'ssurfaceis6050K,thenwhatis
the temperature of a star for which the peak wavelength is 9506Å?
man, whose surface area of skin is 2 m2 , is sitting in a room where the air
17. A
temperatureis20°C.Ifhisskin’stemperatureis28°Candemissivityoftheskinis
0.97, then find the rate at which his body loses heat. Givenσ = 5.7 × 10-8 W m-2 K-4.
18. T
wo samples of gas initially at the same temperature and pressure are
compressedfromvolumeVtoV/2onesampleiscompressedisothermallyandthe
other adiabatically in which case the pressure will be higher? Explain.
12
19. ( a) Why does a gas have two principal specific heat capacities?
(b) Which one is greater and why?
(c) Of what significance is the difference between these two specific heat
capacities and their ratio?
20. O
ne mole of an ideal monoatomic gas is taken by the cyclic process ABCA as
shown in the figure.
alculate,
C
(i) The work done by the gas
(ii) The heat rejected by the gas inthepathCAandheatabsorbedbythegasin
the path AB.
(iii) the net heat absorbed by the gas in the path BC
21. Inthegivenfigure,theinitialandfinalstatesofagasareshownbypointsiandf.
Atiandb,theinternalenergiesofthegasare10Jand22Jrespectively.Forthe
path iaf, dQ = 50 J and 20 J. If for the path ibf, dQ = 36 J, then find
( i) internal energy of the gas at f,
(ii) value of dW for the path ibf,
(iii) value of dW for the path ia,
(iv) value of dQ for the path bf,
(v) values of dU and dW for the path ib.
22. W
hen a system is taken from state A to state B along the path ACB, 80 kcal of
heat flows into the system and 30 kcal of work is done.
13
(a)How much heat flows into the system along path ADB if the work done is 10
kcal?
(b)WhenthesystemisreturnedfromBtoAalongthecurvedpaththeworkdoneis
20 kcal. Does the system absorb or liberate heat?
(c)If UA = 0 and UD = 40 kcal, find the heat absorbedin the process AD.
Case study based question
1. Inasteadystateofheatflowthroughconduction,thethermalcurrentH(i.e.rateof
∆𝑇
flowofheat)throughabarofcross-sectionarea'A'isgivenby𝐻 = 𝑘𝐴 ∆𝐿 where
∆𝑇
∆𝐿
is temperature gradient along the bar and 'k' is coefficient of thermal
conductivity of the material of the bar.
𝐴
𝑘
In the above expressiontheterm ∆𝐿
isknownasthermalresistanceofferedbya
section of bar having length ΔL.
nswer the following:
A
(i) The S.I. unit of thermal conductivity is
(a) Wm–1K– 1 (b) Jsm–1K– 1
(c) WmK–1 (d) Js–1mK–1
(ii)Ifallthedimensionsofarectangularbararedoublethenwhatwillbetheeffect
on heat current between opposite faces of the bar?
(a) remain same (b) becomes half
(c) becomes double (d) become four times
(iii) A piece of flannel keeps the ice cold but keeps a person warm because flannel
14
( a) is good conductor of heat
(b) has high specific heat
(c) flannel is a good heat reflector
(d) is bad conductor of heat
(iv) Consider a compound slab consisting of two different materials havingequal
thickness and thermal conductivities K and 2K respectively. The equivalent
thermal conductivity of the slab is
4 2
(a) 3 𝐾 (b) 3 K (b) 2K (d) 3K
2. he first law of thermodynamics is the general law of conservation of energy
T
applied to any system in which energy transferfromasystemtothesurrounding
occurs through heat and work. According to the first law of thermodynamics,
ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW
whereΔQistheheatsuppliedtothesystem,ΔWistheworkdonebythesystem
and ΔU is the change in internal energy of the system.
Answer the following:
(i) In a cyclic process, work done by the system is
(a)Zero
(b)more than heat given to the system
(c)equal to heat given to the system
(d)independent of heat given to the system
( ii) The increase in internal energy of the system is equal to work done on the
system. The system undergoes
(a)isothermal process
(b)adiabatic process
(c)isobaric process
(d)isochoric process
( iii) A thermodynamic process is carried out from an initial state D to an
intermediate state E as shown in the figure.
15
The work done by the gas from D to E to F is
(a) 225 J (b) 450 J (c) 900 J (d) 600 J
( iv)When20Jofworkisdoneongas,40Jofheatisreleased.Iftheinitialinternal
energy is 70 J, then final internal energy is
(a) 50 J (b) - 150 J (c) 90 J (d) 110 J
16
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