11 :47 .

,11 M

Matrices.pdf

Met ho ds of solving non - homogenous equatio n In three variables:

(a) Determinant method (Cramer' • Rule)
which has already been dealt with in the chapter on Determinants.
(b) Matrix method
The given system of equations can be written as:

AX=BwhereA= [ : : ~ : ~. x=[;].B= f~l

a3 b3 c 3 J z Ld 3
Criteria for Consistency
(i) If I A I x O. System Is consistent having unique solution
(a) 1f I A I x O. and (adj A). B x Null matrix
System is consistent having unique non-trivial solution

41.

(b) If I A I x 0. and (adj A). B = Null matrix

System is consistent having unique trivial solution
(ii) If I A I = 0. then the system of equation given by AX= 8 can be consistent wit h infinit
many solu t ion or it can be inconsistent also.
Casa I :If (adj A). 8 = Null matrix
::, nfinitely many solutions (System Consistent)
Case II :If (adj A). B x Null matrix ::, l\o solution (Syst em Inconsistent)
Example :
2x + y = 3 and 4x + 2y = 6
::, IAI = 0 so A·' does not exist. but system has Infinitely many solutions.
i.e.• x = m and y = 3 - 2m is solution.

_ ,, ......
X • (MjAJ8
IA I

-----
--- __
11 ("4.11) ■ 1■ --.­

-~
11("4,1\) ■ lo a --

( ......
thaa ■ • , •a• O
.,_.
(-1 4 ••··- -
.. , f1
--
. . . . . . . . . . . LN.S . . . . .

1
.,_..,____
...,,,,_ __
(a,fj A)■ • O. Tha oyotoo
lnver■o of A Matrix
A non-singular square matri• of order n is invenlble if there exists a
square matri• B of the same order such that AB = I, = BA

35.

In such a case, we say that the inverse of A is Band we write A·1 = B

Also from A (adj A) = IAII, = (adj A) A, we can conclude that A·• = I : I adjA

Properties of Adjoint and Inverse of Matrix

(i) Let A be a square matri, of order n.
Then A (adj A) = IAI I, = (adj A) A.
Proof :
0
{ I A I if i = j
(A(adj A)), = L (A).,(adj A).1 = L a,.c 1, :
'

,. , t• 1 0
i' f
i~ j

::::> A(adj A) = ft' (Al ;,, : •" '•

O O O O I AI

Similarly, ((adj AJA), =

" "
~ (adj A)1,(Al.J • ~ C,1ar1 = O,
{I I
A lf l = J
lf l " J
Hence, A (adj A) = IAJI, = (adj A)A
(ii) Every inverti ble matrix possesses a unique inverse.
(;Ji) Reversal law If A and B are invertible matrices of t he same order, then
AB is invertible and (AB)"'= B·' A·'. In general. if A. B, C, ... are Invertible
Matrices, then (ABC ..·)·' = •· c-· B·' A·'.

(Iv) If A Is an invertible square mat riJt, then A' is also invertible and
(A')· ' = (A·')'.

(v) If A is a non-singu lar square matrix of order n, then ladj Al = fAr·•.

(vi)Reversal law for adjoint : If A and Bare non -singular square matrices of
the same order, then adj (AB) = (adj BJ {adj A) (using (AB)"' = B·1-A· 1) adj
(ABC) = (adj CJ (adj BJ (adj A)

(vii) If A is an invertible square matrix, then

adj (A') : (adj A)' (using (A')'' = (A·')')

(viii) f A is a non-singular square mat rix, then adj (adj A) = tA1•·2 A
(Ix) If A is a non - singular matrix. then IA"'I = 1A1·1, i.e., IA· 11= 1/IAI.

(x) Inverse of the kth power of A is the kth power of the inverse of A.
Properties of Symmetric and Skew- symmetric Matrices
(i) If A is a symmetric matrix, then negative of A, scalar multiple of A,
tanspose of A, inverse of A A", are also symmetric matrices, where n
e N, k e R
(ii) If A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then
(a) Even power of A i.e. A'" is a symmetric matrix for n e N,
(b) Odd power of A i.e. A'" · ' is a skew-symmetric matrix for n e N.
(c) Scalar m ultiple of A i.e. kA is also skew-symmetri c matrix, where
k E R,.
(iii) If A, 8 are two symmetric matrices, then
(a) A ± 8, AB + BA are al so symmetric matrices,
(b) AB - BA is a skew-symmetric matrix,
(c) AB is ai symmetric matrix, when AB = BA.

(iv) If A, B are two skew-symmetric matrices, then

(a) A + 8, AB - BA are skew- symmetric matrices,
(b) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix.
 ro 2i 31 [o3 -30 2SJ are sk ew -sy mm etr ic
Ma tric es A = - 2i 0 4 ,B =
l -J -4 0 -5 - 2 0

ma tric es , be ca us e A' =
- A an d B' = -B .
ic Ma tri ce s
ic an d Sk ew- sy mm etr
Pr op ert ies of Sy mm etr ltip le of A,
etr ic ma trix , the n ne ga tiv e of A. sc ala r mu
(i) If A is a sy mm ma tric es , wh ere n
e of A. inv ers e of A A", are als o sy mm etr ic
tan sp os
E N. k E R
etric ma trix . the n
(Ii) If A is a sk ew -sy mm trix fo r n e N,
Ev en po we r of A i.e. A ;" is a sy mm etr ic ma
(a) n e N,
r of A i.e. A'" · ' is a sk ew -sy mm etr ic ma trix for
(b) Od d po we ma trix , wh ere
r m u ltip le o f A i.e . kA is als o sk ew -sy mm etric
(c) Sc ala
k e R •.
mm etr ic ma tric es , the n
(iii ) If A, B are tw o sy ,
als o sy mm etr ic ma tric es
(a) A ± B, AB + BA are
mm etr ic ma trix ,
(b) AB - BA is a sk ew -sy
trix . wh en AB = BA.
(c) AB is a sy mm etric ma
, the n
ew -sym me tri c ma tric es
(iv ) If A, B are tw o sk es,
sk ew -sy mm etric ma tric
(a) A ± B. AB - BA are
etr ic ma trix.
(b) AB + BA is a sy mm

..••••m-• =
A[: : !]utho .. mof•-metrl•_,•
Q •.,,.
•y mm etr lc matrix.

S ol A= 4 r 5
2
:1
r.
2 4

AT = 2 5 421
3 3 5
6

A + A' =[: 10
7 ,:1
11 :4 2 •• 11 ~

Matrices.pdf

Properties of transpose of matrix

(i) Transpose of transpose of a matrix A is equal to m atrix A.
(AT)T = A

A = [ a,1a,, a, 3
a21 a22 a23
L
A'=[:: ::]
a,3 an 3,a
(A')'_ ra,, a,, a 13
La,, a2, an
l
"3
CA

(ii) (kA)' = kAr (where k is any scalar.)

(iii) (A+ B)' = A' + B'
(i v) (AB)' = B' A' ; (ABC) T = e r BT A1
(v) (A")' = (A')"
Properties of transpose of matrix
:i) Transpose of transpose of a mat rix A is equal to matrix A.
(A')' = A

(ii) (kA)' = kA' (where k is any scalar.)

(iii) (A + B)' = N + er
(iv) (AB)' =8 1
A' ; (ABC)' =C' 8 1 A'
(v) (A")' = (N)"

cos 8 -•ln 8]
Q• If A = then find the value of 8 satisfying tt
[ sln 8 cos8

Sol A' +A =I 2

cos8 -sin8] • [ cos8 sin8 ]

[ sin8 cos8
(1 OJ
- sin8 cos8 = 0 1

[2c~s8 2c~s a] =[~ ~]

2cos8 = 1
lt
8 = 2nn ±-
3

Q. If A= r~ ~ _b:1 is a matrix aatisfyin.AAT = 91,, then find

1a 2