Cell Review Assignment

Chapter 4
15/17

1. Describe 3 similarities and 3 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Similarities

1. Use binary fission to 1. Use mitosis to divide - Have a plasma cell

divide 2. Paired diploid (2n) membrane
2. Single haploid (n) chromosome - Have cytoplasm
chromosome 3. Has membrane bound - Have ribosomes
3. Lacks membrane organelles - Have DNA
bound organelles 4. Large and complex - Both have the ability
4. Small and simple (0.1 (10 to 100 µm) to carry out the 8
to 5.0 µm) functions of life

2. Complete the Table below:

Cellular Structure Function Plant,
Organelle Animal or
Both

Nucleus Most evident structure in a The nucleus is where all the Both
cell, completely membrane genetic information (DNA) in a
bound and contains a cell is found and it facilitates
nucleolus. It is the largest transcription and replication of
it. Because of this the nucleus
part of the cell and takes up a
is in control of the growth and
tenth of the cell. It has a multiplication of the cell. The
phospholipid bilayer nuclear nucleus also synthesizes
membrane covered in various proteins in order to
nuclear pores to regulate the regulate cell metabolism . The
transportation of molecules nucleus is also where
between the nucleus and the ribosomes are made. The
cytoplasm. Contains nucleus also provides storage
of DNA, RNA and ribosomes.
chromatin/chromosomes.

Ribosomes Ribosomes are made of RNA The main role of ribosomes is Both
and protein. It consists of two to bring together different
parts, the small subunit and amino acids and to form many
the large subunit that sits on particular proteins which are
top of it with RNA used for cell activities.
sandwiched between the two. Ribosomes are also
 It is often in two areas in the responsible for converting DNA
cytoplasm. When ribosomes to mRNA in order to make
are joined with the amino acids. The hereditary
endoplasmic reticulum it is information from the mRNA is
then referred to as the rough also converted into proteins
ER. Some ribosomes are during DNA translation. The
free where others are small subunit is where mRNA
membrane bound. binds and decodes whereas
the large subunit is where the
amino acids are included.

Rough The rough ER is made of a The ribosomes on the rough Er Both

endoplasmic complicated system of gives it the ability to produce
reticulum membranous channels and proteins. In its lumen the rough
flattened saccules. The rough ER allows proteins to fold into
ER is studded with their final 3D shape. The rough
ribosomes on its side that ER also has enzymes that add
faces the cytoplasm. carbohydrate chains to the
proteins to form glycoproteins
which are important for various
cell functions. It also transports
molecules to other parts of the
cell.

Smooth The smooth ER is also made The smooth ER is important to Both

endoplasmic of a complicated system of help produce lipids like
reticulum membranous channels and testosterone for example. In
flattened saccules. The some cells there ismore
smooth ER is continuous with smooth ER than others
the nuclear envelope as well depending on the cell's
as the rough ER. function. It also transports
molecules to other parts of the
cell.

Golgi Apparatus The Golgi Apparatus is a The golgi apparatus modifies Both
membrane bound sac the proteins and lipids that it
organelle. It is made of 5-8 receives from the endoplasmic
folds which are called the reticulum. These biochemicals
cisternae. The cisternae leave the golgi apparatus
forms 5 functional regions by through exocytosis and are
using specific enzymes. delivered to their intracellular or
extracellular targets. It also
helps make the phospholipid
bilayer cell membrane by
adding phosphate groups and
glycoproteins to lipids it
receives from the endoplasmic
reticulum to create the
phospholipids that make up the
cell membrane.

Lysosome Lysosomes are very small Lysosomes assist in digesting Both

and often are between 0.1 to the various materials that are Animal cells
 0.5 µm. They are spheres taken into the cell. They also
that are made up of a lipid destroy non functional
bilayer. They are vesicles organelles and portions of
that are produced by the cytoplasm.
golgi apparatus. They have a
low pH and store powerful
hydrolytic digestive enzymes
in an inactive state.

Peroxisomes Peroxisomes are membrane Peroxisomes are metabolic Both

bound vesicles that enclose assistants to the other
enzymes. All peroxisomes organelles in the cell.They are
contain enzymes that especially prevalent in cells
produce hydrogen peroxide that synthesize and break
with their actions. down lipids. In plant cells
peroxisomes oxidize fatty acids
into molecules that can be
converted into sugar in a
growing plant in a germinating
seed. In the leaves they carry
out a reaction that is opposite
to photosynthesis converting
carbon dioxide into oxygen.

Vesicles Vesicles are self-contained Vesicles have many functions Both

structures that either contain including moving molecules,
gas or fluid that is secreting substances, digesting
surrounded by a phospholipid materials and non functioning
bilayer membrane. organelles and regulate
pressure in the cell. They also
can contribute to the buoyancy
of the cell.

Vacuoles The vacuole is a Vacuoles are essential to plant Plant

membranous sac that is function. Plant molecules Both
larger than vesicles. Most contain water, sugars, salts,
plants have a large central water soluble pigments and
vacuole that takes up 90 toxic molecules. The cell sap
percent of the cell volume. that is stored in the vacuole is
The vacuole is filled with a what gives support to a cell.
watery solution which is The central vacuole maintains
called the cell sap. hydrostatic pressure of turgor
pressure which provides
structural support. A plant cell
can rapidly increase the size of
its vacuole in order to increase
its size. The vacuole is
responsible for both storing
nutrients and waste products.
The vacuole also breaks down
other non functioning
organelles.
Chloroplasts Some cells only have one Chlorophyll and other pigments Plant
chloroplast while others have that capture energy from the
as many as a hundred. They sun are found in the thylakoid
have a three membrane membrane. Chloroplast use
system and are bound by two solar energy to synthesize
membranes. The double carbohydrates and carbon
membrane encloses dioxide into carbohydrates and
semifluid stroma. Stroma oxygen in order for plants to
contains enzymes and photosynthesize.
thylakoids which are disc-like
sacs. A stack of thylakoids is
a granum.

Mitochondria Often smaller than Mitochondria are used during Both

chloroplasts and can be seen cellular respiration to convert
using a light microscope. The oxygen and carbohydrates into
number of mitochondria in a carbon dioxide water and
cell is dependent on the energy in the form of ATP. ATP
metabolic activities and is used for synthetic reactions,
energy needed in a cell. They active transport and all energy
are often in a bean shape requiring processes in cells.
and can change shape. They Mitochondria produce most of
can form long moving chains the ATP utilized by the cell.
or they can remain fixed in
one location. They have two
membranes and the inner
membrane is highly
convoluted into many folds
called cristae.

Cytoskeleton Cytoskeletons can look many The cytoskeleton provides Both

different ways. Actin structural support for the cell.
filaments in animal cells are The cytoskeleton contains actin
often in a twisten double filaments, Intermediate
chain made up of smaller filaments and microtubules
actin subunits and are about which maintain cell shape and
7 nm in length. Intermediate allows the cell and its
finalists are often like a organelles to move. The
ropelike fibrous chain of cytoskeleton can rearrange its
polypeptides and are about 8 protein components in
to 11 nm in size. response to changes in internal
and external environments.
Actin filaments move the cell
and its organelles by
interacting with motor
molecules which are proteins
that can attach and reattach
along an actin filament. The
intermediate filaments form a
ropelike assembly of
polypeptides.

Cytoplasm Cytoplasm is a semi-fluid gel The cytoplasm has many Both

 like substance that fills the different functions. It is the
cell outside of the nucleus medium for all the chemical
which contains all the reactions in a cell. It also
organelles and is bound by creates a platform for all the
the phospholipid bilayer other organelles in a cell. All
plasma membrane.It is cell functions , cell expansion,
mainly composed of water, growth and replication takes
salts, and proteins place in the cytoplasm. The
cytoplasm helps move
organelles around and
dissolves cellular waste.

Centrosome A centrosome is made up of Centrosomes are extremely Animal

two centrioles (a mother important for cell division.It is
centriole and a daughter the primary microtubule
centriole) which are linked organizing centre (the MTOC)
together by interconnecting in animal cells so it regulates
fibres. Centrosomes are the cells motility, adhesion, and
semi-cylindrical structures polarity during interphase.It
that usually occur in pairs. even facilitates the
organization of spindle poles
during mitosis.

Centrioles Centrioles are short cylinders Because centrosomes are the Animal
that have a 9 + 0 pattern of major microtubule organizing
microtubule triplets. Nine sets centre, it is possible that
of microtubules arranged in centrioles are also involved in
an outer ring with no the process. Before animal
microtubules in the centre. In cells replicate, centrioles
animal cells and most protists replicate and each pair
contain centrioles lying at becomes part of a seperate
right angles from each other . chromosome. During cell
division centrioles release
microtubules which release
spindles.

Plasma The plasma membrane of a The plasma membrane Both

membrane cell is composed of a provides protection for a cell
phospholipid bilayer in which and a fixed environment inside
there is a polar hydrophilic of the cell. Because the plasma
head with a hydrophobic tail. membrane is selectively
Which allows the membrane permeable, it can decide what
to be semipermeable. Within enters the cell and what
the phospholipids there are doesn't in order to keep a
embedded proteins (integral stable cell. It transports
and peripheral) which allow nutrients into the cell and
for active transport of waste out of the cell.
molecules in and out of the
cell.

Cell wall The plant cell wall is made The cell wall surrounds the Plant
of multiple layers. It plasma membrane of a plant
cell. The cell wall provides
 contains cellulose, strength and protection against
microfibrils, hemicellulose, mechanical and osmotic
pectin,lignin and soluble pressure. It also allows the cell
to build turgor pressure.
protein. All of these are
organized into 3 major
layers.The primary cell
wall, the middle lamella,
and the secondary cell
wall

Microtubules Microtubules are small and Microtubules maintain the Animal

hollow cylinders that are shape of a cell and act as Both
about 25 nm in width and tracks that organelles can
between 0.2 to 25 nm in move on. They are associated
length. They are made of a with the motor molecules
globular protein called kinesin and dynein. Kinesin
tubulin. There are two kinds moves vesicles or organelles in
of tubulin 𝛂 tubulin and β the opposite direction from
tubulin. Which have slightly dynein. Microtubules also
different amino acids create spindle fibres during cell
sequences. These tubulins division which distributes
come together as dimers chromosomes in an orderly
during assembly and arrange manner. After cell division the
themselves in spindle disassembles and
rows.Microtubules have 13 microtubules go back to their
rows of dimers surrounding a regular form.
seemingly empty core.
Microtubule assembly is
under regulatory control of
the microtubule organizing
centre (MTOC) which is in
the centrosome.

3. a) How does cell size and shape affect the overall rate of nutrient intake and waste
elimination? Why are cells so small?

Cells being small allows them to have a higher surface area to volume ratio which allows
materials to cross the membrane and reach all parts of the cell at a faster rate and waste is able
to leave at a faster rate because the centre of the cell is not very far from the cell membrane.
Multicellular organisms have an advantage because if one cell dies or is at risk, the whole
organism does not die. Cell shape?
 b) Calculate the surface area to volume ratio (SA/Vol ratio) of a cube shaped cell
whereby each side measures 3 cm.
2
SA= 3 × 6
2
= 54 𝑐𝑚
3
V= 3
3
=27 𝑐𝑚
SA/V = 54/27
−1
= 2 𝑐𝑚 2:1

4. Include labelled diagrams of plant and animal cells.