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Newton’s Law of Gravitation
Newton’s Law of Gravitation
 Newton’s Law of Gravitation

M2

r F

F
Where G = 6.67 × 10-11 Nm2/kg2
M1

● The force always acts along line joining

the masses and it is attractive in nature

● Gravitational force is conserative in nature

● Gravitational force between masses is independent of

medium between two masses
 Superposition Principle

Y M1

r01

M2 r02
M0

r03
M3

Z
 Superposition Principle

● The net force exerted on a mass is the vector sum of

all forces exerted on that mas by individual masses

● The force exerted on a mass by another mass is

independent of presence of other masses
Questions
Time
Find force on m0 in following scenarios

d d
(i)
M m0 M
Find force on m0 in following scenarios

(ii) d m0

M
Find force on m0 in following scenarios

M
(iii)

M m0
Find force on m0 in following scenarios

M m0
(iv)

M M
 Locate a point on the dotted line at a distance
x from mass 4m where a mass M0 does not
feel any force.

A 2d/5
d
B 4d/7
4m 9m

C 4d/13

D 2d/3
 Locate a point on the dotted line at a distance
x from mass 4m where a mass M0 does not
feel any force.

A 2d/5
d
B 4d/7
4m 9m

C 4d/13

D 2d/3
How should a mass M be divided into two
parts such that for a given distance force
between them is maximum?

A M/4, 3M/4

B M/3, 2M/3

C M/2, M/2

D M/5, 4M/5
Solution:
How should a mass M be divided into two
parts such that for a given distance force
between them is maximum?

A M/4, 3M/4

B M/3, 2M/3

C M/2, M/2

D M/5, 4M/5
A two star system is created by two stars rotating around a
circle under influence of mutual gravitational force. Find their
speeds, radius and Time period of circle if their mass is M
each and distance between their centres is L.
A 3 star system having each start of mass m
and distances L rotate as shown. Find speed of
the stars. (Home Work)

M A

B
L L
C
M M
L
D
Let us start with
gravitational Field
Gravitational Field
Gravitational Field
Gravitational Field
 Gravitational Field

● It is the reason behind gravitational force

● It is the region around a mass in which its force can be
experienced by another mass
● Mathematically, it is defined as force experienced per
unit test mass.

● Its a vector quantity and it unit as NC-1

 Field of point Mass

Radially
inwards

M m0
r
Ig =

Ig

r
Find Gravitational field at point P in following
scenarios.

d P d
(i)
M M
Find Gravitational field at point P in following
scenarios.

(ii) d P

M
 Find Gravitational field at point P in following
scenarios.

m m m
(iv) (v)

P
P

m m m m
Let us start with
Field due to continuous masses
 Ring [M,R]

M,R

O
 Ring [M,R]

GMx
M,R

Field is Maximum at x =
 Hollow Sphere/ Shell [M,R]

M,R
 Hollow Sphere/ Shell [M,R]

Shell Theorem GM/R2

0
● For external points shell behaves like a
point charge at centre GM/r2

● Shell does not exert any force on charges

present inside it.
Ig
R

-GM/R2
 Solid Sphere [M,R]

M,R
 Solid Sphere [M,R]

GMr/R3 GM/R2
r

GM/r2

Ig
r

GM/R2
The acceleration which a body
experiences due to the
attractive force of Earth is
called as acceleration due to
gravity.
 The gravitational field of Earth is
basically the the acceleration due to
gravity.
[M, R]
 Acceleration Due to Gravity [g]

● At surface:

g =

● At height h:

H
gh

● At Depth d:
 Rotation of Earth

𝜔
Write the formula of acceleration due to
Gravity on surface of planets in terms of its
density.

D
Write the formula of acceleration due to
Gravity on surface of planets in terms of its
density.

D
Find the depth & height from the surface of
earth where acceleration due to gravity is a
half of its value at surface?

A R/2,

B R/2, R

C R/4,

D R/4,2R
Find the depth & height from the surface of
earth where acceleration due to gravity is a
half of its value at surface?

A R/2,

B R/2, R

C R/4,

D R/4,2R
Starting from the centre of the earth having
radius R, the variation of g is shown by

g g
A B
O R r O r
R

g
g
C D

O r O r
R R
Starting from the centre of the earth having
radius R, the variation of g is shown by

g g
A B
O R r O r
R

g
g
C D

O r O r
R R
The angular speed of earth in rad/s, so that
bodies on equator may appear weightless is:
[Use g = 10 m/s2 and the radius of earth = 6.4 ×
103 km]

A 1.25 × 10–3

B 1.56 × 10–3

C 1.25 × 10–1

D 1.56
Solution:

= 1.25 × 10–3 rad/s

The angular speed of earth in rad/s, so that
bodies on equator may appear weightless is:
[Use g = 10 m/s2 and the radius of earth = 6.4 ×
103 km]

A 1.25 × 10–3

B 1.56 × 10–3

C 1.25 × 10–1

D 1.56
Potential Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy

r
M1 M2
 Potential Energy of two Point Mass
system

–GmAmB mA mB
Usystem = r
r

● No. of unique pairs are written for more

than two masses
Write P.E of the following mass configurations.

(i) L
M M
Write P.E of the following mass configurations.

(ii)
L L

M L M
Balls having mass M each are arranged at the
vertices of a square of side length L. Write P.E
of the configurations.

M M

(iii)

M M
Gravitational Potential

M
 Potential due to a point mass

M
Find Gravitational potential at point P in
following scenarios.

d P d
(i)
M M
Find Gravitational potential at point P in
following scenarios.

d P
(ii)
M

M
Find Gravitational potential at point P in
following scenarios.

M
(iii)

M P
 Let us start with
Gravitational Potential due to
Continuous objects
 Potential due to Ring

M,R

O
 Potential due to Ring

M,R

P
 Gravitational Potential - Hollow Sphere

M,R
 Gravitational Potential - Solid Sphere

M,R
Escape Velocity
 Escape Velocity

● Minimum speed required by a particle so that it it

escape the gravitational pull of the planet is called
● Escape velocity.
The speed of object should become zero only after
reaching infinity otherwise it would be pulled back.
 Escape velocity for object at surface
of planet

∴ Using energy conservation at projection point and at ∞

infinity

Independent of mass of escaping body.

Independent of angle projection. ve

(ii) For earth, as g = 9.8 m/s2 and R = 6400 km

M

Escape velocity for object at surface of planet:

The escape velocity for a body projected
vertically upwards from the surface of earth is
11 km/s. If the body is projected at an angle of
45° with the vertical, the escape velocity will
be

A 22 km/s

B 11 km/s

D
The escape velocity for a body projected
vertically upwards from the surface of earth is
11 km/s. If the body is projected at an angle of
45° with the vertical, the escape velocity will
be

A 22 km/s

B 11 km/s

D
Find the velocity of object when it reaches
infinity if it is initially projected from surface of
a planet as shown.
Let us start with Satellites
 Time Period

● The square of period of revolution of a satellite is directly

proportional to the cube of the radius of its orbit.
 Energy of a Satellite

● Potential Energy:
v0
r

● Kinetic Energy: M

● Total mechanical Energy:

 Binding Energy of a Satellite

The minimum energy of satellite, so that it can escape from the

earth’s gravitational field, is called the binding energy of that
satellite.

B.E = –TE v0
r
M
 1. Geostationary Satellites

● Satellite which are stationary wrt earth.

● Their time period is 24 hrs.

● H = 35,600 Km (almost 5.6 R)

● They are placed along equatorial orbits & used
for weather forecasting.
2. Polar satellites
The radii of circular orbits of two satellites A
and B of the earth, are 4R and R, respectively.
If the speed of satellite A is 3V, then the speed
of satellite B will be

B 6V

C 12V

D
The radii of circular orbits of two satellites A
and B of the earth, are 4R and R, respectively.
If the speed of satellite A is 3V, then the speed
of satellite B will be

B 6V

C 12V

D
A geostationary satellite is orbiting the earth
at a height of 5R above the surface of the
earth, R being the radius of the earth. The
time period of another satellite in hours at a
height of 2R from the surface of the earth is

A 5

B 10

D
A geostationary satellite is orbiting the earth
at a height of 5R above the surface of the
earth, R being the radius of the earth. The
time period of another satellite in hours at a
height of 2R from the surface of the earth is

A 5

B 10

D
If ve is escape velocity and vo is orbital velocity
of a satellite for orbit close to the earth’s
surface, then these are related by

B vo = v e

D
If ve is escape velocity and vo is orbital velocity
of a satellite for orbit close to the earth’s
surface, then these are related by

B vo = v e

D
Let us start with
Kepler’s Laws
 Kepler’s Laws
1. Law of orbits:
Every planet revolves in an elliptical orbit around the sun,
with the sun situated at one of the foci of the ellipse
 Kepler’s Laws

2. Law of areas
The radius vector drawn from the sun to any planet
sweeps Equal areas in Equal intervals of time.

Areal Velocity is constant

 Kepler’s Laws
3. Law of Period
The square of time period(T2) is directly
proportional to a3 of semi major axis of the
elliptical orbit (a3).

a3