ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

SEM.6th BATCH- B3
ENROLLMENT NO. 210210111038
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
BHAVNAGAR-364002

Practical 1: Solve the given examples of optical fiber waveguide.

AIM : - To write scilab code for given example of optical Fiber Waveguide.

SOFTWARE:- Scilab 2023.0.0

THEORY :
 What is Optical Fibre?
An optical fiber is a hair thin cylindrical fiber of glass or any transparent dielectric medium.

The fiber which are used for optical communication are wave guides made of transparent

dielectrics. Its function is to guide visible and infrared light over long distance.

 What is Waveguide?
A Hollow metallic tube of uniform cross section for transmitting electromagnetic waves by
successive reflections from the inner walls of the tube is calls waveguide.
 Waveguides may be used to carry energy between pieces of equipment or over longer
distances to carry transmitter power to an antenna or microwave signals from an antenna to a
receiver.
 Waveguides are made from copper, aluminium. These metals are extruded into long
rectangular or circular pipes.
 An electromagnetic energy to be carried by a waveguide is injected into one end of the
waveguide. The electric and magnetic fields associated with the signal bounce off the inside
walls back and forth as it progresses down the waveguide.

 Reflection:
In simple terms, reflection implies the rebounding of light, sound, heat or another object
back to the source, without absorbing it. It alters the direction of the beam of light, when it falls
on the plane, amidst two media, so that the ray goes back to the medium, in which it is
generated. The law of reflection says:

1. The angle of incidence is identical to the angle of reflection.

2. The ray of incidence, ray of reflection and the normal drawn at the point of incidence, to the
mirror, occurs at the same plane.
These two principles are apposite to all kinds of reflecting planes. Reflection can be of two
types:

 Regular reflection: Otherwise known as specular reflection, which occurs when the
beam of light falls on a regular, polished and smooth plane, such as metal or mirror,
reflects light at the same angle as it is incident to the surface.
FACULTY NAME: JANAK TRIVEDI
Fiber Optic Communication LAB (3161005)
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 Irregular reflection: Also called as diffused reflection, which takes place when the
beam of light is incident on the rough surface and reflects light in diverse directions
 Refraction:
Refraction can be understood as the phenomenon of light, wherein the wave is diverted
when it passes diagonally through the interface between two media of different densities. It
refers to the shift in direction and speed of the beam of light or radio waves, because of the
change in transmission medium.

Refractive index is the ratio of the angle of incidence to the angle of refraction. It
ascertains the speed of a ray of light in the new medium, i.e. the denser the medium the slow is
the speed of light, and vice versa.

Refraction index = n=C/V ….…(1.1)

= speed of light in free space / velocity of light in non-conducting medium

Fig 1.1 Reflection

Snell’s law: “The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction
is a constant, for the light of a given color and for the given pair of media”. Snell’s law formula
is expressed as:

n1 sinΦ1= n2 sinΦ .…….(1.2)

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 Total Internal Reflection:

A ray of light passes from a medium of water to that of air. Light ray will be refracted at the
junction separating the two media. Since it passes from a medium of a higher refractive index
to that having a lower refractive index, the refracted light ray bends away from the normal.

At a specific angle of incidence, the incident ray of light is refracted in such a way that it passes
along the surface of the water. This particular angle of incidence is called the critical angle.
Here the angle of refraction is 90 degrees.

Critical angle(Φ)= sin Φ = n2/n1 …….. (1.3)

When the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, the incident ray is reflected back
to the medium. We call this phenomenon total internal reflection.

Acceptance angle and numerical aperture:

 The acceptance angle is a function of the refractive indices of the core and the cladding
materials.
 Acceptance angle (θa ) = sin-1NA ………(1.4)
 The sine of the acceptance angle is called the numerical aperture. The numerical
aperture (NA) of an optical system is a dimensionless number that characterizes te
range of angles over which the system can accept or emit light.

NA = n1(2∆)1/2 Where, ∆ = (n12-n22)/2n11 ……..(1.5)

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For small angles the solid acceptance angle in air ζ is given by;

ζ = πθa2 = π sin2θa ………(1.6)

The acceptance angle for skew rays is :

θas = sin-1(NA)/cos λ) ...…..(1.7)

 Normalized frequency:
Also referred to as the V number in fiber optics; the normalized frequency is a dimensionless
quantity, denoted by the symbol V, given by:

2π a
V¿ λ √n 2 1+n22 .……..(1.8)

where a is waveguide core radius, 1 is wavelength in vacuum, and nl and n2 are the maximum

refractive index in the core and refractive index of the homogeneous cladding, respectively.

(Note that the difference between the square root of the squares of nl and n2is by

definition the numérical aperture of the fiber.)

For a multimode fiber, the mode volume of that fiber, which is the approximate number of
bound modes within that fiber is directionally proportional to the normalized frequency.

For a single –mode fiber , it is requied that the normalized frequency, satisfies the condition V<
2. 4048. For a step index fiber, the mode volume of that fiber is directionally proportional to the
square of the normalized frequency, that is V2.

Number of Modes traveling in Fiber:

The total number of traveling in a fiber depends on the V – Number and is related as:

For Step Index Fiber

2
V
N= ………(1.9)
2

For Graded Index fiber

2
V
N= ……..(1.10)
4

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Qustion:1 A silica optical fiber with a core diameter large enough to be considered by
ray theory analysis has a core refractive index of 1.50 and a cladding refractive index of
1.47. Determine: (a) the critical angle at the core–cladding interface; (b) the NA for the
fiber; (c) the acceptance angle in air for the fiber.

Code:
//As per Given data 1: nl,n2 is given. Find Critical Angel, NA, and Acceptance Angle?
//For Critical Angle use eq. (1.3), For NA use eq. (1.5), For Acceptance Angle use eq. (1.4)

n1=1.50; //Core refractive index

n2=1.47; //Cladding refractive index

PHIc=asin(n2/n1)*180/%pi; //(a) Critical angle at the core-cladding interface in degrees

NA=sqrt(n1*n1-n2*n2); //(b) NA for the fiber
THEETAa=asin(NA)* 180/%pi; //(c) Acceptance angle in air for the fiber in degrees

//Displaying The Results

printf("210210111038")
printf("\n\t Critical angle at the core-cladding interface is %0.1f degrees.",PHIc);
printf("\n\t NA for the fiber is %0.2f.",NA);
printf("\n\t Acceptance angle in air for the fiber is %0.1f degrees.",THEETAa);

Results:
210210111038

Critical angle at the core-cladding interface is 78.5 degrees.

NA for the fiber is 0.30.

Acceptance angle in air for the fiber is 17.4 degrees.

Qustion:2 A typical relative refractive index difference for an optical fiber designed for
long-distance transmission is 1%. Estimate the NA and the solid acceptance angle in air
for the fiber when the core index is 1.46. Further, calculate the critical angle at the core–
cladding interface within the fiber. It may be assumed that the concepts of geo-metric
optics hold for the fiber

FACULTY NAME: JANAK TRIVEDI

Fiber Optic Communication LAB (3161005)
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Code:
// As per Given data 2: nl, delta is given. Find NA, Acceptance Angle, Critical Angle
// Use eq. (1.3), (1.4) and (1.5)

n1=1.46; //Core refractive index

delta=0.01; //Relative refractive index difference
NA=n1*sqrt(2*delta); //Numerical Aperture
zeta=%pi*(NA)^2; //Solid Acceptance Angle in radians

//Critical Angle at the core-cladding interface in degrees

n2=n1*(1-delta);
PHIc=asin(n2/n1)*180/%pi;

//Displaying the Results in Command Window

printf("210210111038")
printf("\n\n\t The Numerical Aperture for the fiber is %0.2f.",NA);
printf("\n\n\t The Solid Acceptance Angle for the fiber is %0.2f radians.",zeta);
printf("\n\n\t The Critical Angle at the core-cladding interface for the liber is %0.1f degrees.",PHIc);

Results:
210210111038

The Numerical Aperture for the fiber is 0.21.

The Solid Acceptance Angle for the fiber is 0.13 radians.

The Critical Angle at the core-cladding interface for the liber is 81.9 degrees.

Qustion:3 An optical fiber in air has an NA of 0.4. Compare the acceptance angle for
meridional rays with that for skew rays which change direction by 100° at each
reflection.

Code:
// As per Given data 3: NA and Gamma is given. Compare the result.
// Use eq. (1.7)
NA=0.4; //Numerical aperture
GAMMA=100/2; //degrees - Skew rays change direction by 100 degrees
THEETA_a=asin(NA)*180/%pi; //Acceptance angle for Meridional rays in degrees
//Acceptance angle for Skew rays in degrees
THEETA_as=asin(NA/cos(GAMMA*%pi/180))*180/%pi;

FACULTY NAME: JANAK TRIVEDI

Fiber Optic Communication LAB (3161005)
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//Displaying the Results in Command Window

printf("210210111038")
printf("\n\t Acceptance angle for Meridional rays is %0.1f degrees.",THEETA_a);
printf("\n\t Acceptance angle for Skew rays is %0.1f degrees.",THEETA_as);
printf("\n\t Acceptance angle for Skew rays is about %1.0f degrees greater than Meridional
rays.",THEETA_as-THEETA_a);

Results:
210210111038

Acceptance angle for Meridional rays is 23.6 degrees.

Acceptance angle for Skew rays is 38.5 degrees.

Acceptance angle for Skew rays is about 15 degrees greater than Meridional rays.

Qustion:4 A silica optical fiber with a core diameter large enough to be considered by
ray theory analysis has a core refractive index of 1.50 and a cladding refractive index of
1.47. Determine: (a) the critical angle at the core–cladding interface; (b) the NA for the
fiber; (c) the acceptance angle in air for the fiber.

Code:
// As per Given data 4: Core diameter, delta, operating wavelength, nl is given. Find V and M.
// For V use eq. (1.8), for M use eq. (1.9)
n1=1.48; //Core refractive index
delta=0.015//Relative refractive index difference
d=80*10^(-6); //metre - CORE:DIAMETER
lambda=0.85*10^(-6); //metre - OPERATING WAVELENGTH
a=d/2; //CORE RADIUS

V=2*%pi/lambda*a*n1*sqrt(2*delta); //(a) Normalized frequency for the fiber

Ms=(V^2)/2; //(b) The Number of guided modes

//Displaying the Results

printf("210210111038")
printf("\n\t The Normalized frequency for the fiber is %0.1f.",V);
printf("\n\t The Number of guided modes of the fiber is %d.",ceil(Ms));
Results:
210210111038
FACULTY NAME: JANAK TRIVEDI
Fiber Optic Communication LAB (3161005)
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The Normalized frequency for the fiber is 75.8.

The Number of guided modes of the fiber is 2873.

Qustion:5 A graded index fiber has a core with a parabolic refractive index profile which
has a diameter of 50 μm. The fiber has a numerical aperture of 0.2. Estimate the total
number of guided modes propagating in the fiber when it is operating at a wave-length of
1 μm.

Code:
// As per Given data 5: core diameter, NA, Wavelength is given. Find M.
// For V use eq. (1.8), for Muse eq. (1.10)
NA=0.2; //NUMERICAL APERTURE
d=50*10^(-6);//meter CORE DIAMETTER
lambda=1*10^(-6); //metre - OPERATING WAVELENGTH
a=d/2; //CORE RADIUS
V=2*%pi/lambda*a*NA; //Normalized Frequency for the fiber
M=(V^2)/4; ///Mode Volume for parabolic profile

//Displaying the Results

printf("210210111038")
printf("\n\t The number of modes supported by fiber is %1.0f.",M);

Results:

210210111038

The number of modes supported by fiber is 247.

Qustion:6 Estimate the maximum core diameter for an optical fiber with the same
relative refractive index difference (1.5%) and core refractive index (1.48) as the fiber
given in Example 2.4 in order that it may be suitable for single-mode operation. It may be
assumed that the fiber is operating at the same wavelength (0.85 μm). Further, estimate
the new maximum core diameter for single-mode operation when the relative refractive
index difference is reduced by a factor of 10.

Code:
// As per Given data 6: delta, n1, wavelength, New core diameter. Compe
//in size of core diameter.
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Fiber Optic Communication LAB (3161005)
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// Use eq. (1.8)

V=2,4; //Normalized Frequency
lambda=0.85*10^(-6); //metre - OPERATING WAVELENGTII
nl=1.48; //CORE REFRACTIVE INDEX
delta=0.015; //RELATIVE REFRACTIVE INDEX DIFFERENCE
al=V*lambda/(2*%pi*nl*sqrt(2*delta)); //(a) The maximum core radius of the optical fiber with
// delta=1.5%

//(b) The new core radius for single mode operation when the relative refractive index difference is
reduced by a factor of 10
delta=delta/10;
a2=V*lambda/(2*%pi*nl*sqrt(2*delta));

//Displaying the Results in Command Window

printf("210210111038")
printf("\n\t The maximum core diameter of the optical fiber with delta 1.5 percent is %0.1f
micrometre.",2*al*10^6);
printf("\n\t The new core diameter for single mode opcration when the relative refractive index
difference is reduced by a factor of 10 is %0.1f micrometre.",2*a2*10^6);

Results:

210210111038

The maximum core diameter of the optical fiber with delta 1.5 percent is 2.1
micrometre.

The new core diameter for single mode opcration when the relative refractive
index difference is reduced by a factor of 10 is 6.7 micrometre.

Conclusion: From the above experiment we came to know about optical fiber and
waveguide. We also came to know about different terminologies like reflection,
refraction, refraction index, critical angle, incident angle, Snell's law, acceptance angle,
numerical aperture, skew rays, Normalized Frequency, and Number of guided Modes. We
have also written the scilab code for numerical examples.

Quiz:

1. Discuss optical fiber modes & Configurations.

FACULTY NAME: JANAK TRIVEDI

Fiber Optic Communication LAB (3161005)
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2. Explain mode theory.

3. Compare Step index & Graded index fiber.
4. Compare Single mode & Graded index fiber.
5. Analize derivation of numerical aperture.

Suggested Reference:
Optical Fiber Communication by John M. Senior

Reference used by Student:

Optical Fiber Communication by John M. Senior

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Parameters Attendanc Basic Capability Output Submissio Total

e in Lab knowledge of writing n of Lab
of topics Program Fair Copy
Marks

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Practical 2: Solve the given examples of Transmission Characteristics of

Optical Fibers.
Aim: Solve the given examples of Transmission Characteristics of Optical Fibers.

Software: Scilab 2023.0.0

Theory:
1) Attenuation:

The attenuation or transmission loss of optical fibers has proved to be one of the most important
factors in bringing about their wide acceptance in telecommunications. Attenuation is power loss
taking place inside the fiber optic cable. Because of this loss the amplitude of signal passing through
fiber optic cable gets reduced.

Signal attenuation is usually expressed in the logarithmic unit of the decibel. The decibel may be
defined for a particular optical wavelength as the ratio of the input (transmitted) optical power Pi
into a fiber to the output (received) optical power Po from the fiber as:

Number of decibels (dB) = 10log10 (Pi/Po) ..(2.1)

So, we can write (Pi/Po) = 10(dB/10) ..(2.2)

In optical fiber communications the attenuation is usually expressed in decibels per unit length (i.e.
dB km-1) following:

αdBL = 10log10(Pi/Po) ..(2.3)

Where αdB is the signal attenuation per unit length in decibels which is also referred to as the fiber
loss parameter and L is the fiber length, Pi is the input power of the cable (Watt) and Po is output
power of the cable (Watt).

2) Absorption:

Material absorption is a loss mechanism related to the material composition and the fabrication
process for the fiber, which results in the dissipation of some of the transmitted optical power as heat
in the waveguide.

The factors contributing to material absorption loss are as follows:

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1. Intrinsic absorption due to basic atoms of fiber material.

2. Extrinsic absorption due to impurity atoms.
3. Absorption due to atomic defects in the glass material.

Intrinsic Absorption:

 Pure silica-based glass has two major intrinsic absorption mechanisms at optical wavelengths:

(1) A fundamental UV absorption edge, the peaks are centered in the ultraviolet wavelength region.
This is due to the electron transitions within the glass molecules. The tail of this peak may extend
into the shorter wavelength of the fiber transmission spectral window.

(2) A fundamental infrared and far-infrared absorption edge, due to molecular vibrations (such as Si-
O). The tail of these absorption peaks may extend into the longer wavelengths of the fiber
transmission spectral window.

Extrinsic Absorption:

 Major extrinsic loss mechanism is caused by absorption due to water (as the hydroxyl or OH-
ions) introduced in the glass fiber during fiber pulling by means of oxyhydrogen flame.
 These OH-ions are bonded into the glass structure and have absorption peaks (due to molecular
vibrations) at 1.38mm.
 Since these OH- absorption peaks are sharply peaked, narrow spectral windows exist around
1.3mm and 1.55 mm which are essentially unaffected by OH-absorption.
 The lowest attenuation for typical silica-based fibers occur at wavelength 1.55 mm at about 0.2
dB/km, approaching the minimum possible attenuation at this wavelength.

3) Scattering losses:

The loss of signal caused by the diffusion of light beam is known as scattering loss. The diffusion
itself is caused by microscopic variation in the transmission medium.

The major factors affecting the scattering losses are as follows:

1. Variation in the density of material.

2. Compositional fluctuations.
3. Defects present in optical fiber.

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Fig 2.1 - Classification of Scattering

The Rayleigh’s scattering loss is inversely proportional to the fourth order of wavelength.

The Rayleigh scattering formula for a single-component glass this is given by,

γR = 8π3n8p2βcKTf/3Λ4 (2.4)

Where γR is the Rayleigh scattering coefficient,

Λ is the optical wavelength,

n is the refractive index of the medium,

p is the average photo elastic coefficient,

βc is the isothermal compressibility at a fictive temperature TF,

K is Boltzmann’s constant.

The Rayleigh scattering coefficient is related to the transmission loss factor (transmissivity) of the fiber
£ following the relation:

£=exp(-γRL) (2.5)

Where, L is the length of the fiber.

Brillouin Scattering is only significant above a threshold power density. Assuming that the polarization
state of the transmitted light is not maintained. It may be shown that the threshold power P B is given by:

PB = 4.4 x 10-3 d2 Λ2 αdBv watts (2.6)

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Where d and Λ are the fiber core diameter and the operating wavelength, respectively, both measured in
micrometers, αdB is the fiber attenuation in decibels per kilometer and v is the source bandwidth (i.e.
injection laser) in gigahertz.

Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) is similar to SBS except that a high-frequency optical phonon
rather than an acoustic phonon is generated in the scattering process. Also, SRS can occur in both the
forward and backward directions in an optical fiber, and may have an optical power threshold of up to
three orders of magnitude higher than the Brillouin threshold in a particular fiber.

The threshold optical power for SRS PR in a long single-mode fiber is given by:

PR = 5.9 x 10-2 d2 ΛαdB watts (2.7)

Where d, Λ and αdB are as specified for Eq. (2.6).

4) Fiber bend loss:

Optical fibers suffer radiation losses at bends or curves on their paths. This is due to the energy in the
evanescent field at the bend exceeding the velocity of light in the cladding and hence the guidance
mechanism is inhibited, which causes light energy to be radiated form the fiber.

The loss can generally by represented by a radiation attenuation coefficient which has the form:

αr = c1 exp(-c2R) (2.8)

Where, R is the radiuses of curvature of the fiber bend and c1, c2 are constants which are independent
of R. Furthermore, large bending losses tend to occur in multimode fibers at a critical radius of
curvature Rc which may be estimated from:

Rc = 3n12Λ/4∏(n12 – n22)3/2 (2.9)

Where, n1 is refractive index of core

n2 is refractive index of cladding

It may be observed from the expression given in Eq. (2.9) that potential macro bending losses may be
reduced by:

(a) Designing fibers with large relative refractive index differences.

(b) Operating at the shortest wavelength possible.

The critical radius of curvature for a single-mode fiber Rcs can be estimated as:

Rcs = [20Λ/(n1 – n2)3/2]*[2.748 – 0.996(Λ/Λc)]-3 (2.10)

Where, Λc is cutoff wavelength for single mode fiber

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5) Dispersion:

Dispersion of the transmitted optical signal causes distortion for both digital and analog transmission
along optical fibers.

For no overlapping of light pulses down on an optical fiber link the digital bit rate BT must be less
than the reciprocal of the broadened (through dispersion) pulse duration (2τ). Hence:

BT ≤ 1/2τ (2.11)
The maximum bit rate is given approximately by:

BT (max) ≤ 0.2/σ bit s-1 (2.12)

Dispersion are of three types:

1. Intermodal dispersion/ modal delay:

2. Polarization mode dispersion (PMD):
3. Intramodal dispersion

 Material dispersion
 Waveguide dispersion

The rms pulse broadening due to material dispersion is given by:

σm = (σΛL/c) * |Λd2n1/dΛ2| (2.13)

However, Material dispersion parameter M which is defined as:

M=(dτm/d Λ*L)=(Λ/c)*|d2n1/dΛ2| (2.14)

Which is often expressed in units of ps nm-1 km-1

Therefore, rms pulse broadening in terms of material dispersion parameter M

σm = σΛLM (2.15)

The delay difference between the extreme meridional ray and the axial ray is given as:

δTs=Tmax – Tmin = L(NA)2/2n1c (3.16)

The rms pulse broadening due to internal dispersion (standard deviation) given as:

σs = Ln1 Δ/2(3)1/2c = L(NA)2/4(3)1/2n1c (2.17)

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Qustion:1 When the mean optical power launched into an 8 km length of fiber is 120
μW, the mean optical power at the fiber output is 3 μW. Determine:

(a) the overall signal attenuation or loss in decibels through the fiber assuming there are
no connectors or splices;

(b) the signal attenuation per kilometer for the fiber.

(c) the overall signal attenuation for a 10 km optical link using the same fiber with splices
at 1 km intervals, each giving an attenuation of 1 dB;

(d) the numerical input/output power ratio in (c)

Code:
//As per Given data 1: Length of fiber, Optical Power Pi, Po. Find Signal Attenuation, Signal
//Attenuation per km, Overall signal attenuation for 10 km optical link with splices at 1 km
//interval, Pi/Po.
// Use eq. (2.1), (2.2) and (2.3)
Pi=120; //uW - INPUT OPTICAL POWER
Po=3; //ut - OUTPUTOPTICAL POWER
L=8; //km - FIBER LENGTH
Alpha_dB_L=10*log10(Pi/Po); //(a) Overall signal attenuation
Alpha_dB=Alpha_dB_L/L; //(B)Signal attenuation per kilometer
A=Alpha_dB*10+9; //(c) Overall signal attenuation for 10 km optical link with splices
Pi_by_Po=10^(round(A)/10); //(d)Numerical Input/Output power ratio

//Displaying the Results

printf("210210111038")
printf("\n\t (a)Overall signal attenuation is %1.0f dB.",Alpha_dB_L);
printf("\n\t (b)SignaL attenuation per kilometer is %1.0f dB/km.",Alpha_dB);
printf("\n\t (c) Overall signal attenuation for 10 km optical link with splices is %1.0f dB.", A);
printf("\n\t (d)Numerical Input/Output power ratio is %0.1f.",Pi_by_Po);

Results:

FACULTY NAME: JANAK TRIVEDI

Fiber Optic Communication LAB (3161005)
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 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
SEM.6th BATCH- B3
ENROLLMENT NO. 210210111038
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
BHAVNAGAR-364002

Qustion:2 lica has an estimated fictive temperature of 1400 K with an isothermal

compressibility of 7 × 10−11 m2 N−1 [Ref. 13]. The refractive index and the photoelastic
coefficient for silica are 1.46 and 0.286 respectively [Ref. 13]. Determine the theoretical
attenuation in decibels per kilometer due to the fundamental Rayleigh scattering in silica
at optical wavelengths of 0.63, 1.00 and 1.30 μm. Boltzmann’s constant is 1.381 × 10 −21 J
K−1.

Code:
//As per Given data 2: n, p, Bc, K, Tf, and I. Find yR and fat different wavelength.
//Use eg. (2.4) and (2.5)
n=1.46; //REFRACTIVE INDEX
p=0.286; //PHOTOELASTIC COEFFICIENT
Bc=7*10^(-11); //m^2/N - ISOTHERMAL, COMPRESSIB,
K=1.381*10^(-23); //J/K - BOLTZMANN'S CONSTANT
Tf=1400; //Kelvin - FICTIVE TEMPER MURE
l=1000; //meter FIBER LENGTH

//(a) Attenuation in dB/km due to fundamental rayleigh scattering at 0.63um

lambda =0.63 * 10^(-6); //metre - WAVELENGTH
Gamma_R=8*(%pi)^3*n^8*p^2*Bc*K*Tf/(3*lambda^4);
L_kml=exp(-Gamma_R*l)
A1=10*log10(1 /L_kml);

//(b) Attenuation in dB/km due to fundamental rayleigh scattering at 1.00um

lambda= 1.00*10^(-6); //metre - WAVELENGTH
Gamma_R=8*(%pi)^3*n^8*p^2*Bc*K*Tf/(3*lambda^4);
L_km2=exp(-Gamma_R*l)
A2=10*log10(1/L_km2);

//(c) Attenuation in dB/km due to fundamental rayleigh scattering at 1.30um

lambda=1.30*10^(-6); //metre - WAVELENGTH
Gamma_R=8*(%pi)^3*n^8*p^2*Bc*K* Tf/(3*lambda^4);
L_km3=exp(-Gamma_R*l)
A3=10*log10(1/L_km3);

//Displaying the Results

printf("210210111038")
printf("\n\t (a) Attenuation in dB/km due to fundamental rayleigh scattering at 0.63um = %0.1f
dB/km.",A1);
printf("\n\t (b)Attenuation in dB/km due to fundamental rayleigh scattering at 1.00um -
%0.1fdB/km.",A2);
printf("\n\t (c)Attenuation in dB/km due to fundamental rayleigh scattering at 1.30um =
%0.1fdB/km.",A3);

FACULTY NAME: JANAK TRIVEDI

Fiber Optic Communication LAB (3161005)
Page 17
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
SEM.6th BATCH- B3
ENROLLMENT NO. 210210111038
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
BHAVNAGAR-364002

Results:

Qustion:3 A long single-mode optical fiber has an attenuation of 0.5 dB km−1 when
operating at a wavelength of 1.3 μm. The fiber core diameter is 6 μm and the laser source
bandwidth is 600 MHz. Compare the threshold optical powers for stimulated Brillouin
and Raman scattering within the fiber at the wavelength specified.

Code:
// As per Given data 3: d, 2, adB, v. Find Pb and Pr.
// Use eg. (2.6) and (2.7)
alpha_dB=0.5 //dB/km ATTENUATION
lambda=1.3; //milomete-OPERATING WAVELENGTH
d=6; //micrometre - FIBER CORE DIAMETER
nu=0.6; //GHz - LASER SOURCE BANDWIDTH

Pb=4.4*10^(-3)*(d^2) *(lambda^2) *alpha_dB *nu; //Threshold optical power for SBS

Pr= 5.9*10^(-2)*d^2*lambda*alpha_dB; //Threshold optical power for SRS

//Displaying the Results

printf("\t210210111038")
printf("\n\tThe threshold optical power for SBS_is %0.1f mW.",Pb*10^3);
printf("\n\tThe threshold optical power for SRS is %0.2f W.",Pr);

Results:

FACULTY NAME: JANAK TRIVEDI

Fiber Optic Communication LAB (3161005)
Page 18
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
SEM.6th BATCH- B3
ENROLLMENT NO. 210210111038
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
BHAVNAGAR-364002

Qustion:4 Two step index fibers exhibit the following parameters:

(a) a multimode fiber with a core refractive index of 1.500, a relative refractive index
difference of 3% and an operating wavelength of 0.82 μm;

(b) an 8 μm core diameter single-mode fiber with a core refractive index the same as (a),
a relative refractive index difference of 0.3% and an operating wavelength of 1.55 μm.
Estimate the critical radius of curvature at which large bending losses occur in both cases.

Code:
// As per Given data 4 (a): nl, delta, wavelength,
// Use eq. (2.9) and (2.10)
n1=1.500; //metre - LENGTH
delta=0.03; //*100 percent - RELATIVE REFRACTIVE INDEX DIFFERENCE
lambda=0.82*10^(-6); //metre - OPERATING WAVELENGTH
//Calculation of the radius of curvature of Multi Mode fiber
n2=sqrt(n1^2-2*delta*n1^2);
Rc=3*n1^2*lambda/(4*%pi*(n1^2-n2^2)^(3/2));

// As per Given data 4 (b):

n1=1.500; //metre - LENGTH
delta=0.003; //* 100 percent - RELATIVE REFRACTIVE INDEX DIFFERENCE
lambda =1.55*10^(-6); //metre - OPERATING WAVELENGTH
d=8*10^(-6); //metre - CORE DIAMETER

//Calculation of the radius of curvature of Single Mode fiber

n2=sqrt(n1^2-2*delta*n1^2);
a=d/2;
lambda_c=2*%pi*a*n1 *sqrt(2*delta)/2.405;
Rcs=20*lambda*(2.748-0.996* lambda/lambda_c)^(-3)/(n1-n2)^(3/2);

printf("\t210210111038")
printf("\n\t(a)The radius of curvature of Multi Mode fiber is %1.0f um.", Rc/10^(-6));
printf("\n\t(b) The radius of curvature of Single Mode fiber is %1.0f mm.",Rcs/10^(-3));

Results:

FACULTY NAME: JANAK TRIVEDI

Fiber Optic Communication LAB (3161005)
Page 19
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
SEM.6th BATCH- B3
ENROLLMENT NO. 210210111038
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
BHAVNAGAR-364002

Qustion:5 multimode graded index fiber exhibits total pulse broadening of 0.1 μs over a
distance of 15 km. Estimate:

(a) the maximum possible bandwidth on the link assuming no intersymbol interference;

(b) the pulse dispersion per unit length;

(c) the bandwidth–length product for the fiber

Code:
// As per Given data 5:
// Use eq. (2.11)

tau=0.1*10^(-6); //second - TOTAL PULSE BROADENING

L=15; //km - DISTANCE|
B_opt=1/(2*tau); //(a) The maximum possible bandwidth on the link assuming no IS?
Dispersion=tau/L; //(b)The pulse dispersion per unit length
B_optXL=B_opt*L; //(c) The bandwidth-length product for the fiber

//Displaying the Results

printf("\t210210111038")
printf("\n\t(a)The maximum possible bandwidth on the link assuming no ISI is %1.0f
MHz.",B_opt/10^6);
printf("\n\t(b)The pulse dispersion per unit length is %0.2f ns/km.",Dispersion/ 10^(-9));
printf("\n\t(C)The bandwidth-length product for the fiber is %1.0f MHz km.",B_optXL./10^6);

Results:

Qustion:6 ass fiber exhibits material dispersion given by | λ 2(d2n1/dλ2)| of 0.025. Deter-
mine the material dispersion parameter at a wavelength of 0.85 μm, and estimate the rms
pulse broadening per kilometer for a good LED source with an rms spectral width of 20
nm at this wavelength.

FACULTY NAME: JANAK TRIVEDI

Fiber Optic Communication LAB (3161005)
Page 20
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
SEM.6th BATCH- B3
ENROLLMENT NO. 210210111038
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
BHAVNAGAR-364002

Code:
// As per Given data 6:
// Use eq. (2.13), (2.14) and (2.15)
lambda=0.85*10^(-6); //metre - WAVELENGTH
L=1; //km - DISTANCE
MD=0.025; //MATERIAL. DISPERSION - mod(lamda 2* (del^2(nl)/del(lamda) *2)
c=2.998*10^8; //m/s - VELOCITY OF LIGHT IN VACCUM
sigma_lambda=20*10^(-9);//metre - R.MS SPECTRAL WIDTH
M=MD/(lambda*c); //Material Dispersion Parameter
sigma_m=sigma_lambda *L*M; //R.M.S. pulse broadaning per kilometer

//Displaying the Results

printf("\t210210111038")
printf("\n\tMaterial Dispersion Parameter is %0.1f ps/nm/km.",M*10^6);
printf("\n\tR.M.S. pulse broadening per kilometer is %0.2f ns/km.",sigma_m/10^(-12));

Results:

Qustion:7 Estimate the rms pulse broadening per kilometer for the fiber in Example 3.6
when the optical source used is an injection laser with a relative spectral width σ λ/λ of

0.0012 at a wavelength of 0.85 μm.

Code:
// As per Given data 7:
// Use eq. (2.15)
lambda=0.85*10^(-6); //metre - WAVELENGTH
L=1; //km - DISTANCE
MD=0.025; //MATERIAL DISPERSION = mod(lamda^2*(del^2(n 1)/del(lamda) ^2)
c=2.998*10^8; //m/s - VELOCITY OF LIGHT IN VACCUM
sigma_lambda_by_lambda=0.0012; // sigma_lambda/lambda
M=MD/(lambda*c); //Material Dispersion Parameter
sigma_lambda=sigma_lambda_by_lambda*lambda; //R.M.S. Spectral Width
sigma_m=sigma_lambda*L*M; //R.M.S. pulse broadening per kilometre

FACULTY NAME: JANAK TRIVEDI

Fiber Optic Communication LAB (3161005)
Page 21
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
SEM.6th BATCH- B3
ENROLLMENT NO. 210210111038
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
BHAVNAGAR-364002

//Displaying the result

printf("\t210210111038")
printf("\n\tR.M.S. pulse broadening per kilometer is %0.2f ns/km",sigma_m/10^(-12));

Results:

Qustion:8 A 6 km optical link consists of multimode step index fiber with a core
refractive index of 1.5 and a relative refractive index difference of 1%. Estimate:

(a) the delay difference between the slowest and fastest modes at the fiber output;

(b) the rms pulse broadening due to intermodal dispersion on the link;

(c) the maximum bit rate that may be obtained without substantial errors on the link
assuming only intermodal dispersion;

(d) the bandwidth–length product corresponding to (c).

Code:
// As per Given data 8:
// Use eq. (2.12), (2.16) and (2.17)
delta=0.01; //*100 percent - RELATIVE REFRACTIVE INDEX DIFFERENCE
L=6; //km- LENTH OF OPTICAL LINK
n1=1.5; //CORE REFRACTIVE INDEX
c=2.998*10^8; //m/s - VELOCITY OF LIGHT IN VACCUM
//(a) The delay difference between the slowest and fastest modes at the fiber output
del_Ts=L*n1*delta/c;
//(b) The rms pulse broadening due to intermodal dispersion on the link
sigma_s=L*n1*delta/(2*sqrt(3)*c);
Bt=1/(2*del_Ts); //(c) The maximum bit rate
Bit=0.2/sigma_s; //improved maximum bit rate
BoptXL=Bit*L; //(d) Bandwidth-length product corresponding to (c)

//Displaying the Results

printf("\t210210111038")
printf("\n\t(a) The delay difference between the slowest and fastest modes at the fiber output is %1.0f
ns.",del_Ts/10^(-12));

FACULTY NAME: JANAK TRIVEDI

Fiber Optic Communication LAB (3161005)
Page 22
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
SEM.6th BATCH- B3
ENROLLMENT NO. 210210111038
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
BHAVNAGAR-364002

printf("\n\t(b) The rms pulse broadening due to intermodal dispersion on the link is %0.1f
ns.",sigma_s/10^(-12));
Results:

Conclusion: This experiment is about to know what is Transmission Characteristics of

Optical Fibers. When light signal travels over an optical fiber cable, it losses a part of its
strength due to different types of losses. This experiment also demonstrates mathematical
equations with examples of Transmission Characteristics of Optical Fibers.

Quiz:

1. Discuss v-number & mode supported by step-index fiber

2. Discuss mode fiber.
3. Explain numerical Aperture & mode supported by graded index fiber.
4. Discuss fiber material.
5. Explain linearly polarized mode fiber fabrication techniques & mechanical
properties.

Suggested Reference:
Optical Fiber Communication by John M. Senior

Reference used by Student:

Optical Fiber Communication by John M. Senior

https://youtu.be/r6p0ZwwgBCI?si=8--wWcH3Dm6_PmlL

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Parameters Attendanc Basic Capability Output Submissio Total

e in Lab knowledge of writing n of Lab
of topics Program Fair Copy
Marks

FACULTY NAME: JANAK TRIVEDI

Fiber Optic Communication LAB (3161005)
Page 23