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Science Revision Notes

1) Density is the ratio of an object's mass to its volume. It can be calculated using the formula: Density = Mass / Volume. 2) Thermal processes involve the transfer of heat. The three main processes are conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction occurs through direct contact in solids. Convection involves the circulation of fluids like gases and liquids. Radiation can transfer heat without a medium. 3) Good conductors like metals readily conduct heat, while bad conductors called insulators do not conduct heat easily. Common insulators include plastics, wood, and rubber.

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Marcia De Sousa
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74 views10 pages

Science Revision Notes

1) Density is the ratio of an object's mass to its volume. It can be calculated using the formula: Density = Mass / Volume. 2) Thermal processes involve the transfer of heat. The three main processes are conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction occurs through direct contact in solids. Convection involves the circulation of fluids like gases and liquids. Radiation can transfer heat without a medium. 3) Good conductors like metals readily conduct heat, while bad conductors called insulators do not conduct heat easily. Common insulators include plastics, wood, and rubber.

Uploaded by

Marcia De Sousa
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SCIENCE REVISION NOTES

Density
MASS- AMOUNT OF MATTER IN
Density is the ratio of mass to volume for a
AN OBJECT
substance.
VOLUME- AMOUNT OF SPACE
Formula for density
OCCUPIED BY AN OBJECT {CM3,
Density= Mass M3}
Volume

Example: An object has a volume of 100cm3 and a mass of 85g. Calculate its density.

Density= Mass = 85g = 0.85g/cm3


Volume 100cm3

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Thermal Processes
Thermal: heat
These are the processes that are responsible for the transference of heat from a region
with a high temperature to a region with a low temperature.

Thermal energy can be transferred by 3 processes:


1. Conduction {solids}
2. Convection {liquids and gases}
3. Radiation {does not need a material medium}

Conduction
Def: The process of heat transfer through a substance without any motion of the
material as a whole. Conduction can happen in solids, liquids and gases, but most
noticeable in solids.

NB: The picture below shows the process of conduction

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Good and Bad Conductors

Good Bad
 Materials that allow heat to pass  Materials that do not conduct heat
through them easily and quickly. as easily and quickly as materials
do.
 Metals are especially good  Not metals are mainly used as
conductors. insulators.

 For example: Copper, Iron, silver,  For example: Plastic, wood and
brass, steel and many more. rubber.

 Bad conductors are called INSULATORS

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Convection
Convection is the process of heat transfer in fluids {gases & liquids} it cannot occur
solids because the particles in a solid are not free to move about.

When a liquid or gas is heated:


 The molecules push each other apart, making the liquid or gas to expand
 This makes the hot liquid or gas less dense than the surrounding.
 The hot liquid or gas rises up and the cooler liquid or gas moves in to take its
place.
 Eventually the hot liquid or gas cools, contracts and sinks back down again
 Resulting motion is called a convection.

Contracts: Links, Bonds, attachments.

Process of convection

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Radiation
Radiation is the method of energy transfer that does not need or require a medium to
travel. All hot objects give off thermal radiation: The hotter they are, the more they emit.
Thermal radiation is part of the electromagnetic spectrum/ infrared.
Thermal radiation is the only way in which heat can travel through a vacuum. It is the
way in which heat reaches us from the sun.

The colour of an object affects how good it is at emitting and absorbing thermal
radiation.

 Black and dull objects are very good at absorbing radiation but also very good at
emitting it {easy come, easy go}
 White and shiny objects reflect thermal radiation and so are poor absorbers.
They are also poor emitters.

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Factors affecting emission of radiation
 The temperature of object { hotter= more radiation}
 The colour of object {black= more radiation}
 Surface area { greater surface area= more area for radiation to be emitted from}
Demonstrating radiation

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