Republic of the Philippines

PALOMPON INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Palompon, Leyte
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
GEC 8: Science, Technology & Society

Name: Marae Jaya T. Peroz Date: February 19, 2024

Year and Sec: BPED 4A Score:
Activity 1
How science can be defined?
Write your own understanding about how science can be defined according to the following
samples.
1. Science as an idea.
Science, at its core, is a systematic and organized approach to understanding the
natural world. It encompasses a wide range of disciplines and methodologies aimed at
observing, explaining, and predicting phenomena through empirical evidence and logical
reasoning. Science operates on the premise that the universe follows consistent laws and
principles, and through observation, experimentation, and analysis, these laws can be
uncovered and understood.
The idea of science is rooted in curiosity and inquiry. It involves asking questions about
the world around us, formulating hypotheses to explain phenomena, designing experiments
to test these hypotheses, and analyzing the results to conclude. This process is iterative and
self-correcting, with discoveries building upon existing knowledge and refining our
understanding of the universe.
Overall, science serves as a powerful tool for understanding the natural world, driving
technological advancements, informing public policy, and enriching our collective knowledge.
It is a dynamic and evolving endeavor, constantly pushing the boundaries of what we know
and sparking new questions and avenues of exploration.

2. Science as an intellectual activity.

Science as an intellectual activity encompasses the systematic pursuit of knowledge
through observation, experimentation, analysis, and critical thinking. It involves the application
of intellect, curiosity, and rational inquiry to understand the natural world and solve complex
problems.
Additionally, it embodies the human quest for knowledge, understanding, and
enlightenment. It cultivates critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and creativity while
upholding intellectual rigor, ethical standards, and a commitment to continuous learning and
improvement. Through the pursuit of scientific inquiry, individuals explore the mysteries of the
universe, unravel the complexities of nature, and contribute to the advancement of human
knowledge and civilization.
3. Science as a body of knowledge.
 Science as a body of knowledge refers to the collective understanding, principles,
theories, and facts that have been systematically gathered and verified through empirical
observation, experimentation, and rational analysis. This body of knowledge encompasses a
vast array of disciplines, spanning the natural sciences, social sciences, and applied sciences.
It represents humanity's collective understanding of the natural world, continually
expanding and evolving through the efforts of scientists and researchers around the globe. It
provides a framework for understanding the universe, solving problems, and driving innovation
and technological advancement.

4. Science as a personal and social activity.

Science is not only an intellectual pursuit but also a deeply personal and social activity,
influencing individuals and society in various ways. Here's an exploration of science in both
these contexts:
Science as a Personal Activity:
Passion and Inspiration: Many individuals are drawn to science out of personal passion and
interest. Whether it's a fascination with the cosmos, the complexity of life, or the mysteries of
the microscopic world, science often serves as a source of inspiration that drives individuals
to explore, learn, and discover.
Personal Growth: Engaging with science can foster personal growth by expanding one's
knowledge, honing critical thinking skills, and promoting intellectual curiosity. Through
scientific inquiry, individuals develop problem-solving abilities, learn to evaluate evidence and
gain a deeper understanding of the natural world and their place within it.
Identity and Purpose: For some, involvement in science contributes to their sense of identity
and purpose. Scientists and science enthusiasts may see themselves as part of a community
dedicated to advancing knowledge, solving societal problems, and promoting human
progress.
Career and Fulfillment: Science offers diverse career opportunities across various fields, from
research and academia to industry, healthcare, and environmental conservation. Pursuing a
career in science can provide individuals with a sense of fulfillment, as they contribute to
scientific advancements, make meaningful discoveries, and address pressing global
challenges.
Science as a Social Activity:
Collaboration and Communication: Science thrives on collaboration and communication
among scientists, researchers, and stakeholders from diverse backgrounds and disciplines.
Collaboration enables the exchange of ideas, expertise, and resources, leading to innovative
solutions and breakthrough discoveries.
Peer Review and Validation: Science relies on peer review and validation to ensure the quality
and integrity of research findings. Peer-reviewed publications and conferences serve as
platforms for scientists to present their work, receive feedback, and engage in scholarly
discourse, strengthening the reliability and credibility of scientific knowledge.
Education and Outreach: Science plays a vital role in education and public outreach, fostering
scientific literacy and promoting informed decision-making in society. Science educators,
communicators, and outreach programs strive to make scientific concepts accessible and
engaging to the general public, inspiring curiosity and fostering a deeper appreciation for
science.
Policy and Societal Impact: Scientific research informs public policy decisions, shaping laws,
regulations, and public initiatives across various domains, including healthcare, environmental
protection, and technological innovation. Science also influences societal attitudes, values,
and cultural norms, shaping public discourse and perceptions of science-related issues.
Global Collaboration and Diplomacy: Science transcends national boundaries and fosters
international collaboration and diplomacy. Scientists from different countries often collaborate
on research projects, share data and resources, and work together to address global
challenges such as climate change, pandemics, and biodiversity loss.
In summary, science is not only a personal pursuit of knowledge and fulfillment but
also a social endeavor that impacts society at large. By fostering collaboration,
communication, and innovation, science contributes to individual growth, societal progress,
and the advancement of human civilization.
 Republic of the Philippines
PALOMPON INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Palompon, Leyte
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
GEC 8: Science, Technology & Society

Name: Marae Jaya T. Peroz Date: February 19, 2024

Year and Sec: BPED 4A Score:

Analysis Questions
Consider these questions below. Answer the following according to your answer in Activity
one.
1. How do scientist get their ideas?
Scientists generate ideas through a combination of creativity, curiosity, observation,
collaboration, and critical thinking. Scientists get their ideas through observation, many
scientific ideas originate from careful observation of the natural world. Scientists may notice
patterns, anomalies, or phenomena that pique their curiosity and prompt further investigation.
For example, a biologist observing a particular behavior in an animal species might wonder
about its underlying causes. Previous Research, building upon existing knowledge and
research is a common way for scientists to generate new ideas. They may read scientific
literature, attend conferences, or collaborate with colleagues to stay informed about the latest
discoveries and identify gaps in knowledge that warrant further exploration.
Moreover, scientists also get their ideas through Curiosity and Wonder, scientific
curiosity drives the desire to understand the unknown and explore unanswered questions.
Scientists often generate ideas by asking "why" or "how" about natural phenomena, seeking
explanations for observed phenomena or puzzling observations. Brainstorming and
Collaboration, scientists frequently engage in brainstorming sessions or discussions with
colleagues to generate new ideas. Collaboration allows researchers to share perspectives,
bounce ideas off one another, and spark creative insights that may not have arisen in isolation.
Overall, the process of generating scientific ideas is dynamic and multifaceted, drawing
upon a combination of creativity, curiosity, collaboration, and critical thinking. Scientists
continually explore, question, and innovate, driven by a desire to uncover the mysteries of the
universe and contribute to the advancement of knowledge
2. How is science different from other intellectual activities?
Science is distinct from other intellectual pursuits because of its empirical foundation,
systematic methodologies, falsifiability, cumulative progress, predictive power, pragmatic
goals, and commitment to skepticism. It relies on empirical evidence obtained through
observation, experimentation, and measurement, and employs structured processes to
investigate natural phenomena. Scientific hypotheses and theories must be testable and
subject to refutation. Scientific knowledge evolves through discoveries, and scientific theories
make testable predictions. Science also aims to improve human well-being and solve real-
world problems. It encourages skepticism and critical evaluation through peer review. Overall,
science is a unique and powerful tool for understanding the natural world and driving human
progress.
3. How do we gain scientific knowledge?
Gaining scientific knowledge is a dynamic process involving observation,
experimentation, analysis, and collaboration. Through systematic inquiry and rigorous
methodologies, scientists seek to uncover the fundamental principles and mechanisms that
govern the natural world. The acquisition of scientific knowledge is a multifaceted and dynamic
process, fueled by observation, experimentation, analysis, collaboration, and continual
learning. Through the disciplined pursuit of inquiry, scientists unlock the mysteries of the
universe, advancing our understanding of the natural world and empowering humanity to
confront the challenges of the present and the future. Scientific knowledge stands as a
testament to human ingenuity, curiosity, and perseverance, illuminating the path toward
greater enlightenment and progress.
4. Why is scientific knowledge important?
Scientific knowledge serves as a cornerstone of human progress and understanding,
playing a fundamental role in various aspects of our lives, from shaping our understanding of
the natural world to driving technological innovation and informing public policy. Its importance
cannot be overstated, as it empowers individuals and societies to confront challenges, improve
quality of life, and foster sustainable development.
Scientific knowledge stands as humanity's most powerful tool for understanding the
world, driving innovation, and addressing pressing societal challenges. Its importance extends
far beyond the confines of the laboratory, shaping our understanding of the universe,
improving human health and well-being, and guiding evidence-based decision-making in an
ever-changing world. As we navigate the complexities of the 21st century, scientific knowledge
remains our steadfast ally, illuminating the path toward a brighter, more prosperous future for
all.
5. How do social issues influence science?
Science does not exist in a vacuum; it is deeply intertwined with the social, cultural,
and political landscape in which it operates. Social issues, ranging from inequality and
discrimination to environmental degradation and public health crises, exert significant
influence on the practice and outcomes of science. This essay explores the complex interplay
between social issues and science, examining how societal concerns shape scientific
research, priorities, and impacts.
So, the relationship between science and social issues is multifaceted and dynamic,
with societal concerns shaping the practice, outcomes, and impacts of scientific research. By
recognizing the interconnectedness of science and society, scientists can address pressing
social challenges, advance equity and justice, and foster a more inclusive and sustainable
future for all. Through collaborative efforts and interdisciplinary approaches, science has the
potential to catalyze positive social change, empowering communities and addressing the
most pressing issues facing humanity.
6. How did science and technology affect the society and environment?
Science and technology have transformed the world we live in, bringing about
unprecedented advancements and improvements in quality of life. They have revolutionized
virtually every aspect of our lives, from communication and transportation to healthcare and
education. However, these advancements have also brought about complex challenges and
environmental degradation, highlighting the need for us to consider both the positive and
negative impacts of science and technology on society and the environment. One of the most
significant benefits of science and technology is the improvements it has brought about in
healthcare. Medical advancements such as vaccines, antibiotics, and modern surgical
techniques have significantly reduced the incidence of diseases and increased life
expectancy. Additionally, technology has enabled the development of sophisticated medical
equipment, making diagnosis and treatment more accurate and effective.
Moreover, science and technology have driven economic prosperity, creating new
jobs, industries, and opportunities. Technological innovations have enabled businesses to
streamline their operations, reducing costs and increasing productivity. Furthermore, the
internet has created new opportunities for entrepreneurs, enabling them to reach global
markets and connect with customers around the world. However, despite these transformative
benefits, science and technology have also contributed to environmental degradation,
resource depletion, and social inequalities. The burning of fossil fuels to power our homes,
cars, and industries has resulted in air pollution and climate change. Additionally, the
extraction of natural resources for technological devices has resulted in the depletion of finite
resources and the destruction of ecosystems.
By harnessing the power of science and technology for positive social and
environmental outcomes, we can build a more resilient, equitable, and sustainable future for
generations to come. This requires us to consider the impacts of our actions on the
environment and society, and to take responsibility for creating a better future. Through
innovation, collaboration, and responsible stewardship of our planet, we can ensure that
science and technology continue to drive progress and improve the quality of life for all.
 Republic of the Philippines
PALOMPON INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Palompon, Leyte
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
GEC 8: Science, Technology & Society

Name: Marae Jaya T. Peroz Date: February 19, 2024

Year and Sec: BPED 4A Score:
Key Terms
• Science - is the study of the natural world through observation, experimentation, and
analysis. It includes many subjects like physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, and
earth sciences. Science looks for patterns, principles, and mechanisms that control the
universe. It uses evidence from experiments and observations to create theories and
models that describe and predict natural events. Scientists use methods like making
hypotheses, conducting experiments, and analyzing data to expand our understanding
of the world and solve complex questions. Science helps with technology, decision-
making, and societal progress, shaping our knowledge and driving human progress.
• Technology – is the use of science, tools, and techniques to solve problems and
improve productivity. It includes many different things like tools and systems that have
specific goals. Technology has changed many parts of human life, from simple tools
like wheels to complex computers and smartphones. Technology can help people do
more, work better, and communicate and work together. It is important in areas like
transportation, communication, healthcare, and manufacturing. Technology is always
changing and improving, and it can help with new problems and opportunities.
• Society - Society is the relationships, interactions, and institutions that make up human
communities. It includes social structures, norms, values, and practices that shape
behavior and experiences. Societies are diverse, with people in different social groups
based on factors like ethnicity and religion. Society provides a framework for
organization, cooperation, and collective action. Institutions like family, education,
government, and economy regulate behavior and distribute resources. Societies
change over time due to cultural, political, economic, and technological changes. They
shape individual identities and the fabric of human civilization.
• Cuneiform - Cuneiform, an ancient writing system originating in Mesopotamia, was
developed by the Sumerians for accounting and record-keeping. It evolved into a
complex script used for various aspects of human life and was impressed onto clay
tablets. Cuneiform was later adopted by other civilizations in the ancient Near East and
remains an important source of information about Mesopotamian civilizations.
• Clypsedra - was an ancient timekeeping device used in civilizations like Greece and
Rome. It was a container with a small hole at the bottom that let water drip through. By
measuring how long it took to fill or empty, people could tell the time. It wasn't as
accurate as modern clocks, but it helped regulate public speeches and religious
ceremonies.

• Pasteurization - a process that heats liquids like milk, wine, and beer to kill harmful
microorganisms. This makes them last longer and reduces the risk of foodborne
illnesses. It's named after Louis Pasteur, a French scientist who developed the
technique in the 19th century. The liquid is heated to a specific temperature for a set
time and then quickly cooled to stop it from getting contaminated again. Pasteurization
 isn't just for milk, but for other drinks and foods too. It helps keep people healthy and
safe.

• Innovation - involves creating new solutions and addressing unmet needs. It includes
research, design, and commercialization. Innovation drives progress and economic
growth by encouraging new ideas and technologies. It affects various aspects of
human society, like healthcare, communication, transportation, and entertainment.

• Industrialization - the shift from manual labor to mass manufacturing. It started in

Britain in the late 18th century and spread worldwide. It introduced steam power,
mechanized factories, and inventions like the spinning jenny and steam engine.
Industrialization revolutionized manufacturing, transportation, and social structures. It
led to urbanization, economic growth, and social change globally.

• Development - is the process of improving the well-being of individuals and

communities by reducing poverty, inequality, and disparities in access to resources.
This can include investments in education, healthcare, infrastructure, and sustainable
practices. It can occur at different levels and requires collaboration between various
stakeholders. Sustainable development aims to promote progress while preserving
natural resources and ecosystems for future generations.

• Hieroglyphics - was a system of writing in ancient Egypt that used pictorial symbols
to represent objects, sounds, or ideas. The term "hieroglyphics" comes from the Greek
words for sacred and to carve, reflecting its religious and ceremonial significance.
Hieroglyphics were primarily found on stone monuments, temple walls, and tombs, but
also papyrus scrolls and other materials. They were deciphered in the 19th century,
revealing valuable information about ancient Egyptian culture.

• Papyrus - is a plant-based material used in ancient Egypt and other civilizations as a

writing surface. It is made from the pith of the papyrus plant, which grows abundantly
in marshy areas along the Nile River. Papyrus was highly valued for its smooth texture
and durability, making it an ideal medium for writing and record-keeping. Ancient
Egyptians used papyrus to create scrolls, manuscripts, and documents, which were
often inscribed with hieroglyphic or hieratic script. Papyrus played a crucial role in the
preservation and transmission of knowledge in the ancient world, serving as a
precursor to modern paper.

• A death mask - is a funerary portrait made by casting the face of a deceased person
in plaster, wax, or another material. Death masks have been used by various cultures
throughout history as a way to preserve the likeness of the deceased and
commemorate their memory. In ancient Egypt, death masks were often made of gold
and placed over the face of mummies to ensure the preservation of the soul in the
afterlife. Death masks provide valuable insights into the appearance, social status, and
cultural practices of past civilizations, serving as poignant reminders of the human
experience and the passage of time.

• The Pyramid of Giza - also known as the Great Pyramid or the Pyramid of Khufu, is
one of the most iconic and enduring symbols of ancient Egypt. Built over 4,500 years
ago during the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom, the Pyramid of Giza was
constructed as a tomb for the Pharaoh Khufu. It is the largest of the three pyramids
located on the Giza Plateau near Cairo and is considered one of the Seven Wonders
of the Ancient World. The pyramid's immense size, precise construction, and enduring
legacy have captivated the imagination of people throughout history, inspiring
countless theories and interpretations about its construction, purpose, and significance
in ancient Egyptian society.
 Republic of the Philippines
PALOMPON INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Palompon, Leyte
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
GEC 8: Science, Technology & Society

Name: Marae Jaya T. Peroz Date: February 19, 2024

Year and Sec: BPED 4A Score:

Outline of Historical Development of Science and Technology in Ancient Times

I. Introduction
A. Overview of Ancient Societies' Concerns and Needs
1. Transportation and Navigation
2. Communication and Record-Keeping
3. Mass Production
4. Security and Protection
5. Health, Aesthetics, and Architecture
B. Role of Science and Technology in Addressing Ancient Societies' Needs

II. Sumerian Civilization

A. Contributions to Writing and Record-Keeping
1. Invention of Cuneiform Writing System
B. Innovations in Agriculture and Transportation
1. Development of Plowing, Irrigation, and Dikes
2. Introduction of the Wheel for Farming
3. Establishment of Waterways as Main Transportation Routes
4. Development of Early Roads

III. Babylonian Civilization

A. Architectural and Engineering Achievements
1. Construction of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon
B. Cultural Contributions
1. Engineering and Architectural Expertise
2. Influence on Urban Planning and Infrastructure

IV. Egyptian Civilization

A. Contributions to Communication and Aesthetics
1. Development of Hieroglyphic Writing System
2. Invention of Paper (Papyrus) and Ink
3. Use of Cosmetics for Aesthetic Purposes
B. Architectural Marvels and Innovations
1. Construction of Pyramids, Temples, and Tombs
2. Introduction of Water Clocks (Clepsydra)

V. Greek Civilization
A. Philosophical and Mathematical Contributions
1. Advancements in Philosophy and Mathematics
2. Introduction of Alarm Clocks and Water Mills
B. Cultural and Sporting Achievements
1. Establishment of the Olympic Games
2. Architectural Contributions, including the Coliseum
VI. Roman Empire
A. Legal and Governance Innovations
1. Development of Codified Laws and Legislation
2. Invention of Newspapers and Bound Books (Codex)
B. Architectural and Engineering Marvels
1. Construction of Aqueducts, Coliseums, and Basilicas
2. Use of Roman Numeral System for Numerical Representation

VII. Chinese Civilization

A. Contributions to Trade and Military Technology
1. Development of Silk Trade and Tea Production
2. Invention of Gunpowder and Construction of the Great Wall
B. Architectural and Engineering Feats
1. Construction of the Great Wall of China
2. Advancements in Urban Planning and Infrastructure

VIII. Conclusion
A. Recap of Key Contributions of Ancient Civilizations to Science and Technology
B. Influence of Ancient Innovations on Modern Society

Outline of Historical Development of Science and Technology in the Middle

Ages
I. Introduction to the Middle Ages
A. Context of Massive Invasions and Migrations
B. Proliferation of Wars and Need for Technological Advancements
C. Population Decline and Later Increase

II. Technology in Warfare

A. Development of Weaponry
1. Introduction of Crossbows and Longbows
2. Creation of Iron Body Armors
3. Invention of Chainmail for Flexibility and Protection

III. Advancements in Transportation and Navigation

A. Nautical Inventions for Exploration
1. Invention of the Telescope for Remote Object Observation
B. Improvement of Printing Technology
1. Evolution of Woodblock Printing to Mechanical Printing Press
2. Impact of Printing Press on Information Dissemination

IV. Innovations in Health and Medicine

A. Introduction of the Microscope
1. Development by Zacharias Janssen
2. Application in Studying Microorganisms for Medicine
B. Addressing Health Challenges in Urbanization
1. Need for Medical Devices and Instruments
2. Impact of Microscope on Medical Advancements

V. Conclusion
A. Summary of Key Technological Inventions in the Middle Ages
B. Impact of Technological Advancements on Society and Civilization
Outline of Historical Development of Science and Technology in Modern Times
I. Introduction to the Modern Era
A. Increased Population Demands and Need for Faster Production
B. Expansion of Trade and Transportation Needs
C. Emergence of Industrialization and Its Challenges

II. Innovations in Food Processing and Medicine

A. Challenges in Food Preservation and Safety
B. Contribution of Louis Pasteur
1. Invention of Pasteurization
2. Other Contributions to Science and Medicine

III. Advancements in Energy Sources

A. Demand for Better Means of Powering Homes and Transportation
B. Development of Kerosene and Petroleum Refinery Industry
C. Widely Used Applications of Petroleum in Modern Times

IV. Evolution of Communication Technologies

A. Need for Efficient Means of Maintaining Connections and Communication
B. Invention of the Telephone by Alexander Graham Bell
C. Role of Telecommunication Systems in Government Administration

V. Development of Computing Devices

A. Requirement for Faster and Portable Computing Solutions
B. Introduction of Modern Calculators
C. Evolutionary Path towards Complex Processing Machines like Computers

VI. Conclusion
A. Summary of Technological Developments in the Modern Era
B. Impact of Innovations on Society, Economy, and Communication
C. Importance of Continuous Technological Advancements in Addressing Contemporary
Challenges
 Republic of the Philippines
PALOMPON INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Palompon, Leyte
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
GEC 8: Science, Technology & Society

Name: Marae Jaya T. Peroz Date: February 19, 2024

Year and Sec: BPED 4A Score:

1. Write down the top 10 inventions in the World and the Philippines.

Top 10 Inventions in the World

1. WHEEL

A picture shows how the wheel evolved from a stone wheel to a steel belted radial tire.
Wheels were invented around 3500 B.C. and quickly spread across the Eastern Hemisphere.
Before the wheel, people had trouble transporting things over land. The hardest part of
inventing the wheel was connecting a non-moving platform to a rolling cylinder. The wheel-
and-axle concept was a stroke of brilliance, but it was difficult to make. The holes in the center
of the wheels and the ends of the fixed axles had to be almost perfect. The size and snugness
of the axle were critical factors. All the hard work paid off.

Wheels help transport goods to and from markets. They also make it easier for people
to travel long distances. We use wheels in many things such as clocks, vehicles, and turbines.
They are very important to our daily lives.

2. PRINTING PRESS

German inventor
Johannes Gutenberg created the printing press in the 15th century, revolutionizing the
dissemination of knowledge. His mechanized process allowed for the rapid production of
books, leading to widespread access to information. The printing press also enabled
alternative interpretations of the Bible, including Martin Luther's "95 Theses" which sparked
the Protestant Reformation.
3. PENICILLIN

Alexander Fleming
discovered penicillin in 1928 when he noticed a bacteria-filled Petri dish with mold that had
contaminated the sample. The mold, which was identified as the fungus Penicillium, killed the
bacteria. Chemists purified and developed penicillin over the next two decades. Penicillin
fights bacterial infections in humans without harming them. By 1944, penicillin was mass-
produced and advertised to treat venereal disease in World War II servicemen. However,
about 1 in 10 people have an allergic reaction to the antibiotic.

4. COMPASS

The first compass was created in China during the Han dynasty. It was made of
lodestone, which is a type of iron ore that is naturally magnetized. The compass was used for
navigation for the first time during the Song Dynasty. This technology was introduced to the
West through nautical contact. The compass allowed mariners to navigate safely far from land
and explore the world. It also helped to develop global trade. The compass is still used today
and has transformed our understanding of the Earth.

5. LIGHT BULB

The light bulb changed

our world by allowing productivity day or night. Many inventors helped develop it in the 1800s,
but Thomas Edison is credited with creating a functional system in 1879. The invention brought
electricity to homes in the Western world and changed people's sleep patterns. Instead of
sleeping in segments throughout the night, we now sleep all in one go.

6. TELEPHONE

Alexander Graham Bell, a

Scottish inventor, was the first to receive a patent for the electric telephone in 1876. Despite
several inventors working on voice transmission, Bell was the first to be recognized for his
invention. His patent drawing, created in the same year, depicted his groundbreaking
apparatus. Just three days after receiving the patent, Bell made the first telephone call to his
assistant, Thomas Watson, saying, "Mr Watson, come here I want to see you." This historic
moment marked the beginning of a new era in communication.

Bell's motivation for inventing the telephone stemmed from his personal experiences.
His father, who taught speech elocution, specialized in teaching the deaf to speak.
Additionally, Bell's mother, a talented musician, lost her hearing later in life. Furthermore, his
wife, Mabel, whom he married in 1877, had been deaf since the age of five. These familial
connections influenced Bell's desire to create a device that could transmit human speech
electronically.

The telephone quickly gained popularity and transformed the world of business and
communication. Its impact was significant and far-reaching. When Bell passed away on
August 2, 1922, his invention had already left an indelible mark on society. United States and
Canada paused for a single minute to pay tribute to him

7. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

An engine has four

parts: 1) air and fuel are drawn in, 2) fuel is compressed and ignited, 3) fuel combusts and
piston moves, 4) gasses exit through exhaust valve. Fuel combustion creates hot gas that
pushes a piston, creating mechanical work. This engine design was created by many scientists
in the 19th century, leading to the Industrial Age and modern machines like cars and planes.

8. CONTRACEPTIVES

Birth control methods like pills and condoms have revolutionized sex and reduced the
number of children per woman, leading to better living standards for families. Contraceptives
are also helping to level off the global human population. Condoms have been used for
centuries and the first oral contraceptive pill was approved in the US in 1960.

Jonathan Eig wrote a book called "The Birth of the Pill: How Four Pioneers Reinvented
Sex and Launched a Revolution." Scientists are making progress in birth control, and some
labs are trying to create a male version of "the pill." In 2002, the FDA approved Essure, a
permanent birth control implant. However, in 2016, the FDA warned that Essure has serious
risks and needs stronger warnings for users.
9. INTERNET

The internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks. It was built by a

team of computer scientists in the 1960s working for the US Defense Department's ARPA.
They created a communications network called ARPANET that used packet switching, a
method of data transmission. In the 1970s, Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed the
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which are crucial
communication protocols for the internet. Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in
1989 while working at CERN.

The goal was to combine computers, data networks, and hypertext into a user-friendly
global information system. The creation of the WWW allowed everyone to access the internet
and connected the world in a new way.

10. NAILS

The
invention of handmade
nails dates back over 2,000 years to the Ancient Roman period. Before the development of
metal casting, wooden structures had to be built using a more difficult process of interlocking
boards. Hand-wrought nails were the norm until the late 18th and early 19th centuries when
nail-making machines were introduced. With advancements in technology, steel wire nails
became more common in the late 19th century. The invention of screws, a stronger but more
difficult-to-insert fastener, is attributed to Archimedes but may have been invented by Archytas
of Tarentum.

Top 10 Inventions in the Philippines

1. Solar Window

In 2020, the 27-year-old BS Electrical

Engineering student, Carvey Ehren Maigue, of Mapua University came up with a brilliant idea
of converting crop wastes such as fruits and vegetables into solar windows that would absorb
UV lights and convert them into electricity. His invention, theAuREUS, bested all the other
1,800 from all around the world and bagged the Global Sustainability Prize at the James Dyson
Award.

2. Medical Incubator

Dr. Fe del Mundo was the first person of

Asian descent to be admitted to the esteemed Harvard University School of Medicine.
Knowing how scarce our medical resources are, she invented a bamboo incubator in 1941 to
help families in rural communities that don’t have electricity yet. According to the biographical
reports, the physician improvised a makeshift incubator consisting of two native laundry
baskets made of bamboo. Warmth was provided by placing hot water bottles between and
around the two baskets. By doing this, the body temperature of newborn babies is regulated
even without the use of electricity.

3. Mango Flowering

As one of the world’s suppliers of mangoes, it is easy to think that the country can
harvest mangoes all year round. What most people don’t know is that these fruit-bearing trees
are seasonal—meaning, they only bear flowers during a specific time within the year. For quite
some time, Filipinos have relied on smudging to keep up with the demands. However, a
national scientist, Ramon Barba, came up with a cheaper alternative: spraying potassium
nitrate dissolved in water. By doing this, mango growers were able to double – and even triple
– their usual production.

4. Banana Ketchup

Yes, that condiment that we often use

for dips or to add taste to Filipino dishes is a brainchild of the Filipina food technologist Maria
Orosa-Ylagan. As per records, the recipe for banana ketchup was created and experimented
with foods that are native to the Philippines. Apart from being a scientist, she was also a
humanitarian, and war hero. During World War II, she fought alongside the Americans against
the Japanese. She managed to come up with a plan to smuggle Soyalac and Darac into
Japanese-run detention camps wrapped in bamboo. By doing so, the prisoners did not suffer
malnutrition and saved countless POWs and civilians.

5. 16-Bit Microchip

How big is the data capacity of your

gadget? Did you know that the first single-chip, 16-bit microprocessor-based calculator was
designed by a Filipino? Yes, Diosdado Banatao (more popularly known as Dado Banatao) is
an engineer working in high-tech industry who developed the first 10-Mbit Ethernet CMOS
with silicon coupler data-link control and transceiver chip. Along with the local bus idea and
the first Windows Graphics accelerator chip for personal computers, he is also credited with
creating the first system logic chip set for IBM’s PC-XT and PC-AT.

6. COVID-Test Kits

Before lockdowns in 2020

were implemented, Dr. Raul Destura and his team from the University of the Philippines
National Institutes of Health (UP-NIH) had already created a low-cost COVID-19 rRT-PCR
Detection Kit. It became the first locally-developed COVID-19 test kit that received approval
from the Food and Drug Administration, which was already approved to be utilized for
commercial purposes.

7. Pili Sealant

In 2021, the recipient of the James Dyson

Award was still a Filipino. Mark Kennedy Bantugo, a farmer’s son, successfully developed a
sustainable material that can be utilized as a sealant for aircraft integral fuel tanks – to avoid
fuel leakage. The BS in Aeronautical Engineering graduate made use of his learning by
creating a sealant made from the resin waste of pili trees.
8. Videophone

Despite the pandemic, many of us are

still able to work remotely thanks to videoconferencing applications like Skype and Zoom. But
did you know that this complex videotelephony was first conceptualized by a Filipino? In 1955,
Filipino physicist and engineer, Gregorio Zara developed a two-way television-telephone
which was patented as a “photo phone signal separator network.

9. Erythromycin

Been using this antibiotic? Well,

this was first discovered by Dr. Abelardo B. Aguilar who was working as a researcher for the
international pharmaceutical firm, Eli Lilly and Company. This antibiotic was first submitted in
1949 to his superiors and was then identified as one that could help treat bacterial illnesses.

10. GINHAWA (Low-cost ventilator)

We can’t deny that in terms of

medical equipment, there is a sure lack of it in many of our hospitals. With a lot of patients
admitted because of COVID-19, a research team of pulmonologists and biomedical engineers
led by Dr. Abundio Balgos of UP Manila developed a low-cost, compact, and effective
ventilator that can be safely used by both children and adults. GINHAWA is 42% cheaper
compared to the ventilators used in many ICUs, emergency rooms, and ambulances. Aside
from its functions, it is also embedded with software protocols for self-diagnosis and patient
data analytics.

2. Determine whether persisting needs were addressed by each invention.

(WORLD)

1. Wheel
 • Addressed the need for efficient transportation of goods and people over land,
facilitating trade, travel, and the movement of resources and supplies.

2. Printing Press

• Addressed the need for mass production of books and written materials, democratizing
access to knowledge and fostering literacy, education, and the spread of ideas.

3. Penicillin

• Addressed the need for effective treatment of bacterial infections, reducing mortality
rates and improving public health by providing a potent antibiotic therapy.

4. Compass

• Addressed the need for accurate navigation and exploration, enabling safer and more
efficient maritime travel, trade routes, and global exploration.

5. Light Bulb

• Addressed the need for artificial illumination, extending productive hours, enhancing
safety and security, and improving quality of life, particularly in urban and industrial
settings.

6. Telephone

• Addressed the need for real-time communication over long distances, facilitating
business transactions, personal connections, and emergency services, and
transforming

7. Internal Combustion Engine

• Addressed the need for mechanical power generation, revolutionizing transportation,

manufacturing, and agriculture, and driving the Industrial Revolution and
modernization.

8. Contraceptives

• Addressed the need for family planning and reproductive health, empowering
individuals to control fertility and make informed choices about family size and spacing.

9. Internet

• Addressed the need for global connectivity and information exchange, revolutionizing
communication, commerce, education, and entertainment, and fostering collaboration
and innovation.
10. Nails

• Addressed the need for secure and durable fasteners in construction and
manufacturing, facilitating the assembly of wooden structures and enabling the
development of more sophisticated architectural designs.

These inventions have addressed persistent human needs across various domains, ranging
from transportation and communication to healthcare, construction, and information
dissemination, shaping the course of human history and societal progress.

(PHILIPPINES)

1. Solar Window (AuREUS)

• Addressing the need for renewable energy sources and sustainable technology to
combat climate change and reduce reliance on fossil fuels.

2. Medical Incubator (Bamboo Incubator)

• Meeting the need for affordable and electricity-free solutions for neonatal care in rural
areas with limited access to medical resources.

3. Mango Flowering (Potassium Nitrate Spraying)

• Fulfilling the need for increased agricultural productivity and income generation among
mango growers by optimizing fruit-bearing seasons.

4. Banana Ketchup

• Catering to the need for alternative food products and food preservation methods
during times of scarcity and conflict, contributing to culinary diversity.

5. 16-Bit Microchip

• Addressing the need for advancements in microchip technology to enhance computing

capabilities and support the development of modern electronics.

6. COVID-19 Test Kits (rRT-PCR Detection Kit)

• Meeting the urgent need for accessible and affordable COVID-19 testing solutions to
control the spread of the pandemic and facilitate public health measures.

7. Pili Sealant

• Addressing the need for sustainable and eco-friendly materials for aircraft
maintenance and safety, reducing environmental impact and resource consumption.
8. Videophone (Two-Way Television-Telephone)

• Fulfilling the need for remote communication and collaboration tools, particularly during
times of travel restrictions and social distancing measures.

9. Erythromycin

• Meeting the need for effective antibiotics to treat bacterial infections and improve
healthcare outcomes, addressing public health challenges related to infectious
diseases.

10. GINHAWA (Low-cost Ventilator)

• Addressing the need for affordable and accessible medical equipment, particularly
during public health emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic, to support patient
care and save lives.

3. Discuss briefly the impact of each invention to society.

(World)

1. Wheel

• Impact: Revolutionized transportation, enabling the movement of goods and people

over land, leading to advancements in trade, commerce, and civilization. The wheel is
fundamental to modern transportation systems, including vehicles and machinery.

2. Printing Press

• Impact: Democratized access to knowledge and information, fostering literacy,

education, and the spread of ideas. The printing press facilitated the dissemination of
religious texts, scientific literature, and cultural works, shaping intellectual and cultural
movements.

3. Penicillin

• Impact: Transformed medicine by providing a potent treatment for bacterial infections,

reducing mortality rates, and revolutionizing healthcare. Penicillin paved the way for
the development of other antibiotics, improving public health and extending human life
expectancy.

4. Compass
 • Impact: Revolutionized navigation and exploration, facilitating maritime trade, global
exploration, and the exchange of ideas and cultures. The compass played a crucial
role in maritime history, enabling voyages of discovery and the expansion of empires.

5. Light Bulb

• Impact: Revolutionized society by providing artificial illumination, extending productive

hours, enhancing safety and productivity, and transforming urban environments. The
light bulb enabled the electrification of homes, businesses, and cities, driving economic
development and modernization.

6. Telephone

• Impact: Transformed communication by enabling real-time voice transmission over

long distances, revolutionizing business, social interactions, and emergency services.
The telephone fostered connectivity and globalization, shrinking the world and
facilitating rapid information exchange.

7. Internal Combustion Engine

• Impact: Catalyzed the Industrial Revolution and modern transportation, powering

automobiles, airplanes, and machinery, and driving economic growth and urbanization.
The internal combustion engine revolutionized manufacturing, agriculture, and
mobility, shaping modern society.

8. Contraceptives

• Impact: Empowered individuals to control fertility and family planning, leading to

smaller family sizes, improved maternal and child health, and greater gender equality.
Contraceptives have had profound social, economic, and demographic impacts,
shaping family structures and reproductive rights.

9. Internet

• Impact: Revolutionized communication, commerce, and information exchange,

connecting individuals and communities worldwide, fostering collaboration, innovation,
and cultural exchange. The internet has transformed virtually every aspect of modern
life, from education and entertainment to politics and activism.

10. Nails

• Impact: Revolutionized construction and manufacturing, enabling the assembly of

wooden structures and facilitating industrial development and urbanization. Nails and
 screws are essential fasteners in construction, furniture-making, and machinery,
contributing to the built environment and infrastructure.

These inventions have had far-reaching impacts on society, shaping human history, culture,
and progress, and contributing to the advancement of civilization.

(PHILIPPINES)

1. Solar Window (AuREUS)

• Impact: Provides a sustainable and renewable energy source by converting crop waste
into electricity, offering an eco-friendly solution to energy generation and addressing
environmental concerns.

2. Medical Incubator (Bamboo Incubator)

• Impact: Revolutionized neonatal care in rural communities by providing a low-cost,

electricity-free solution for infant incubation, reducing infant mortality rates and
improving healthcare accessibility.

3. Mango Flowering (Potassium Nitrate Spraying)

• Impact: Enhanced agricultural productivity by increasing mango yields through an

affordable and efficient method of inducing flowering, benefiting farmers and boosting
economic growth in the agriculture sector.

4. Banana Ketchup

• Impact: Introduced a unique condiment and food product that became a staple in
Filipino cuisine, contributing to culinary diversity and cultural identity while also
addressing food shortages during World War II.

5. 16-Bit Microchip

• Impact: Pioneered advancements in microchip technology, enabling the development

of high-performance computing devices and contributing to the evolution of modern
electronics and digital technology.

6. COVID-19 Test Kits (rRT-PCR Detection Kit)

• Impact: Provided a crucial tool for COVID-19 diagnosis and testing, aiding in the
containment of the pandemic and facilitating public health measures, including
quarantine and contact tracing efforts.

7. Pili Sealant
 • Impact: Developed a sustainable and eco-friendly sealant solution for aircraft fuel
tanks, enhancing safety in aviation and reducing environmental impact by utilizing
natural resin waste.

8. Videophone (Two-Way Television-Telephone)

• Impact: Pioneered the concept of videoconferencing technology, laying the foundation

for modern communication platforms and remote collaboration tools, particularly
valuable during the COVID-19 pandemic.

9. Erythromycin

• Impact: Introduced an effective antibiotic for treating bacterial infections, saving

countless lives and revolutionizing medical treatment options for various illnesses and
diseases.

10. GINHAWA (Low-cost Ventilator)

• Impact: Addressed the shortage of ventilators in healthcare facilities, particularly during

the COVID-19 pandemic, by providing a cost-effective and efficient solution for
respiratory support, improving patient care and outcomes.

These Filipino inventions have had significant impacts on various aspects of society, ranging
from healthcare and agriculture to technology and environmental sustainability, demonstrating
the ingenuity and creativity of Filipino innovators in addressing pressing challenges and
improving quality of life.
 Republic of the Philippines
PALOMPON INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Palompon, Leyte
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
GEC 8: Science, Technology & Society

Name: Marae Jaya T. Peroz Date: February 19, 2024

Year and Sec: BPED 4A Score:

TOPIC: Historical Antecedents in terms of Science and Technology

What I Know
My comprehension of the past influences on science and technology is based
on acknowledging their significant impact on human civilization. Throughout history,
various factors such as curiosity, necessity, and ambition have driven advancements,
ranging from ancient inventions like the wheel and writing systems to modern
breakthroughs like the internet and genetic engineering. By studying these influences,
I have gained an understanding of how technological progress and societal
development are interconnected. Innovations often spark transformative changes in
economies, cultures, and everyday life.
Furthermore, the significance of historical influences lies in their collaborative
nature. Ideas and discoveries are built upon the work of those who came before and
are shared across different cultures and generations. I also recognize the ethical
aspects intertwined with technological innovation. Advancements can both enhance
human well-being and present complex ethical dilemmas. Overall, my understanding
emphasizes the importance of studying the past to inform and guide present and
future endeavors. This fosters responsible innovation and societal progress.
What I Want to Know
I am eager to delve deeper into historical antecedents in terms of science and
technology to gain a comprehensive understanding of how past innovations have
shaped the world we live in today. Specifically, I am interested in exploring the key
milestones and breakthroughs that have marked different periods of human history,
from ancient civilizations to the modern era. I want to learn about the societal contexts
and cultural influences that drove technological advancements, as well as the
individuals and communities behind these innovations.
Furthermore, I am curious about the interconnectedness of scientific progress
and broader historical developments, such as economic growth, social change, and
political dynamics. Additionally, I am keen to explore the ethical implications and
societal impacts of past technological innovations, considering how they have both
improved human well-being and posed challenges to individuals and communities.
Overall, I am excited to deepen my knowledge of historical antecedents in science
and technology to better understand the trajectory of human innovation and its
implications for the present and future.
What I Learned
The study of historical antecedents in science and technology is an important field of
study that reveals the impressive accomplishments of human ingenuity, innovation, and
resilience. Throughout history, technological advancements have been driven by the need to
solve pressing challenges faced by societies. From the invention of the wheel to the
development of the internet, each innovation has reshaped economies, cultures, and everyday
life in profound ways.
One of the most fascinating aspects of technological innovation is the diverse
contributions from individuals across different cultures and disciplines. The power of
collaboration and exchange of ideas has been instrumental in driving progress and fostering
cultural exchange. The global exchange of technologies and knowledge has played a crucial
role in driving progress in various fields, including medicine, transportation, and
communication. The sharing of ideas has led to the development of new technologies that
have improved the quality of life for people around the world.
However, the progress that has been made has not come without challenges.
Alongside technological advancements, there have been ethical considerations and societal
implications to navigate, underscoring the importance of responsible innovation. It is essential
to consider the potential consequences of new technologies on individuals and societies,
including their impact on privacy, security, and the environment. Despite these challenges,
societies have demonstrated remarkable resilience and adaptability in integrating new
technologies into their lives and addressing emerging issues. Innovators have continued to
push the boundaries of what is possible, leading to breakthroughs in fields like renewable
energy, artificial intelligence, and biotechnology.
Overall, the study of historical antecedents in science and technology provides
valuable insights into the patterns, processes, and impacts of innovation. By understanding
the successes and challenges of past innovations, we can inform current efforts to address
contemporary challenges and shape the future trajectory of technological development. The
study of science and technology is an exciting and dynamic field that will continue to shape
the world in profound ways in the years to come.
PHOTO COLLAGE