2.

3 WHY
ELEMENTS
REACT TO
FORM
COMPOUNDS

I O N I C C O M P O U N D
WA R M U P !

Why do elements react together?

What do you mean by losing and gaining

of electrons?
 • Describe an ionic
bond as an attraction
LEARNING
OBJECTIVE between a positively
charged ion and a
negatively charged
ion
 TYPES OF
CHEMICAL BONDS
Ionic Bonds
• An attraction between anions and cations
• Electrons are completely transferred.
• A bond between a metal and a nonmetal.
• Stronger than covalent bonds.
COMPOUNDS
PRACTICE
 IONIC
COMPOUNDS

• An ion is an atom or group of

atoms that has either a positive
charge or a negative charge.
• An ionic compound is formed by
one or more positively or
negatively charged ions.
 IONIC
COMPOUNDS

• Metal atoms tend to lose electrons.

• Non-metal atoms tend to gain
electrons.
REACTIVITY

• The farther the valence electron is

from its positive nucleus, the more
easily it is removed and the more
reactive the atom is.
R E AC T I V I T Y I N I O N S
R E AC T I V I T Y I N A N I O N S
 OTHER IONIC
COMPOUNDS

• Ionic compounds are those that

are made from ions. They form
when a
metal reacts with a non-metal.
In some elements more than one
electron is lost or gained. For
example,
when magnesium combines with
oxygen to form magnesium
oxide, MgO.
MORE IONIC
COMPOUNDS
• When magnesium forms an ionic
compound with chlorine, two ions of
chlorine are formed.
The magnesium atom loses the two
electrons and forms a magnesium
ion, Mg2+. Two chlorine atoms both
gain one electron and become
two chloride ions, 2 Cl-. The two
chlorine ions are attracted to the
magnesium ion and form an ionic bond
to form the ionic compound
magnesium chloride, MgCl2.
 What is electronic
structure of sodium
ion?

What charge do
WRAP UP! individual atoms
have?

What is the overall

charge of magnesium
chloride?
LET'S DISCUSS
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Draw diagrams to explain how
How many ions of chlorine
the structure of an atom of
react with one ion of calcium
calcium is different from an ion
to form calcium chloride?
of calcium.

Write the chemical formula for

Write the chemical formula for
calcium oxide
calcium chloride.
2.3 WHY ELEMENTS
R E AC T TO F O R M
COMPOUNDS
SHARING ELECTRONS

COVALENT BOND

(HYDROGEN AND CHLORINE,

HYDROGEN & HYDROGEN)
LEARNING
• Describe a covalent bond as a
bond made when a pair of

OBJECTIVE electrons is shared by two atoms

(limited to single bonds).
 WA R M U P !

How is atom of calcium different from ion

of calcium?

How many ions of chlorine react

with one ion of calcium to form
calcium chloride?
KEY WORDS
chemical covalent dot and cross
Valence
bonds, bond, diagram,

highest ionic
ion, ionic bond,
energy level, compounds,

outermost
molecule, stable, shell
electron,
 C H A RG E M E !

Choose an element and tell what the charge its

ion has

Is the element metal or non-metal

Which one is stable, atom or ion?

 Elements are the simplest substances
that exist on Earth.

W H AT A R E Each element is made up of just one

type of atom, usually joined to other
BONDS? atoms of the same element by bonds.

Compounds are formed when different

elements chemically react and form
bonds with each other.
CHEMICAL
BOND

• When a compound forms it

causes a chemical bond to
occur.

• A chemical bond -is the force

that holds two atoms together

• This is the result when

electrons are gained, lost, or
shared between atoms
 • Pairs of electrons are
C OVA L E N T
shared between 2
BONDING non-metal atoms to
(SHARING acquire the electron
E L E C T RO N S ) configuration of a
noble gas.
C O VA L E N T
BONDING
• Occurs between nonmetal
atoms which need to gain
electrons to get a stable
element or a filled outer shell.
W H AT I S A
C OVA L E N T
BOND?
 HOW IS
C OVA L E N T
BOND
D R AW N ?
 HYDROGEN AND CHLORINE

• An example of this is when hydrogen and chlorine react to form

hydrogen chloride:
• a hydrogen atom has just one electron in its outermost electron
shell; in this first shell there is only room for two electrons.
• a chlorine atom has seven electrons in its outermost electron
shell; in this electron shell there is room for eight electrons.
• the atoms share a pair of electrons, so both hydrogen and
chlorine have their outermost electron shells full of electrons.
• a molecule of hydrogen chloride is formed; its formula is HCl.
D OT A N D C RO S S M O D E L
• The electron in the hydrogen atom is shown as a dot and the electrons in
the chlorine atom are shown as crosses. This type of diagram is known
as a dot and cross diagram.
This type of chemical bond where electrons are shared is called a
covalent bond.
 HYDROGEN AND
HYDROGEN

• Covalent molecules are formed when atoms of different non-metals

join to form compounds and when atoms of the same non-metal
join.
For example, two atoms of hydrogen join to form a molecule
of hydrogen:
• an atom of hydrogen has one electron in its outermost electron
shell; this electron shell has room for only two electrons
• the hydrogen atoms share a pair of electrons, so both atoms have
two electrons in the outermost electron shell so the shell is full and
more stable
• a molecule of hydrogen is formed; the formula is written as H2.
 C A N YO U ?
DRAW A DOT AND CROSS DIAGRAM
TO SHOW HOW A MOLECULE OF
CHLORINE IS FORMED.
C O VA L E N T
BONDING
The atoms form a covalent bond by sharing
their valence electrons to get a stable octet of
electrons.(filled valence shell of 8 electrons)

Electron-Dot Diagrams of the atoms are

combined to show the covalent bonds

Covalently bonded atoms form MOLECULES

 Always remember atoms are trying to
complete their valence shell!

“2 will do but 8 is great!”

The number of electrons the atoms needs is

the total number of bonds they can make.

Ex. … H? O? F? N? Cl? C?
T H I N G S TO
REMEMBER one two one three one four
C O VA L E N T
BONDING IN
W AT E R
• Compounds can contain more than one covalent bond.

• Oxygen (2.6) needs 2 more electrons, but hydrogen [1]

only needs 1 more. How can these three elements be
joined by covalent bonding?

• The oxygen atom shares 1 electron with 1 hydrogen atom,

and a second electron with another hydrogen atom.

• What is the name of the molecule that is formed?

• H2O (or H–O–H) is water.

 H O W I S T H E R AT I O O F AT O M S
C A L C U L AT E D ?

• To calculate the ratio of atoms in a stable covalent compound:

• 1. Work out how many electrons are needed by each non-
metal element to complete its outer electron shell.
• 2. Work out the ratio of atoms that will provide enough
shared electrons to fill all the outer shells.

For example, how many nitrogen and hydrogen atoms bond

together in an ammonia molecule?
 C O VA L E N T B O N D I N G I N
AMMONIA

• How do nitrogen and hydrogen atoms form

covalent bonds in a molecule of ammonia?
 C O VA L E N T B O N D I N G I N
METHANE

• How do carbon and hydrogen atoms form

covalent bonds in a molecule of methane?
 C O VA L E N T B O N D S – T R U E O R
FA L S E ?

True/False
1. Covalent bonding occurs between non-metals.
2. A single covalent bond is a shared pair of electrons.
3. Atoms bond so that their outer electron shells become half full.
4. The number of electrons the atoms needs is the total number of bonds they can make.
5. Covalently bonded atoms form cations.
LET'S
DISCUSS
• Which of the molecules shown in the
diagram above are compounds?

• Is the compound calcium chloride an

ionic or a covalent compound? Give a
reason for your answer.

• Write the formula for a molecule of

methane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
WRAP UP!
How are covalent bonds What types of atoms form
represented in the diagrams? covalent bonds?
 Can you tell how to differentiate the
molecules into compounds?

Write a chemical formula of calcium

oxide.
WRAP UP!

Draw a dot and cross diagram to

show how a molecule of chlorine is
formed.
LEARNER’S
BOOK
QUESTIONS