ASSIGNMENT-3

1)Explain KDD process along with its architecture .

A: Knowledge Discovery Database (KDD) Process:-It is the process of finding potentially
useful information (knowledge) and patterns in data.
• Learning the application domain: Get relevant prior (or) background knowledge and goals
of application. This knowledge guide user at the time of mining.
• Creating a target data set: data selection
• Choosing functions of data mining: Summarization, classification, regression, association,
clustering, characterization, aggregation.

• Choosing the efficient mining algorithm’s to mine the knowledge.

• Data cleaning: Remove (noise) additional information and inconsistencies from data.
• Data Integration: Combine multiple data sources.
• Data Selection: Analyze the process to retrieve the relevant data from the database.
• Data Transformation: Data is transformed into various formats and select appropriate
format for mining by performing aggregation operations.
• Data Mining: It is an essential process where intelligent methods are applied on data in
order to extract data patterns and knowledge.
• Pattern Evolution: To identify the truly interested patterns which represent knowledge
based on some interestingness measures.
• Knowledge Representation: where visualization and knowledge representation
techniques are used to present the mined knowledge to the end user in an easily
understandable manner.

2)explain functionalities of datamining.

A: The functionalities of data mining can be summarized as follows:
- Association: Discovering relationships and associations between different variables in the
dataset. For example, finding that customers who buy product A are also likely to buy
product B.
- Classification: Predicting the class or category of a given instance based on its attributes.
For example, classifying an email as spam or non-spam based on its content.
- Clustering: Grouping similar instances together based on their characteristics. Clustering
helps in identifying patterns and similarities within the data.
- Regression: Predicting a continuous numerical value based on the relationship between
variables. For example, predicting house prices based on factors like location, size, and
number of rooms.
- Outlier Detection: Identifying unusual or anomalous instances that do not conform to the
expected patterns. Outliers may represent errors, frauds, or significant events in the data.
- Sequential Pattern Mining: Discovering sequential patterns or trends in data that occur
over time. This is useful in analyzing customer behavior, web browsing patterns, and stock
market trends.
3)Explain data preprocessing techniques in detail.
A: Data preprocessing techniques are used to prepare the data for analysis by cleaning,
transforming, and reducing its complexity. Some common data preprocessing techniques
include:
- Data Cleaning: This involves handling missing values, inconsistent data, and removing noise
or outliers from the dataset.
- Data Integration: Combining data from multiple sources into a single dataset. This is
necessary when dealing with data from different databases or file formats.
- Data Transformation: Converting the data into a suitable format for analysis. This may
involve normalizing the data, scaling the values, or applying mathematical functions.
- Data Reduction: Reducing the size of the dataset while preserving its important
characteristics. Techniques like feature selection and dimensionality reduction are employed
to eliminate redundant or irrelevant attributes.
- Discretization: Converting continuous variables into discrete or categorical values. This
simplifies the analysis process and makes it easier to handle certain types of data.
4)describe classification of data mining system.
A: The classification of data mining systems can be categorized based on the types of data
mining tasks they perform:
- Descriptive Data Mining: These systems focus on summarizing and describing the
characteristics of the data. They provide insights into the data distribution, patterns, and
relationships.
- Predictive Data Mining: These systems are designed to make predictions or forecasts
based on the patterns and trends discovered in the data. They use statistical and machine
learning algorithms to build predictive models.
- Prescriptive Data Mining: These systems go beyond predictions and provide
recommendations or suggestions for future actions. They analyze the data to identify
optimal solutions or strategies.
- Diagnostic Data Mining: These systems aim to understand the reasons behind certain
events or behaviors. They analyze the data to uncover the underlying causes or factors
contributing to specific outcomes.
5) explain issues of datamining.
A: Some common issues in data mining include:
- Data Quality: Poor data quality, such as missing values, inconsistencies, or errors, can affect
the accuracy and reliability of the results.
- Data Privacy and Security: The use of sensitive or personal data raises concerns about
privacy and security. Proper measures need to be implemented to protect the data from
unauthorized access or misuse.
- Scalability: Data mining algorithms may face challenges when dealing with large datasets.
Efficient techniques and algorithms are required to handle the computational and storage
requirements.
- Interpretability: Interpreting and understanding the results of data mining models can be
challenging, especially when complex algorithms are involved. Ensuring the transparency
and explainability of the models is essential for gaining trust and making informed decisions.
- Ethical Considerations: Data mining raises ethical questions regarding the use of data,
potential biases, and the impact on individuals or society. It is important to consider ethical
guidelines and regulations when conducting data mining activities.