—ENMITET ® “TRANSOCEANIC™ MODEL R7000-2 CHASSIS 2WMR70 SOLID STATE AC/BATTERY PORTABLE LW/BC/SW/FM/AIR/VHF RADIO ZENITH RADIO CORPORATION PARTS AND SERVICE DIVISION 11000 SEYMOUR AVENUE, FRANKLIN PARK, ILLINOIS 60131 ‘APRIL, 1982 $4.00 pOmTEN INT SAJo the Seruice Technician CAUTION: No modification of any circuit should be attempted. Service work should be performed only after you are thoroughly familiar with all of the following safety checks and servicing guide lines. To do otherwise increases the risk of potential hazards and injury to the user. SAFETY CHECKS PRODUCT SAFETY SERVICING GUIDELINES FOR ALL AUDIO AMPLIFIERS AND RADIO RECEIVERS Do not use a fine isolation transformer during this test. Use an AC voltmeter having 5000 ohms per volt or more sensitivity in the following manner: Connect 3 1500 chm 10 watt resistor, (63-10401-76) paralleled by a 15 mid, AC type capacitor (22-4384) between a known good earth ‘round (water pipe, conduit, etc.} and the exposed metal lic parts, one at a time, Measure the AC voltage across the combination 1500 ohm resistor and .15 mfd_capac: itor. Reverse the AC plug on the set and repeat AC volt ‘age measurements for each exsosed metalic part. Vott- ‘age measured must not exteed 0.75 volts AMS. This cor Tesponds to 0.5 miliamp AC. Any value exceeding this limit consitutes a potential shock hazard and must be corrected immediately. ‘SUBJECT: Fire & Shock Hazard 1, Ge sure that all components are positioned in such a way to avoid possibility of adjacent components shorts. This is especially important on those chassis which are trans ported to and from the repair shop. 2. Always replace all protective devices such as insulators and barriers after working on a receiver 3, Check for frayed insulation on wires including the AC cord. Also check across-the-ine components for damage and replace if necessary. AC VOLTMETER 4. All fuses and certain resistors and capacitors which are fof the tlameproof type (shaded on the schematic die {grams and parts lists) must be replaced with exact Zenith types to prevent potential fre hazard. 5, After re-assembly of the set always perform an AC leak Z pe test on the exposed metalic pare of the eabinet qwocaZyore| ‘Mew | pucemnscone Sieh os the knobs, antenna terminals, ete t0 be sure the me ncaa CNN nt set mean set is safe to operate without danger of electrical shock poe. cond ee CAUTION — THIS MODEL IS NORMALLY SHIPPED FROM THE FACTORY SET FOR OPERATION ON 115VAC. DoNOT CONNECT TO ANY OTHER POWER SOURCE BEFORE READING INSTRUCTION MANUAL “CAUTION Observe the normal safety precautions when servicing this produet. These precautions include the Product Safety Servicing Guide Lines above a well as those that follow. the AC voltage between chassis and bench ground: Bnd if there is any indication of line volrage, veverse the plug before handling the set. 2, Do nat operate without proper speaker iced. 1, When adjustments are made on these chassis, a line 3, Do mot shart out the audio output when power is Rolation transformer (120-V input to 120-V output) connected. ig recommended inorder to. avoid a shock hazard, 4, IP the receiver is not to be operated on batteries for If ‘an isolation. transformer is not available, check SPECIFICATIONS If FREQUENCY ~ All Bands savorat weeks, ries should be removed. POWER SUPPLY — AC 10.7 MHz Battery, sENSITI ~ yroximately leferenced to Selat tongs Wt Novem Ste CURRENT DRAIN ~ No sional input with volume control WIDE ere Manual Gain io OFF position SA le a csmtay ao amperes uw 2 ROTEL dnd BOER. ot 10m ANTENNAS ~ woverod all excep LW & Be sr aoa Wveragpeds Sry CW 8 BE Sie ee Cees ai Sa tow Sia tiv Sis bon FREQUENCY RANGES ans zon aa 130 send besos beaters ROVE Sit “thru” 687 esses LW 176 4 to 866 017 045 ty 3038 S1i-0/N4D be Stier gn te 985 Ee deweton) gon Sin 78610 18 PBoes Vaca pov ae roa brs aE HI ra Ses +0 Sua 30-0 10 288 Theta (3.3kHz deviation 4.0 nV 3 i088 Sto “ & i aie ia wise 1380288 POWER OUTPUT = 10% THDG. 1a watts ‘Sw6 13.6 to 10.0 22.0 10 30.0 “ i Nat aw Howie 3e8 208 OUTPUTS Speaker 30h 8 ohms ot Sioa B60 (0 1080, Reale amin 000 Shs ean 3aetoz2 *orete 16 RGTE ~ Ay sisceo or mors heaaphone veel Bae tot 92 1238 1983 SPAR Say BouseTABLE OF CONTENTS SUBJECT PAGE SUBJECT GENERAL INFORMATION ‘Alignment Procedures - INTRODUCTION General Chassis Description... 2 2 5 5 CHASSIS ASSEMBLY 8 5 Table A ~ Controls And Connectors 6 9 9 ee TE i 8 om Senioas Smet 4 ants srs Bandswitching Operation . — W Model 7000-2. . Circuit Switching Diodes . eee eee W (Chassis 2WMR70 Fea oso ain FM/AIR/VHE Tuner wees 12 SCHEMATIC LEGENDS ‘LW/BC Tuner . eee 12 s Sra cB foal Gresty. % Dial Cord Stinging» ge ey Bo Biase DisastewsLyproceounes sare GB cain Bake re eens Grutor ~ Shi hin tae R we Geel oar srs Be: aescaer He Rite Geet oa Bi Dr Lh a x wei Fe ic aod iain anes oS Races RCNA en 13 PURE a ar seta rece? ce RARE Geet Soa ace a cone e Tere aeageemert ri i in - SSSROR ‘THEORY AND APPLICATION Broadeast Transmission Modes ‘Amplitude Modulation (AM) Single Side Band (SSB) SSB Product Detector ‘TROUBLESHOOTING CHARTS TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE PAGE FIGURE 1. Front View . 5 41, Dia Sais Lamp Ang Mater Lamp Repiaamant 2, Rear View ~ Cabinet Back Removed 7 12, Shield Plate Removal 3. Chassis Front View a 7 13, Drive Shaft Retaining Screws... 4. Block Diagram... DI 8 14. Drive Mechanism Mounted And Removed 5. Circuit Board Contacts» - : 9 18. Typical AM Transmitter — Block Diagram 6. Gircuit Board Guide Tracks Loe 16. Typical AM Receiver — Block Diagram . 7. Retaining Bracket Removal 222222202211) 10 17. Typical SSB Transmitter — Block Diagram 8, Removing Battery Compartment Cov fillas 18. Typical S88 Receiver — Block Diagram 9. Antenna Terminals a 23 19, Product Detector Circuitry : 10. Cabinet Back Mounting Screws ila PAGE "7 7 7 18 24 24 24 61 51 60 PAGE 16 18 116 16 18 19 19 . 2RF AND IF ALIGNMENT ‘Alignment of these chassis will, in most cases, be unnecessary tunless an IF transformer, RF coil or related components have ‘been replaced: or if the adjustments have been tampered with. Because of the band pass requirements, it is important that PROBE “A” — RF INPUT ‘you use a sweep signal generator and an oscilloscope for IF ‘alignment. All F's are at 10.7 MHz. Generator output must be held to the minimum required for Scope or VTVM indication. N34 _ 10 To. Test 120°F score point veer PROBE “8” ~ DIODE DETECTOR PROBE RF AND IF ALIGNMENT. obRERA fon | DUMMY: OPE INPUT TUNE rer | o€RYREFEn | joommey, [REGRET | oano] nut | an, | Aowsr ReMARas =| Frere ager OFT Che, PR CSET Fal - Res SAUP Olea encinn fre Fl Set Gon comer And Bae ae ate cr FE tn Re eal Svcs fo SRE SSO SS A SFE heads ic os Alem Poe Aad SUA Sree bats PRT ta ee ets calein is aTuuatre [omens face | ow | Horm | a 25 On IF Probe “A”. | Diode Closed ‘Generator To. Center 3] Sra Sug Pete Ten aR fare sonny Soa eat sigan Tener se usetne ameeee ie Lead To Pin Pin 2. Frequency For Remainder of 6kHz Filter sees ee cee i 7 rhe came Seg a on Serct,| — [Firncpor | ds eeassevater our Hvar Sa cee 5 eee ‘an Ya or] Sets ete : = VS 7 Tea Ta TEFEN | | _ aaah a Tor enanen Sa aR NARROWS — | Benauan Wide hata ToNAeRON Srna ee SanePoen fr er i 3 cre Sea) | Baoan eseyor | Sart eda eerie se ‘a Ya Rotor setae ® a Teepe Ti) Fan Sowa: Fae Te Sra wae ‘hmcon $0 NGr Cann eet - se ees coun BE ie Beasse sane Spies Son ote aieconnec conneer 7 sven | otwenaron | ,QvWiN, [Scape | aano | sieht aoe, | aowusr REMARKS 3 t Talera zor in [eerertor [Scope Diaae] FM [Corer Gong aun for Maximo }20 On 1 JProbe “A” | Probe “8” Frequency Of Closed Tat |Gain And Symmetry OF Sree Goer, ote. Ficer 07 Sie" Care 7a] robe Ground reine" Taos (NOTE: TOs Ana Tat Used To Pin 22 jaca, ent Not Show (aso whe Bose. Con Sionicant Ete 14] Bewaton) ect Scope 207 (600 wv) Horz To NY Sina Gen 15) | Audio Mod. | Repeat Steps 12 Thru 14 For Minimum Change. 200m VP-P 76] nip Antone rune Generator To Contr Tot! Aalst For Maxiows Gain ena (350 Bancpanrvetorm. eet Symnary OF Tie Dewsvon! pt tue. 17) (40 nV) 88.0 MHz 88.0 MHz hil 78] Fone Generator Yo Cote Total Benda ner 191 | Switch Generator Modulation OFF. 3 Tonnes Beaune | aomee | 1208 [Adjust Fr teximum ocur otter) | DC Vettes Across Fo Junesion aw oF e205, Reo enzo a Gannect06| 708 [Adjust For Zero Voie Fare Too! |Oearesizot, eine Pier Es Pinta heck For Bare Reading On Tuning Meter. a = Switch Generator Modulation ON. 24 [oheck if Poe Band is Centered Wen Zero Soccer ene Zero 1 Not Repeat Steet Troon 26 Ba)s 207, Pia Scope Dose! VHF | Tune Generator To Canter Total Bandpar Wave: Boonie Probe "6 ors BO NOT Charge Generator Freeusny For Ere bo, Tote Remainder of 25k ter Arment: be Grau cin 26| oasTe Pin 22. enter Geng Ta08 | Aajust For Maximum ror Freaueney ot | Clone Gtin'ans Symmetry =p) omen Fier aoe toouvs a0 al Tepeat Stops 8 And 37 For Minimom Choe stim ve¥ Bil Wp Antenne “SHE | Fors Gera To Coie Toa Boome Wave [Achat Generator Seminal Tue Genet tauoeCeorsior Feauancy For [Soe Frequency ten emai Bx GAP ter Arment. oo Fier zo) Beitin) Adjust Fox Maximum (aouvt oun une re02 | BélaAna'Syenmetry a ‘alan For Nici vo.7hie core | Besves Re Lave) Te Wavetorms a ona | 4una “aie Fewer ox sa, sw Rnd SWS Should Be =| ns | emi | emi = |Approximatay Eau, 34] One Ture =—Teepaane | oc | teo0nne | vo0oene | c108 _ [ Adige 8 Orcietor Coomiy acura aats 35| Couples To Aeron ssonte | ssonte | c100 TRIBE wove Specter. 25 rage’ Tepes Sep4 94 And 95 For Minimum Change tera (2801 208 DO NOT ADWUST L106. Foatry Pree Sm , re ior | Sage EZBE Miner Tw [sone | _atoutis | 6122 | Asse LW Orato ae a vrowe | 1voKz | _o12 4 Repost Steps 89 And 40 For Minimum Change 12] As Above DO NOT ADIUST L102 Factory Preset Reduce Re 79] Level For A u ‘alu LW Anteona For Noisy Audio 400 KH 400 kHz 187 Maximum, Wovetorm “ ec | yeoontie | toons | cise | Aciumec Antenne For‘CONNECT ‘CONNECT ep Dunnay input TUNE srep | oewenaron | ,airthna | Score | ean | cttwar | tt | | ADWST REMARKS 45 | whip Antenne [Generator [scope Ana | Fm | tosmne | roams 050__| Asiust Fmt Oscitator Tekie”™ |Probe a” [AC VTvia ‘ToSeate 46_| Deviotion, across emu Benne uv 400 He Hod.) Speaker taouvi Repeat Steps 45 And 46 For Minimum Change, toomne | rosmaz | 3,617 _| Acjust Fa Antenna ‘nd RF Por Hlaximum, ‘20 Mie 20 wi uu 50 Repeat Steps 48 And 49 For Minimum Change. 5t_| As Above an | 16Mee | 136KH2 cas | Aciust air Osciiaor {00 ter Felsen 52_| 30% Mos.) tos wiz | 108 mH2 ie 3 |rapest Stops 5) And 62 For Minimum Onange 66 tsomne [| 130MHz | _05,c19 | Adjust AIR Antenne ‘And RE Foe Moimum, 8 tame | 12Mae 1s 6 [Reeat Steps 64 And 55 For Minimum Chenge 57 | As Above. vue | vamus | 174mne 085 | Adiust VHF Oscitator Gske ‘To Seno. ‘58 _| Deviation, vaamne | 140m @ } S| ho0 He ios.) 59 [Repeat Steps 87 And 58 For Minimum Change. E vomne | oMH: | 09,023 | Adjust VHF Antenna ‘Rod AP For Masmum oa some: | 150MHe 13,u8 e [Repeat Steps 60 And 61 For Minimum Chana. 63. | As Abow. sw [soma | 4omue 969 | ser swt Orcttator {00 He, Tobia seat. es _| somes amie 18 MHE L957 6 [Repeat Steps 62 And 64 For Minimum Change. 6 sw |_ramne | 7amne 971 | set sw2 oseilater To Dial Sele or aommz | somne 960 a Repeat Steps 66 And 87 For Minimum Change. sna [ toamHz | 104MHe 6972 __| Set SW Orciator = To Dia Sete. 70 Tamne | 74M Lose 7 Repeat Steps 69 ond 70 For Minimum Change 72 sma | i55mne | 155MHe 974 | Set Sa Orcietor To Dil Sete. 7% Tome | 10M tse % Repeet Steps 72 And 79 For Minimum Change 75 ons | 220MmH2 | 220MHe 976 | Set SWS Oscetor o.Oil sate 78 tssiz | 155 Mae 964 7 Repeet Steps 75 And 76 For Minimum Change. 78 swe | s00mne | 200MHe 952 79 zone | 220MHe L959) 80 [Reoest Stops 78 And 79 For Minimum Change. 8 sav | _275MHs | 275 Mus 0978 _| Set sw7 Orcitator To Out seat, 22 zeomuz | 269MHe 987 83 [Repeat Steps 81 And 82 For Minimum Change.INTRODUCTION Zenith Trans-Oceanie® Model 7000-2 (using Chassis, 2WMR70) is @ twelve (12) band superhetrodyne portable re- ceiver using state of theart electronics, combined with a modu- far_ building block concept, for reception of Frequency Modulation (FM), Amplitude Modulation (AM) and AM. Single Side Band Suppressed Carrier (SSB) modes of operation Figure 1 is a frontal view, with the lid raised to its normal operating position, exposing all front panel controls grouped. tosether at the lower left, except for the tuning control which is located at the lower right of the front panel FIGURE 1 — MODEL 87000 CHASSIS ASSEMBLY Removing the cabinet back assembly exposes the chassis assembly. Figure 2 identifies major chassis sections. Further iSentificetion Is provided In the chassis frontal view of Figure later inthis manual 3, Disassembly information appear CHASSIS DESCRIPTION (See Block Diagram in Figure 4) Five circuit board assemblies plug into a sixth circuit board. Circuit Board designations, and functions on each are listed below. (NOTE — BC will be used to identify the Standard ‘AM Broadcast band and AM will be used to identify the AM ‘mode of transmissions). LW/BC: RF, Oscillator and Mixer circuits for two lowest Frequency bands (Bands 1 and 2) ‘SW: RF and Mixer circuits for seven shortwave bands (Bands 3 thru 9). SW Oscillator circuits are on the INTEHCONNECT Circuit Board FM/AIR/VHF: RF, Oscillator and Mixer circuits for the three highest frequency bands (Bands 10 thru 12). IF/AUDIO: IF, Detectors, BFO, Squelch and Audio circuitry (Continued on page 9)TABLE A-CONTROLS AND CONNECTORS FRONT PANEL CONTROLS. ON/OFF SWITCH — Turns Power ‘ON" or “OFF”, Use either internal batteries, external 12VDC source or an external AC VOLUME CONTROL —Adjusts volume to desired level TONE CONTROL — Adjusts tone as desired TUNING CONTROL — A concentric control providing both coarse and fine frequency adjustment. AM/SSB SWITCH ~ Turns on the Product Detector and Beat Frequency Oscillator for reception of SSB or CW (code) signal. ‘This switch must be in the “AM” position when tuned to broadcast and public service bands, NARROWAVIDE SWITCH — Determines bandwidth of audio response and IF bandwidth on LW/BC/SW bands. Use “WIDE” Position for music or strong signals and the "NARROW" position for weak or noisy signals. ANL/OFF/AFC SWITCH ~ Use the “ANL” position to reduce ignition type noise (“popping”) on weak AM signals (does not funetion on SSB or FM signals). “AFC” position is used only when on the FM broadcast band, to keep the set tuned over @ long period of time (after the signa is initially tuned in). This switch should be in the "OF F” position when tuning FM band stations, then moved to the AFC position after the desired station has been “tuned in”, SQUELCH CONTROL ~ Adjusts sensitivity of noise squelch circuitry to shut off noise between transmissions on SW, AIR and VHF bands. Adjust so noise is just shut off when no signal is present. RF GAIN CONTROL — Adjusts gain to input stages, reducing overload distortion caused for the minimum setting necessary to receive desired signal. This control should be in “OF! ditions. extremely strong signals. Adjust position for most operating con DIAL LIGHT/BATTERY TEST SWITCH. Turns on dial lights when in the “DIAL LIGHT” position, if operating on internal batteries. Switch is springloaded to avoid excessive battery drain. "BATTERY TEST” position is used to check condition of internal batteries (if installed). Battery condition is indicated on the lower scale of the Battery Level/Signal Strength Meter. A. reading in the white area at the right hand end of the scale indicates good batteries. HEADPHONE JACK — For connecting stereo or mono headphones using a standard 1/4” plug. High or low impedance head Phones may be used. RIGHT HAND END PANEL, BANDSWITCH — Selects the desired band, BACK PANEL EXTERNAL 12VDC CONNECTOR — For connection to a negative ground 12VDC souree using optional cable EXTERNAL AC CONNECTOR ~ For connection of external cable to either 120VAC or 230VAC. INTERNAL jon on 120VAC or 120/240VAC SWITCH — Selects the desired power transformer primary circuit connections for opt ‘230VAC, 50/60 Hertz. Located on back of set and accessible after removing battery compartment cover. ANTENNA TERMINALS ~ Provides for connection of various antennas. Accessible after removing battery compartment cover,svrenconnect ORCUTT BOARD Loc ANTENNA sien ruainovie FADO owen surety RANG ‘TONER ‘incur BOARD CABLE CONNECTOR FIGURE 2 — REAR VIEW — CABINET BACK REMOVED signa, teveu inteRconnecr sarreny incur BOARD METER ‘eiauoI0 FMARVHE SHLD LW “TONER conrron ‘coneUIT BOARD Grcur RETANING TUNER ‘BoaRo ‘sonew. FIGURE 3 — CHASSIS FRONT VIEW 7 chassis Moun(Continued from page 5) CONTROL: Most of the customer operating controls -Off/On, Loudness, Tone, Squelch, RF Gain, AFC/ANL, AM/SSB, Bandwidth and Dial Light/Battery Test plus a headphone jack. INTERCONNECT: Each of the five circuit boards listed above ‘are plugged into connectors on this circuit board making connection between various circuit boards. A multisection Bandswitch, LW/BC Antenna Assembly, Voltage Regulator, ‘SW Oscillator and other circuitry is mounted on this circuit board. A multiconductor plug-in cable also connects between ‘this circuit board and the CONTROL Circuit Board, ‘A three way power supply (External AC source, Internal Batteries or External 12 Volt DC}, is incorporated as part of ‘the cabinet back assembly. COMPONENT IDENTIFICATION AND BLOCK NUMBERING SYSTEM ‘Schematic reference numbers are screened on circuit boards to identify component locations. This manual includes illustra tions of circuit boards (showing relationships between compo: ‘nents and foil pattern). Electrical components are identified by an alpha/numeric combination. An alpha prefix indicates, ‘the type of component: C=Capacitor, CR=Diode, L=Coil, ReResistor, etc. Numbers are then assigned in blocks to identify the basic circuit in which a component is used (See Table B), ‘TABLE B ~ BASIC BLOCK NUMBER ASSIGNMENT. BLOCK ‘STAGE EXAMPLE, 1-99 FM/AIR/VHF Tuner Cl, Lt, Rt 101-199 LW/BC Tuner 101, L101, R101 201-209 IF 6201; L201, R201 401-499 Audio 6401, L401, R401 501-599 Power Supply 6501, L501, R501 901-999 Short Wave Tuner and C901; L901, ROOT Short Wave Oscillator INDIVIDUAL SCHEMATICS In order to facilitate circuit explanation and speed trouble. shooting, individual schematics have been prepared for each of ‘he circuit boards. Power supply circuitry is included as part of the INTERCONNECT Circuit Board schematic SIMPLIFIED SCHEMATIC A simplified schematic (reproduced on a fold-out page in the fear of this manual, immediately preceding the individual schematics) identifies: Integrated Circuits, Transistors, B+, AFC, AGC, signal paths, switches and connectors. Refer 10 the Simplified Schematic during the following circuit ‘explanations. Schematic reference numbers have been included fon this drawing, making it easier to follow the various paths. A Service Technician can use the Simplified Schematic to trace signal or voltage paths, determine the point of probable failure and then use detailed individual schematics to complete servicing. Socket connectors on the INTERCONNECT Circuit Board make idea! test points for preliminary troubleshooting, because many of these connectors are accessible without ‘removing a chassis from the cabinet. Interconnection between circuit boards and switch contacts are identified on the Simplified Schematic in the following ‘manner: 1, "1-9 LE, OUT” identifies @ circuit via Plug/dack 1, pin 9 ‘and carries 1.F. output from FM/AIR/VHF Tuner. ccncur soano contacts: FIGURE 5 ~ CIRCUIT BOARD CONTACTS 3.8" refers to the circuit from the loudness control via Plugitack 53, pin 8. (53 designates the cable between the CONTROL Circuit Board and the INTERCONNECT Gireuit Board), 3, "9901-DF3, 4, 13” refers to Bandswitch "S901", wafer “D", front “F"" side, contacts "3, 4 and 13”. Contact "13" is the common rotor, while other contact numbers identi actual bandswitch ‘positions. For example: contacts "3" and "4" represent bandswitch positions "3" and “4” 4, Each Bandswitch section is designated in sequence (starting with the ““F"" section at the knob end of the shaft) and ‘switches a specific type of circuit. $901-A: Audio. $9018: B+, $901-CF: SW Oscillator Coils, LW Antenna. S901-CR: LW/BC Antenna, $901-DF: SW Antenna, $901-DR: FM/AIR/VHF Antenna. S001-£: SW Oscillator Shunt Capacitors S9O1-F: SW Oscillator Series Capacitors 5. Alpha prefixes (C, CR, L, R, etc.) are shown for all com pponents on the simplified schematic, with the exception of “p"" ands" prefixes for Plugs and Jacks as explained in items 1 through 3 above. CIRCUIT BOARD CONNECTORS. Figure 6 illustrates one of five plugin circuit boards used in this receiver. A series of connector pins along one end of the plug-in circuit boards provide necessary inputs and outputs (such as Antenna, AFC, AGC, IF and 8+). Collectively, these ins are identified on’ the schematic as a plug. Individual ‘mating receptacles on the INTERCONNECT Circuit Board are identified as jacks. Plugs, and their mating jacks are generally ‘numbered according to the basic function of each circuit board (Refer to “Block Numbering System”). Pins are‘SHORT WAVE TUNER GUIDE TRACKS. FIGURE 6 ~ CIRCUIT BOARD GUIDE TRACKS numbered in sequence (similar to conventional inne plugs For example: P1-2 on a schematic would refer to Plug 1-Pin 2 (on the FM/AIR/VHF Circuit Board). Plug and contact combination P1-2 would mate with Jack and contact J1-2 on the INTERCONNECT Circuit Board. Each “plug” has matching group of receptacles on the INTERCONNECT Circuit Board (or a Jack equivalent). Plugs and jacks may refer to either this group concept of individual pin and receptacle contacts a illustrated in Figure 5, or to conventional plug and jack connectors. Five circuit boards of the plug-in type slide into the chassis along guide tracks in the chassis framework (Gee Figure 6). This aids in proper and rapid contact alignment during instal: lation. A bracket is added -to secure the circuit board in position (See Figure 7) POWER SUPPLY A three way power supply circuit is incorporated as part of the cabinet back assembly, permitting operation from: 1. Eight 1-1/2 Volt “D" cells in the battery compartment. 2, External 12 Volt DC negative ground source may be ‘connected using an optional adapter cable. 3. 118 or 290 Volt 60/60 Hz AC power sources (118 oF 230 VAC operation is internally switch selected) using the ‘AC cable supplied Internal batteries are automatically disconnected when an external 12 Volt DC source is connected to the receiver. Both the internal batteries and the external 12 Volt DG 10 source will be disconnected when the AC cable is connected to the receiver. ‘Two full wave rectifier circuits are connected to the AC power supply. One rectifier circuit provides 12 Volts to the audio circuits (on the IF/AUDIO Circuit Board) and to a voltage regulator (on the INTERCONNECT Circuit Board) which in turn supplies a regulated 8 Volts for the remainder of the receiver. A second full wave rectifier provides a continuous 12 Volts to power dial lights only while operating from AC, and power is ON. When operating from the internal batteries, dial light illumination is provided only while switch S252 (Gattery/Signal/Dial Light) Is held in the momentary “DIAL. LIGHT” position. Diode (CR506), connected in series with the external 12V source, permits ‘dial light operation when ‘operating from an external 12V source. BANDSWITCHING OPERATION ‘This bandswitch switches audio, antenna, antenna bias, SW Oscillator components and B+. B+ voltages are used to apply bias to switching diodes which connect the desired RF or (F ‘tuned circuits and signal paths. CIRCUIT SWITCHING DIODES A forward-biased diode appears asa low resistance (effectively 4 short circuit), but when zero oF reverse-biased it is a high resistance (effectively an open circuit), PIN diodes are used for switching tuned circuits where it is necessary to. short circuit RF paths. Conventional diodes are used to switch other circuits. PIN diodes are similar to conventional diodes in that they contain both P (Positive) and N (Negative) elements However, between the P and N layers, of a PIN diode, is anDISENGAGE CLIP AT THIS END ‘AND MOVE OUTWARD FIGURE 7 - RETAINING BRACKET REMOVAL additional layer called I (Iatrinsic - equal positive and negative ‘charges). An I layer has a very low resistance when the diode is forward-biased and a very high resistance (shunted by a ‘constant capacitance) when reverse-biased. Changing between forward and reverse bias causes the I layer to rapidly change between very low and very high resistance (between open and, shorted states) thereby acting like a high speed switch, Shunt ‘capacitance of a reverse-biased PIN diode affects tuned circuits ‘and must be considered when performing alignment proce dures. Examples of diode switching are explained during discussion of a typical circuit NOTE: Correct replacement diodes and alignment sequence must be used to achieve proper alignment and operation. FM/AIR/VHF TUNER ‘Antenna input (75 ohms) is connected to Gate 1 (Gt) of a Dual Gate MOSFET RF Amplifier (Q1), while AGC is applied 10. G2. RF signal is then applied to pin 4 of the Double Balanced Mixer (IC1), while the Oscillator (Q2 in a common base circuit) signal is injected to pin 8 of ICI. This Oscillator runs on the high side (10.7 MHz above the carrier) for FM and ‘AIR, but on the low side (10.7 MHz below the carrier) for VHE. A Double Balanced Mixer can reduce the level of spurious signais (especially even order harmonics) caused by the signal ‘and Oscillator input. The larger dynamic range potential of this type circuit reduces the effects of intermodulation distor- tion, when compared with conventional bipolar transistors A typical example of diode bandswitching will be explained using the FM/AIR/VHF circuitry. There are three inputs: Antenna, AFC and AGC (pins 1.3, 1-11, and 1-1 respectively): and one output: IF (pin 1-9). Three connector terminals are Used for B+ (pins 1-5, 1-6 and 1-7). Rotating the bandswitch to either “FM”, “AIR” or “VHF” positions connects regulated +8 Volts to bandswitch contact $901-B13 (common rotor) " and either $901-810 (FM), $901-B11 (AIR) or $901-B12 (VHF) and then, through the corresponding switching diodes, to the appropriate pin on Plug P1 (pin 1-5, 1-6 or 1-7 for AIR, VHF or FM respectively) When the bandswitch is in the “FM” position, regulated 48 Volts is plied via bandswitch contacts $901-813 and '$901-B10 to P/J1-7 (FM B+ contact) and then to the following cireuits: 1. CR12 will be forward biased, connecting B+ to 1C1 (Mixer) and a fixed bias reference voltage to the cathode of AFC diode CRIS. Diodes CR13 and CR14 will be back biased, Via R2B and R29 to ground, preventing B+ from entering the VHF or AIR B+ circuits 2. 48V will flow via a de path consisting of R38, L7, CRI7, R35 and R32 to ground, With PIN diode CR17 forward biased, the FM Oscillator band tuneable circuit (L7 and C50) will be connected to the collector of Oscillator tran: sistor 2. Since PIN diodes CR19 (AIR) and CR20 (VHF) fare beck biasted, via R28 and R29 to ground, their related tuned circuits will not be connected. 3. A path via diode CRE and the tap on L4, to the drain terminal of transistor Q1 (RF AMP). CRB (AIR) anid CRO (VHF) are also back biased, via R28 and R29 to ground $0 their respective tuned circuits will see these diodes as ‘open circuits 4. B+ Voltage via R1, will forward bias CR1 and back bias CRS and CRS. AIR and VHF band circuits will see CR4 and CRE as open circuits. 5. Bt Voltage via CR2, R2, CR3, L2, RS and R26 to ground will effectively short the AIR Antenna tuned circuit (L2 ‘and C5) to ground, 6. Another B+ path via CR2, then CR, L6, R13 and R28 %0 (round effectively shorts the AIR RF tuned circuit (LS and C19) to ground:TABLE C — DIODE STATUS VS BANDSWITCH POSITION — FM/AIR/VHF TUNER prove | cri | cr2 | crs | crs | crs | cre | cr7 | cre | cro | crio | cri2 BAND FM [ON | on | on | OFF [orr | On | on | oF | OFF | OFF | ON in| orr | ore | orr | on | ofr | ofr | orr | on | ore | ofr [ OFF var | orr [ore | on | ofr | on | orf | on | oFr | on | on | or iope | cris] crta | cris| cris| cri7| cris] cria| cr20| cr22 | cras | — BAND FM [orr [ore | arc | ore [on | on | oer | ore | ore | orr [ — ‘AiR_|on_| FF | ofr | on | ore | ofr | on | or | oFF | ON = vur_|orF [on | ofr | on |orr | on | orr | on | on | ofr [ - 7. A third path via CR2, R37, then CR1B, L8, R43 and RIB will short the AIR Oscillator tuned circuit (LB and C48) to ground. ‘Antenna coil L1 and RF coil Ld are always inthe circuit when ‘operating on FM, AIR or VHF. Antenna coil L2 and RF coil LS connect across L1_and Ld respectively on AIR band ‘operation; while L3 and L6 connect across L1 and L4 for the VHF band. Capacitors C6 and C20 connect into the respective tuned circuits for both FM and VHF, but are shorted out of the circuit on AIR, Diode CR10 is forward biased only on VHE, causing CR3, CR? end CRIB to be forward biased, shorting L2, LS and L8 respectively, preventing the AIR band tune circuits from affecting tuning of the VHF band. Table C, “Diode Status vs, Bandswitch Position” indicates if a diode is "On" or “Off” when power is applied to each of the bandswitch positions. Lw/ec TUNER ‘A Wavemagnet® antenna, using separate windings for the LW and BC bands, has a third winding inductively coupled to the other two windings. This permits connection of a high impe ‘dance (300 ohm) long wire antenna to the terminals provided. A bipolar NPN transistor is used for RF Amplifier, while separate Oscillator and Buffer stages are used for each band. Both Oscillators operate on the high side of the signal. NOTE- Output of this tuner is 10.7 MHz. Diode switching of tuned circuits in this tuner are similar to that explained for the FM/AIR/VHF tuner. ‘SHORTWAVE TUNER Antenna inputs will accommodate either a 75 ohm dipole antenna or a high impedance (300 ohm) short random wire antenna (60 feet or less), as well as the whip antenna, RE signal is applied to G1 of the Oual Gate MOSFET SW RF Amplifier (0901), while AGC is supplied to G2. Output of this stage is applied to’a Double Balanced Mixer (IC901). Oscillator circuitry (tuned to the high side) is located on the INTER: CONNECT Circuit Board. 1F output of this tuner is at 10.7 MHz. ‘SW OSCILLATOR ‘SW Oscillator circuitry, mounted on the INTERCONNECT Circuit Board, consists of one transistor (Q952) for the osc lator plus a buffer stage (2953) to provide a high degree of frequency stability. Switch selected inductive and capacitive ‘components are connected to the collector of 0952. in- 2 ductance is connected as a collector load to ground, while two separate sets of capacitors are connected between the collector and ground. One set of capacitors is connected in series with the customer operated Oscillator section of the ‘tuning capacitor, while the second set of capacitors is connected in shunt with the series capacitor pair. Output of the Oscillator is via buffer (C953), R99B, coax cable assembly and P/J 901-2 to the SW Tuner Assembly. NOTE — Correct alignment sequence is a must if proper ‘operation of this unit isto be obtained. IF BANDWIDTH FILTER IF output from the tuners is applied to one of three Band- width Filters (each consisting of two tunable IF transformers and one or more ceramic or crystal filters). These filters shape IF bandwidth for each band. As the bandswitch is rotated, regulated 8+ voltage is applied to selected diodes in the filter circuit, As explained for the tuners, these diodes act as witches, selecting the appropriate tuned filter circuit. Field Effect Transistors (FET) are also used to switch IF bandwidth between wide and narrow, in a manner similar to that of the diodes. IF AMPLIFIER AND DETECTORS {All tuners in this receiver have 10.7 MHz IF outputs ark! are procested through one of the three Bandwidth Filters just mentioned. IF Amplifier circuitry (using 1C201) is relatively straight forward, as are the AM Diode Detector and FM Ratio Detector. These two detectors have separate transistor amplifier stages (0.201, 0202). A’ separate Product Detector ircult used in this chassis is most desirable for reception of, jand (SSB) and CW (code) transmissions because 1. Minimized distortion of the recovered audio. 2. Reduced images (caused by interreaction between 1F and Oscillator frequencies) because of the higher degree of isolation between input and output. AUDIO CIRCUITRY After_a signal has been processed by either the AM, FM or $88 Detectors, the desired signal will be selected by AM/SSB switch (S251) and/or Bandswitch section S901-A, VHF-Hi Audio Preamp 0403, then routed to Audio Preamp Q401. ‘Output of Q401 is connected to pin 8 of Audio Amplifier ICA01, output of which is from pin 12, through C404, P/J 201-3, ete. and to the speaker.In addition to physical layout considerations, RFI suppression components have been included to reduce the probability of interference caused by audio rectification when near trans- mitters or other sources of RF energy. SQUELCH CIRCUITRY Squelch Control operation is available on nine bands: SW1 through SW7, VHF-HI and AIR. The Squelch Control must be in the “OFF” position (fully counterclockwise) during SSB reception, Noise appearing at the FM Ratio Detector output is routed (Via #/4201-12) to pin 9 of Quad Op Ainp 10957 on the Inter- connect Circuit Board. This OP Amp section functions as both a Noise Amplifier and as @ 12kHz Active Hi-Pass Filter. Amplified high frequency noise appears on pin B of C957, then coupled through C985, P/J51-3 to the Control Circuit Board, Squelch Control R251, P/J532 and returns via /1201-9 to the IF/Audio Circuit Board. This high frequency noise is then coupled, via C413, to the base of Squeleh tran: sistor 0402, After 0402 further amplifies the noise, the noise is applied to a voltage doubler consisting of CR401 and CRA02. ‘At the same time, Bt at P2015 is applied across 2 voltage divider (consisting of R404, R409, R410, Q401 and R413 to ground). This divider network establishes bias for Audio Preamp transistor 401 at a point just above cutoff, providing ‘optimum operating conditions for the squelch action. ‘As the noise level increases at the base of 0402, noise level will ‘also increase at the collector. Noise voltage will be rectified by voltage doubler diodes CR401 and CR402. Voltage at the junction of these diodes will go in @ negative direction, thereby reducing bies on Q401. When the noise increases to a given level, as determined by the setting of Squolch Control R251, (€404 will be driven into cut-off, thereby squelching the noise ‘The squelch circuit has been designed to provide a fast audio turn-on and a slow audio turn-off. The slow audio turn-off is determined by the discharge time of C407, resulting in the possibility that some noise will be heard at the end of transmissions. DISASSEMBLY PROCEDURES FIGURE 8 - REMOVING BATTERY COMPARTMENT COVER This modal may be disassembled in the following sequence of steps. CABINET BACK REMOVAL (See Figures 8 through 10) 1. The Battery compartment cover is held in place by a snap action catch located In the middle of this cover (See Figure 8). 2. Pull outward on catch plunger, until a snap is heard, then. 3. Loosen (but do not remove) only the one screw securing the green lead to terminal marked “WHIP” (See Figure 9). 4, Remove thr Figure 10). screws at bottom edge of cabinet back (See BODOG GRD WHIP BC SW ru) iw PS | EXTERNAL ANT'S AIR: ——S= = FIGURE 9— ANTENNA TERMINALSBANDSWITCH KNOB FIGURE 10 ~ CABINET BACK MOUNTING SCREWS 8. Slowly move the back away from the cabinet and locate power cable connectors (on the power cable between the back and the chassis). 6, Disconnect the power cable connectors 7. Remove the green lead that is under the terminal marked anne 8. Remove back. CHASSIS REMOVAL (See Figures 1 and 2) 1, At the left side of the front panel, remove four knobs (RF Gain, Squeich, Tone and Volume). 2. Remove the nut on the Headphone Jack. 3, Remove two tuning knobs (Coarse and Fine Tuning) at the right side of the front panel 4. A Bandswitch is located on the right hand end panel Remove Bandswitch Knob. (It may be desirable to apply pressure to the shank of the knob-from just inside the cabinet) 5, Remove four screws mounting chassis to cabinet. 6, To remove chassis, ease the right hand end of the chassis (as viewed from the back) outward first, Then move chassis 10 the right (so bandswitch will clear its opening) while sliding the chassis out of the cabinet. 7. Disconnect speaker leads ASSEMBLY Reinstall chassis in cabinet as follows: 1, Move_four switches (ANL/OFF/AFC, BANDWIDTH, AM/SSB and ON/OFF) to their horizontal position. 2. Insert left end (Bandswitch) of chassis first, being certain that Bandswitch Shaft enters its opening, 3. Continue reassembly, following the “Chassis Removal” procedure in reverse DIAL DRUM LIGHT REPLACEMENT (See Figure 11) INlumination for the dial drum is provided by two lamps inside the dial drum. It is recommended that the following procedure bbe used: 1, Remove chassis from cabinet. 2. Rotate Bandswitch, and its diat drum, to "AM" 3. Insert serewdriver blade or similar too, into one of the slots in the plastic dial light bracket and move bracket to the taht (facing the rear), dieangaging the bracket 4, Remove dial light bracket approximately halfway, CAUTION — Do not break leads. 5, Remove lamps by pulling lamps upwards (in early produc: tion or by unsoldering lamp leads {in later production). 6. Reposition bracket over opening. 7. Move bracket to left to secure.DIAL SCALE LAMP "ACCESS PLATE FIGURE 11 DIAL SCALE LAMP AND METER LAMP REPLACEMENT METER LIGHT REPLACEMENT (Seo Figure 11) Meter illumination is provided by one lamp located between the two meters. Replace the lamp as follows: 1, Remove chassis from cabinet. 2. Rotate lamp holder in a counterclockwise direction, (Facing back). 3. Remove lamp holder 44. Remove lamp by pulling upwards, 5. Install new lamp in holder. 6, Install holder. 7, Twist holder in a clockwise direction to lock. ‘SWIVEL STAND. A swivel stand (optional at extra cost) may be used when itis desired to place this unit in a position where it can be easily rotated (such as when this set is used as a direction finder) REMOVAL OF LW/BC AND FM/AIR/VHF TUNERS. (See Figures 2,3, 12, 13, 14 and 15) ‘These tuners may be removed as follows: 1, Rotate Tuning Control fully counterclockwise. 16 2, Remove chassis from cabinet, as explained above. 3. Remove three screws (A) mounting shield bracket (B) located under LW/BC and FM/AIR/VHF Tuners. One screw is located along the lower front edge while the other two screws are located along the lower rear edge 4, Remove shield bracket (B). std MOUNTING SeREW sues rare ModnttiG Sees FIGURE 12 — SHIELD PLATE REMOVALFIGURE 13 ~ DRIVE SHAFT RETAINING SCREWS 6. Remove ane serew (C) securing shield on FM Tuner to front bracket (D), 6. Loosen four set screws (E} on the tuning drive shafts (F, G). Two screws are located on each shaft. One screw on each shaft is accessible from the bottom of the chassis, while the other screw on each shaft is accessible through hholes in the sides of the chassis bracket. 7. Remove four screws (H) mounting drive mechanism assem: bly (1) to chassis frame, DRIVE MECHANISM MOUNTING SCREWS FIGURE 14 — DRIVE MECHANISM MOUNTED (LEFT) AND REMOVED (RIGHT) 16 8. Remove drive mechanism assembly (I) CAUTION — It is recommended that you do not dis assemble the drive mechanism assembly because of the Critical relationship of gear positions. 9, Remove LW/BC and/or FM/AIR/VHF as required. CAUTION — Do not rotate main tuning shaft (J) if drive mechanism assembly (I) is not correctly installed, as this ‘can cause pointer dial cord to disengage. REPLACEMENT OF LW/BC AND FM/AIR/VHF TUNERS. (See Figures 12, 13, 14 and 15) 1. Be certain that the main tuning capacitor on each of these tuners is fully closed (capacitor shaft rotated counter: clockwise as viewed from shaft end) 2. Check that dial pointer is still fully to the left (low fits travel, and that crosskeys are in 3. Be certain that the gears in the drive mechanism assembly (W) are fully counterclockwise (stud on gears to right hand lint of travel as viewed from rear of chassis). 4, Install tuner assemblies into appropriate tracks, pressing tuners all the way into the chassis, until it is fully seated, '5. Mount drive mechanism assembly (I) using four sorews {(H), but do not tighten the screws at this time. 6. Install one screw {C) to secure shield on FM tuner. 7. Mount bottom shield bracket (B) using three serews (A). an FMIARIVHE. TUNING TUNING SHAFT HAP uwec TUNING SHAFT8, Tighten four serene (H) mounting drive mechanism assembly (I) 9. Tighten four set screws (E) securing gears to tuning capacitor shafts, 10. Rotate tuning shaft to both extremes to check mechanical operation of tuning system, REMOVAL AND REPLACEMENT OF SW TUNER AND CONTROL BOARD ASSEMBLIES (See Figure 7) A retaining bracket is installed along the bottom edge of the ‘chassis to secure these circuit board assemblies in position ‘After nating position of retaining bracket, the bracket may be removed as tollows 1. Insert _a screwdriver blade between the chassis and the retaining bracket (at the left end of the chassis) 2. Pross the bracket lip away from the chassis, causing the bracket to disengage 3, Remove bracket. 4, Remove the SW Tuner and/or Control Board, 5. Install the SW Tuner and/or Control Board. 6. Engage two tabs, on one end of the bracket, into slots in the chassis frame wall between Control and IF Circuit Boards 7. Press the bracket firmly into position. REMOVAL AND REPLACEMENT OF IF CIRCUIT BOARD. ASSEMBLY (See Figure 7) 1. Note position of shield bracket (B) located below the LW BC and FM/AIR/VHF tuners 2, Remove three screws (A} mounting shield bracket (B). Two screws are located along the lower back edge, while the other screw is located along the lower front edge. 3, Remove shield bracket (8) 4, Remove the IF Circuit Board 6. Install the IF Circuit Board. 6. Mount bottom shield bracket (B} using three serews (A) THEORY AND APPLICATION BROADCAST TRANSMISSION MODES Radio transmitters and receivers used for twoway voice communications are designed to operate in various transmis: sions modes, Some of the more camman modes are 1. Frequency Modulation (FM). 2. Amplitude Modulation (AM), also called Double Side Band (DSB). 3. Single Side Band (SSB) Only the Amplitude Modulation and Single Side Band modes of operation will be discussed at this time, It should be noted that there are different methods of ‘generating AM and $38 signals. The following explanation has been greatly simplified in order to present the basic concepts of AM and SSB systems. For example; we have omitted Feference to the existence of harmonics created during modulation, AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM) (See Figures 15 and 16) In the early days of radio broadcasting, it was explained that the RF frequency was a “carrier” for the audio (voice) frequency. This is not correct, as will be seen from the following explanation, 7 Figure 15 is a block diagram of a basic Amplitude Modulation (AM) transmitter. The amplified audio signal from the ‘microphone and also the RF Oscillator frequency are applied to sepatate inputs of the Modulator. Inputs to the Modulator 1, Audio frequency (1kH2). 2. RF Oscillator frequency (20.000MHe) Output of the Modulator will contain four separate and distinct frequencies: . 1. Audio frequency (1kHz), highly suppressed in some transmitter designs. 2. RF Oscillator frequency (20.000MHz) 3, Sum of RF Oscillator and Audio frequencies (20.000MHz ‘+ TkHz = 2.001 MHz) 4, Difference of RF Oscillator and Audio frequencies (20.000MHz ~ 1kHz = 19.999MH2). ‘These four frequencies will be processed through a high pass filter that removes the 1kHz Audio signal. This filtering action is sometimes performed in the Modulator. The remaining frequencies (19.999MHz, 20.000MHz and 20.001MHz) are amplified in the RF Amplifier and then ‘applied to the antenna system.19.999 MHz 20.000 MHz 20.001 MHz RF y _ OSCILLATOR , ‘O16 sem 20.000 MHz y 20.000 a = : : 9) f FILTER of AMPLIFIER NI AA o® ite 19.999 MHz AUDIO 20.000 MHz 20.001 MHz AMPLIFIER 20.001 MHz If an oscilloscope were connected at various points in the Circuit of Figure 15, it would display the following waveforms: A. tkHz Audio. B. 20,000MHe from the RF Oscillator. CC. Modulation envelope developed by the TkHz Audio ‘modulating the 20,000MHz RF. 1D. Modulation envelope after passing through the High Pass Filter and then the RF Amplifier, In addition, if a spectrum analyzer were connected at the Rr Amplifier output, one would observe (at “Ein Figure 45) that three frequencies (19.999MHz, 20.000MH2 and 20,001MH2) are present at that point, The tall center line at ie" in Figure. 18 represents the amplified transmitted power, of the Oseillator at 20.000MHz (the so called “carrer” Frequency), while the two shorter lines (one to either side) represent the transmitted power of the side bands (19.999MHz land. 20.001MHz) which contain all of the desired audio ‘ormation. These side bands are equal to the RF Oscillator frequency (20.000MHz) plus and minus the 1kH2z Audio frequency (20.000MH2 + TkHz = 20.001MH2, 20.000MHz segktlz = 19.999MH2), The heights of the lines represent the relative power transmitted in the AM mode, A large mount of the transmitted power Is effectively lost in the so Called “carrier” (the tall line inthe center), [At the receiver (See Figure 16), the antenna will pick-up ‘9 wide range of frequencies and process them through tuned veuits in the receivers RF Amplifier. This will pass the RF frequencies (19. 999MH2, 20,000MHz and 20.001MHz of the example in Figure 15) to the Mixer, 30.700MHz from the Local Oscillator is also applied to the Mixer. This 30.700MH2 will beat with each of the three incoming frequencies, Fesulting in a Mixer output containing 10.699MHz, 10,700MHz find 10-701MH2. These three signals will then be amplified By the IF and applied to the Detector where the signat wi 18 bbe demodulated (rectified, RF components will be filtered ‘out and the changing OC levels will be coupled out as ACY, recovering the original TkHz Audio signal ‘As can be seen from the above, each of the three RF fre ‘quencies (19. 999MH2, 20.000MHz and 20.001MH2) is actually Gransmitted as a separate and distinct frequency. The “carrer” (20.000MH2) is used in the transmitters modulator to generate the side bands (19.999MHz and 20.001MHz!, but does not "earty’” the audio signal and should only be thought of a just another frequency that has been transmitted. Since the carrier” in AM systems is used to generate side bands, and for demodulation at the receiver, it is not needed as a “carrier” Gan we transmit the side band frequencies that represent the audio. signal without transmitting the “carrier” frequency? SINGLE SIDEBAND (ss) (See Figures 17 and 18) Figure 17 illustrates a typical basic Single Side Band (SSB) transmitter block diagram, which is similar to the AM franemitter in Figure 15. As-with the AM transmitter, an ‘Audio frequency will be amplified and applied to one input Of a Modulator {a Balanced Modulator in this example) while the RE Oscillator frequency is applied to a second input of the Balanced Modulator. Input to the Balanced Modulator is 1. Audio frequency (1kH2). 2. RF Oscillator frequency (20.000MH2). Output of the Balanced Modulator will be 1, Audio frequency (1kHE). 2. Sum of RF Oscillator and Audio frequencies (20.000MHz TkH2 = 20.001MH2) 3, Difference of RF Oscillator and Audio frequencies (20,000MH2 — 1kH2 = 19.999MH.RF AMPLIFIER 19.999 20.000 20.001 AUDIO AMPLIFIER IF MIXER DETECTOR 10.699 MHz | AMPLIFIER 10,699 MHz 10.700 MHz 10.700 MHz 40.701 MHz 10.701 MHz 30.700 MHz FIGURE 16 ~ TYPICAL AM RECEIVER ‘A Balanced Modulator will suppress the RF Oscillator “carrier” frequency, The IkHz Audio component will then be eliminated by @ high pats filter. Since one side band contains all the signal information that i required, a highly selective tuned filter ‘will be used to eliminate either the Lower or Upper Side Band, Assuming that we transmit @ Lower Side Band (19.999MH2), 2 low pass filter is used to greatly suppress the Upper Side Band. This will allow only the Lower Side Band to be amplified by the RF Amplifier and then be applied to the Antenna System, An oscilloscope connected at various points in the transmi block diagram of Figure 17 would display the follow waveforms: A. tkH2 Audio. 8, 20.000MHz from RF Oscillator. C. Modulation envelope developed by the 1kHz Audio moc lating 20.000MH2 from the RF Oscillator. The 20,000M has been suppressed in the Balanced Modulator. ies v Gee — Lb. -2 © nm “in z ‘ [lbw — : © aint wana © > Sa +| +| otis oe FILTER Of Picton I? dh oo) Ofte | ae ~ FIGURE 17 ~ TYPICAL SSB TRANSMITTER 19RF AUDIO AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER 7 19.999 MHz 1 KH IF MIXER DETECTOR 10.701 MHz | AMPLIFIER 10.701 MHz —,— 30.700 MHz 10.700 MHz Loca SEAT FREQUENCY OSCILLATOR OSCILLATOR FIGURE 18 ~ TYPICAL SSB RECEIVER D. Modulation envelope developed by the IkH2 Audio Modulating 20.000MHz from the RF Oscillator. In addition to ‘the 20.000MHz being suppressed in the Balanced Modulator, the TkHz Audio has been removed by the first high pass filter, E. RF signal consisting of a modulated Lower Side Band at 19.999MHz, after the 20.001MHz Upper Side Band frequency is removed by the second filter. This second filter is in either a high pass or low pass configuration, depending on which mode of operation (USB or LSBI hhas been selected. n this example.a low pass filter is used. ‘A spectrum analyzer connected to the RF Amplifier output would pretant 2 display similar to that chown at “Ein Figure 17. This display would be primarily the one solid Vertical tine representing the transmitted RF frequency {the Lower Side Band at 19.999MH2). Two short dashed vertical fines represent the suppressed “carrier” (20,000MHz) and the Upper Side Band (20.001MHz). These two frequencies (20.000 and _20.001MHz) are of an extremely low level (approximately —70d8 below the transmitted 19.999MH2] and may not be visible in the spectrum analyzer display, Single Side Band transmitters put all the transmitted power into the one information carrying side band. This is illustrated by the solid vertical line at “F"” in Figure 17 which represents the Lower Side Band (LSB) at 19.999MHz, The dashed lines at 20,000MHz and 20.001MHz represent the power saved by not transmitting the RF Oscillator “carrier” frequeney and tie Upper Side Band respectively. This power saving can lso result in reduced cost for some components in a SSB. ‘transmitter, A typical basic $$8 receiver block diagram is illustrated in Figure 18. Comparison with the AM receiver block diagram in Figure 16 shows that a SSB transmitter contains a Beat Frequency Oscillator (BFO), in addition to circuitry common toa basic AM receiver. 20 A wide range of frequencies will be received by the a These frequencies will be processed through the tuned of the RF Amplifier and Mixer, passing the Lower Sic frequency (19.993MH2}. The Lower Side Band is ap the Mixer along with 30.700Mi2 from the Local Os resulting in Mixer output of 10.701MHz, This signal amplified in the IF and applied to a Product Dete Beat Frequency Oscillator (BFO) will generate a fre {10.700MHz) which will be mixed, in the Product D with the IF frequency (10.701MHe}, resulting in r ‘of the original 1kHe audio signal In the above explanation we have assumed a single tre audio signal. Since a human voice contains more tt Srequeney, additions! pairs of side band frequencies be generated for each additional frequency. These ad frequencies have been omitted to simplify this exple SSB PRODUCT DETECTOR (See Figure 19) Output of IF Amplifier 1C201 consists of a 10.7018 signal representing the 1kH2z modulated Lower Side 8: frequency of 19.999MH2, as explained in the precedir ‘graphs. This 10.701MHz amplified IF signal is then pr by the Product Detector (IC202}. This Pracict Rete ‘contains a differential amplifier (the upper two transistors with input at pin 1), which functions as a 1202 also contains a current source (the lower \wansistor with input at pin 2). The 10.701MHe IF 5 capacitively coupled to the mixer transistor pair via ¢ Product Detector 1C202, while the crystal controlled 10; ew signal from the Beat Frequency Oscillator (B capacitively injected to 1C202 at pin 2.