SCHEME OF THE EVALUATION

CIE-I
COURSE: - FIBER SCIENCE COURSE CODE: - 20FT22T

Section-1

1) Define textile fibers.

Ans. Textile fibres can be defined as the textile substance that is very small in diameter in
relation to their length or in other words fiber is the material which is several hundred times
longer than its thickness. Fiber is the basic component of any textile material. There are
different types of fibres around us in daily use. Fibres with a short length are called as staple
fibres, whereas fibres with long length are called as filaments

2) Define manmade fibers.

Ans. As the name itself indicates these textile fibres are made by man to meet the particular
requirements. The chemical composition, structure, and properties are significantly modified
during the manufacturing process.

OR
Define natural fibers and their types.
Natural Fibres
Fibres which are obtained from the natural origin directly or indirectly referred as natural
fibres. Fibres obtained from the natural origin can be further sub-classified into three different
categories based on their different natural origins. Classification of natural fiber is as follows
Vegetable Fibres.
Animal Fibres.
Mineral Fibres

Vegetable Fibres
These fibres are basically cellulosic fibres. Besides their use as textiles, these fibres are also used
in the manufacturing of papers. Vegetable fibres are basically obtained from various parts
(Organs) of the plants such as seeds, bast, leaf, fruit, stalk, etc.

Animal Fibres
The fibres are obtained from animals are called as animal fibres. The fires are mainly made up
of protein molecules. The basic element of a protein molecule is carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen,
oxygen.
Wool
(Hair fibres obtained from the animals) & silk fibres are common examples of animal fibres.

Mineral Fibres
These are the inorganic materials shaped into fibres. Asbestos is the example of mineral fiber.
These fibres are fireproof, resistance to acid so that these fibres mainly found in the industrial
application.

SECTION -2
List out the manmade fibers and explain any 3.
1. Regenerated Man-Made
2. Synthetic Fibres
3. In-Organic Fibres
Regenerated Synthetic
Regenerated synthetic textile fibres are also called as semi-synthetic fibres. These fibres are
made up of naturally long chain polymer structure, which is modified and partially degraded by
a chemical process to enable the polymerization reaction to form the fibres. Most of the semi-
synthetic fibres are called cellulose regenerated fibres.
Examples:
Viscose rayon, modal, cupra (Rayon), bamboo viscose, ten cells. The cellulose required comes
from various sources such as rayon from the tree wood, modal from the beech trees, sea cell
from seaweed. In the manufacturing process of these fibres, cellulose is fairly reduced to the
pure viscose form and then foam and then foamed into the fiber form by extrusion through the
spinnerets.

Synthetic Fiber Synthetic fibres are manufactured from the petrochemicals.

Examples Polyester, nylon, acrylic, etc. These fibres are formed by the polymerization of
monomers. Once the polymer is formed, it can be formed into a filament by converting that
polymer into fluid form and then extruding the molten or dissolved polymer through narrow
holes to give filaments. To form the fiber from molten polymer it gets passed through the
spinneret. An alteration in structure, design and in other words
Aspects of yarn can be done by altering the polymers used for it. These fibres are generally very
strong, fine and durable with very low moisture absorbency property so that these fibres are also
called as hydrophobic fibres.

In-Organic Fiber
These textile fibres are also called as metallic fibres. Metallic fibres are drawn from the ductile
metals such as copper, gold, and silver and can be extruded or deposited from more brittles such
as nickel, aluminum and iron. From stainless steel also fibres can be formed. These fibres are not
that much widely used but these fibres have their special applications in technical textile.
 OR
Classify the textile fibers and explain sources and properties of 3fibers.

Sources of cotton:-
Source Properties Single celled elongated fibres of natural cellulose grow around the seeds
within a cotton boll on a cotton plant. They are staple fibres. Single cotton fibres under the
microscope: Harvesting the cotton fibres from cotton bolls.
Properties of cotton:-
Cross section of the cotton fibre is shown below: One of cotton’s most important properties is
absorbency. Cotton can absorb 20% water vapour without feeling wet and can hold up to
65% of its own weight without dripping. Moisture can penetrate the outer layer of the cotton
fiber, and is then stored in the hollow cavity in the centre of the cotton fibre.
Sources of Linen:-
Linen fibres – cellulosic chains of molecules, are extracted from the stem of the flax plant.
Linen fibres are staple fibres. Flax plant: Linen fibres under the microscope: Raw Linen fibre
being harvested with the raw fibre:
Properties of Linen:-
Cross sections of linen fibre bundles are shown below: Like cotton, moisture can penetrate
the outer layer of the linen fibre, and is then stored in the hollow cavity in the centre of the
fibre. The structure of the fibre gives it the ability to absorb moisture. Linen can absorb 20%
water vapour without feeling damp.
Sources of wool:-
The most common wool fibres come from sheep. As there are hundreds of different types and
breeds of sheep the wool fibres are classed accordingly: fineness, length, crimp and breed.
Properties of wool:-
Wool fibres can absorb moisture– up to a third of its mass without feeling wet. Despite the
ability to absorb moisture (hygroscopic) the surface or skin (epicuticle) of the wool fibre is
water repellent (hydrophobic). The epicuticle causes water to form droplets on the surface but
allows moisture to penetrate the fibre core.

SECTION-3
1) Apply animal fibers with example.
Animal Fibres
The fibres are obtained from animals are called as animal fibres. The fires are mainly made up of protein molecules.
The basic element of a protein molecule is carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen.
Wool
(Hair fibres obtained from the animals) & silk fibres are common examples of animal fibres. The fibres obtained
from the sheep are referred as wool fibres, in the way the hair of the horse, camel, goat are also obtained as fibre.
90% of hair fibres are wool fibres used various applications.
Silk is very delicate filament. It is obtained from silkworms. Silk formation takes place by the secretion of protein
us molecules in liquid form through the glands of the silkworm; It is located on the head of the worm. This liquid
protein us material gets converted into the solid filament. During this secretion process, the worm forms cocoons
from which silk is extracted. The sericulture of the silkworm is called as the rearing of the silk worm. The Fibres
obtained from the feathers of the birds is called as avian fibres.

2) Apply vegetable fibers with an example.

Vegetable Fibres
These fibres are basically cellulosic fibres. Besides their use as textiles, these fibres are also used in the
manufacturing of papers. Vegetable fibres are basically obtained from various parts (Organs) of the plants such as
seeds, bast, leaf, fruit, stalk, etc.
Seed fibres are obtained from seeds such as cotton, kapok, etc. the cotton fibres are widely used for the apparel
purpose, medical uses, and other textile applications.
Leaf fibres are obtained from leaves of plants such as Palf, sisal, agave, etc. Leaf fibres are used for marine ropes
and cement reinforcement.
Fruit fibres are obtained from the fruit of the plant such as coir fibre (coconut fruit). These fibres are mainly used
for manufacturing doormats, carpets, etc.
Bast fibres are obtained from the bast surrounding to the stem of the plant. Such as jute, hemp, flax, ramie, etc.
These fibres have more strength, durability and do not get affected by moisture so that they are used for
manufacturing durable yarns, fabrics, packaging material and paper.
Stalk fibres are extracted from stalks of the plant
Such as straws of rice, wheat, and other crops. Bamboo and grass fiber is also included..
 OR

Identify the differences between manmade fibers and cellulosic fibers.

Sl.N MANMADE FIBERS CELLULOSIC FIBERS

o
1 Synthetic fibers, on the other hand, Cellulosic fibers are natural fibers that are
are man-made materials that are
derived from plants, animals, or minerals
created from polymer-based materials
Examples of these fibers include cotton,
such as polyester, acrylic, and nylon.
linen, jute, hemp, and bamboo.
2 Synthetic fibers, on the other hand, Cellulosic fibers are more absorbent and
are man-made materials that are breathable than synthetic fibers, making
created from polymer-based materials them ideal for garments that are designed to
such as polyester, acrylic, and nylon. keep the wearer cool and comfortable.
3 Synthetic fibers, however, are more Cellulosic fibers are biodegradable, making
durable and resistant to wear and tear, them a better choice for the environment.
making them better suited for
garments that require extra strength
and longevity.
4 Length of the fiber is controlled by Length of the fiber is nature given.
man.

SECTION -4

1) Analyze the introduction of cotton.

Ans. Cotton is a soft, staple fiber that grows in a protective capsule known as boll around the
seeds of cotton plant. It is a seed fiber. Cotton is called king of textile fibers. The fiber is
spun into yarn and used to make a soft, breathable textile, which is the most widely used form
of textile for clothing. The classification of cotton is done on the bases of fineness, staple
length, maturity, degree of contamination, and strength.

2) Examine the cotton cultivation and harvesting process.

Cultivation of cotton requires a long frost-free period, plenty of sunshine, and a moderate
rainfall, usually from 50 to 100 cm (19 to 39 in).Soils usually need to be fairly heavy,
although the level of nutrients does not need to be exceptional. In general, these conditions
are met within the seasonally dry tropics and subtropics in the Northern and Southern
hemispheres, but a large proportion of the cotton grown today is cultivated in areas with less
rainfall that obtain the water from irrigation. Production of the crop for a given year usually
starts soon after harvesting the preceding autumn.

Harvesting
Most cotton in the United States, Europe and Australia is harvested mechanically, either by
a cotton picker, a machine that removes the cotton from the boll without damaging the cotton
plant, or by a cotton stripper, which strips the entire boll off the plant. Cotton strippers are
used in regions where it is too windy to grow picker varieties of cotton, and usually after
application of a chemical defoliant or the natural defoliation that occurs after a freeze. Cotton
is a perennial crop in the tropics and without defoliation or freezing, the plant will continue to
grow.

OR
Analyze the mill process of cotton and explain the process.
A spinning mill opened raw cotton bales and cleaned the cotton in the blowing room. The
cotton staples are carded into lap and straightened and drawn into roving which is spun using
either a mule or ring frame. The yarn can be doubled and processed into thread, or prepared
for weaving.