Chapter 13

Computer Programs and Programming

Languages

Discovering
Computers 2012
Your Interactive Guide
to the Digital World
Objectives Overview

Identify and discuss the

Identify and discuss the
characteristics of these
Differentiate between purpose of procedural
object‐oriented
machine and assembly programming languages,
programming languages
languages and describe the features of
and program development
C and COBOL
tools

Identify the uses of other

programming languages Describe various ways to
and program development develop Web pages
tools

See Page 663 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 2

for Detailed Objectives
Objectives Overview

Identify the uses of List the six steps in the

popular multimedia program development
authoring programs life cycle

Explain the basic

Differentiate between control structures and
structured design and design tools used in
object‐oriented design designing solutions to
programming problems
See Page 663 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 3
for Detailed Objectives
Computer Programs
and Programming Languages
• A computer program is a series of instructions
that directs a computer to perform tasks
– Created by a programmer using a programming
language

Pages 664 – 665 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 4

Figure 13‐1
Low‐Level Languages

• Machine language is
the first generation of
programming languages
• Only language the
computer directly
recognizes

Page 665 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 5

Figure 13‐2
Low‐Level Languages

• Assembly language is the

second generation of
programming languages
• Programmer writes
instructions using
symbolic instruction
codes
• A source program
contains the code to be
converted to machine
language

Pages 665 – 666 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 6

Figure 13‐3
Procedural Languages

• In a procedural language, the programmer writes

instructions that tell the computer what to
accomplish and how to do it
– Third‐generation language (3GL)

A compiler
translates an entire
program before An interpreter converts
executing it and executes one code
statement at a time

Pages 666 ‐ 667 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 7

Procedural Languages

Page 667 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 8

Figures 13‐4 – 13‐5
Procedural Languages

• The C programming language is used to write

many of today’s programs

Page 668 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 9

Figure 13‐6
Procedural Languages

• COBOL (COmmon Business‐Oriented Language) is

designed for business applications, but easy to
read because of the English‐like statements

Pages 668 – 669 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 10

Figure 13‐7
Object‐Oriented Programming Languages
and Program Development Tools
• An object‐oriented programming (OOP) language allows
programmers the ability to reuse and modify existing
objects
• Other advantages include:
Programmers
Objects can be
create applications
reused
faster

Most program
Work well in a
development tools
RAD environment
are IDEs
Page 669 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 11
Object‐Oriented Programming Languages
and Program Development Tools
• Java is an object‐oriented programming language
developed by Sun Microsystems
• The Just‐in‐time (JIT) compiler converts the bytecode into
machine‐dependent code

Page 670 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 12

Figure 13‐8
Object‐Oriented Programming Languages
and Program Development Tools
• The Microsoft .NET Framework allows almost any
type of program to run on the Internet or an
internal business network, as well as computers
and mobile devices
• Features include:

CLR (Common
Language Classes
Runtime)
Page 670 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 13
Object‐Oriented Programming Languages
and Program Development Tools
• C++ is an extension of
the C programming
language
• C# is based on C++ and
was developed by
Microsoft
• F# combines the
benefits of an object‐
oriented language with
those of a functional
language
Page 671 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 14
Figure 13‐9
Object‐Oriented Programming Languages
and Program Development Tools

Visual Studio is Microsoft’s suite of

program development tools
Visual C# combines
Visual Basic is the programming
based on the BASIC Visual C++ is based elements of C++
programming on C++ with an easier,
language rapid‐development
environment

Pages 671 ‐ 673 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 15

Object‐Oriented Programming Languages
and Program Development Tools

Page 672 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 16

Figure 13‐10
Object‐Oriented Programming Languages
and Program Development Tools

A visual programming language is a language that

uses a visual or graphical interface for creating all
source code

Borland’s Delphi is a powerful program

development tool that is ideal for building large‐
scale enterprise and Web applications in a RAD
environment
Page 673 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 17
Object‐Oriented Programming Languages
and Program Development Tools

Page 673 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 18

Figure 13‐11
Object‐Oriented Programming Languages
and Program Development Tools
• PowerBuilder is a
powerful program
development RAD tool
• Best suited for Web‐
based, .NET, and large‐
scale enterprise object‐
oriented applications

Page 674 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 19

Figure 13‐12
Other Programming Languages
and Development Tools
• A 4GL (fourth‐generation language) is a
nonprocedural language that enables users and
programmers to access data in a database
– One popular 4GL is SQL

Page 674 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 20

Figure 13‐13
Other Programming Languages
and Development Tools
• Classic programming languages include:
Ada ALGOL APL BASIC

Forth FORTRAN HyperTalk LISP

Logo Modula‐2 Pascal PILOT

PL/1 Prolog RPG Smalltalk

Page 675 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 21
Figure 13‐14
Other Programming Languages
and Development Tools
• An application generator is a program that creates
source code or machine code from a specification of the
required functionality
– Often bundled as part of a DBMS

Page 676 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 22

Figure 13‐15
Other Programming Languages
and Development Tools
• A macro is a series of statements that instructs an
application how to complete a task
• You usually create the macro in one of two ways:
– Record the macro with a macro recorder
– Write the macro

Page 676 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 23

Other Programming Languages
and Development Tools

Page 677 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 24

Figure 13‐16
Web Page Development

• HTML is a special
formatting language
that programmers use
to format documents
for display on the Web
• XHTML is a markup
language that allows
Web sites to be
displayed more easily
on mobile devices
Page 678 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 25
Figure 13‐17
Web Page Development

• XML allows Web developers to create customized

tags and use predefined tags to display content
appropriately on various devices
– WML is a subset of XML and is used to design pages
for microbrowsers
• Two applications of XML are RSS 2.0 and ATOM

Page 679 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 26

Web Page Development

Page 679 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 27

Figure 13‐18
Web Page Development

• Web browsers can execute short programs to add

interactive elements to Web pages
• To send and receive information between your computer
and a Web server, these programs use the CGI (common
gateway interface)
Scripts Applets

ActiveX
Servlets
controls
Page 680 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 28
Web Page Development

Page 681 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 29

Figure 13‐19
Web Page Development

• Programmers write scripts, applets, servlets, or

ActiveX controls using a variety of languages

JavaScript Perl PHP

Rexx Tcl VBScript

Pages 682 ‐ 683 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 30
Web Page Development

Page 682 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 31

Figure 13‐20
Web Page Development

Dynamic HTML (DHTML) allows Web

developers to include more graphical
interest and interactivity

• Cascading style sheets (CSS) contain the formats for how a particular
object should be displayed

Ruby on Rails (RoR) provides technologies

for developing object‐oriented, database‐
driven Web sites

Page 683 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 32

Web Page Development

• Web 2.0 allows Web sites to provide a means for

users to:
Allow users to
Share personal
modify Web site
information
content

Have application
software built
into the site
Page 684 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 33
Web Page Development

• Most Web 2.0 sites use APIs

– An API enables programmers to interact with an
environment such as a Web site or operating system

Page 684 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 34

Figure 13‐21
Web Page Development

• Web page authoring software can create

sophisticated Web pages that include images,
video, audio, animation, and other effects
Expression
Dreamweaver
Web

SharePoint
Flash
Designer
Page 685 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 35
Multimedia Program Development

• Multimedia authoring software allows

programmers to combine text, graphics,
animation, audio, and video in an interactive
presentation

ToolBook Director

Page 685 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 36

Multimedia Program Development

Page 685 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 37

Figure 13‐22
Program Development

• Program development consists of a series of steps

programmers use to build computer programs

Page 686 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 38

Figure 13‐23
Step 1 – Analyze Requirements

• To initiate program development, programmer:

– Reviews the requirements
– Meets with the systems analyst and users
– Identifies input, processing, and output
• IPO chart

Page 687 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 39

Figure 13‐24
Step 2 – Design Solution

• Design a solution algorithm

• In structured design, the programmer typically
begins with a general design and moves toward a
more detailed design
• Programmers use a hierarchy chart to show
program modules graphically

Pages 687 ‐ 688 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 40

Step 2 – Design Solution

Page 688 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 41

Figure 13‐25
Step 2 – Design Solution

• With object‐oriented
(OO) design, the
programmer packages
the data and the
program into a single
object
– Encapsulation

Page 689 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 42

Figure 13‐26
Step 2 – Design Solution

• The sequence control

structure shows one or
more actions following
each other in order

Page 689 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 43

Figure 13‐27
Step 2 – Design Solution

• The selection control

structure tells the
program which action
to take, based on a
certain condition
– If‐then‐else
– Case

Page 689 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 44

Figure 13‐28
Step 2 – Design Solution

Page 690 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 45

Figure 13‐29
Step 2 – Design Solution

• The repetition control structure enables a program to

perform one or more actions repeatedly as long as a
certain condition is met

Page 690 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 46

Figures 13‐30 – 13‐31
Step 2 – Design Solution

• A program flowchart graphically shows the logic

in a solution algorithm

Page 691 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 47

Figure 13‐33
Step 2 – Design Solution

• Flowcharting software makes it easy to modify

and update flowcharts
– SmartDraw
– Visio

Page 692 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 48

Figure 13‐34
Step 2 – Design Solution

• Pseudocode uses a
condensed form of
English to convey
program logic

Page 692 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 49

Figure 13‐35
Step 2 – Design Solution

• UML (Unified Modeling Language) has been

adopted as a standard notation for object
modeling and development

Page 693 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 50

Figure 13‐37
Step 3 – Validate Design

• Check for logic errors using test data

Develop Determine Step Repeat

various the through Compare steps for
sets of test expected the the results each set of
data result algorithm test data

Pages 693 ‐ 694 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 51

Step 4 – Implement Design

• Implementation of the design includes using a

program development tool that assists the
programmer by:
– Generating or providing some or all code
– Writing the code that translates the design into a
computer program
– Creating the user interface
• Extreme programming is a strategy where
programmers immediately begin coding and testing
solutions as soon as requirements are defined

Pages 694 ‐ 695 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 52

Step 5 – Test Solution

The goal of program testing is to ensure the

program runs correctly and is error free
• Errors include syntax errors and logic errors
• Debugging the program involves removing the bugs
• A beta is a program that has most or all of its
features and functionality implemented

Pages 695 ‐ 696 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 53

Step 6 – Document Solution

• In documenting the solution, the programmer

performs two activities:

Review the Review all the

program code documentation

Page 696 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 54

Video: Electronic Arts Going Mobile

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Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 55

Summary

Various programming A variety of Web

languages used to development and
create computer multimedia
programs development tools

Steps in the program

development life cycle
and tools used to make
this process efficient

Page 697 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 56

Chapter 13
Computer Programs and Programming
Languages

Discovering
Computers 2012
Your Interactive Guide
to the Digital World
Chapter 13 Complete