(Mr.

Abhishek Sawant)
* Rectifies and Filtes
* Rec+ificotion -
Rec+ification is the process of conveting al+enating
Curren+ cAc)to direct Curent CDC).
OR
Rectific otion is the process of +urning on oltehatn
CurTent wave fom in+o a direct Custernt caveForm
|e.
creoting a new signal +hat has only o sirgle polort
OR
The process of +ransforming al+ernating Curent CAC)
into direct Current coc) by alowing the flow of the
Curent in one direc+ion onls is Called rectification.
7 Rectifier
A rec+ifier is an electical device tha+ Convets +he
altesnating carrent which periodically revetses 4he
direction +o direct current, which flows in only one
disection.
OR
A rec+ifier is an electicol device that Convetts the
alternating current (AC) nto direc+ cuent coc).

7 Crystal Diode Rectifies:

a. For reasons a ssociated with economics of qeneation &
tan5 mission the electic power aVailable is us ually
a.c:Suppiy. The Suppiy vtg Vaies sinuSoidally with
Freguency oF 5oH2.
b. There a e many oppliCations Ce-q ele c+oic cicuits)
where dC. Supply IS needed. when Such a
is required,the man aC d.CS upply
Supply is ectified by using
rstal diode. The Following +0o
Can be used. ecifier citcuits
) HaiF Wave rectifie
( ) Full- ove ec+ifier
a.centre-tap Full wave ec+ifer.
b. Ful Wave bidge
tectiFier.
 * Rectifier
Rec+ifiet is a device ohich convets altenating guanti49
into unidirectional oY direct quontity. The alternoting
guonti+y may be cuent or Voltaqe.

* Half Wave Rec+ifier

In haif Wave ectifier,the re c+ifie conducts Cuvren+
only during the posiaive holf- cycles of input acSuppiy
The negotive holf CycIes oF Q-c. SupPIy are Suppress ed ie.
conducted g
duing negat+ìve half Cycles no cutent is
olwayS
hence no vOltaqe appeas acrosS the lood. Current
Flowsin one diec+ion +htough the lood though oF+er
every hoif -cycie. Dio de

A:C. Vin RL Vout

Gupply

Fiq-ca) Haif wave Rectieier

V Vm

A.C. Irput
voltage /2T

D.C.output
Voltoqe 2T
3
wt’

* Working. Poinciple &

a. An qc. input s appled to the tansformet. +he
4r0nsformet is used to step the Voitage up or down.
The toansfomer povdes isolo+on from the Pouer
tine. It reduces the isk of elec+Hc Shock.
b. Only one diode is connected in seies whthe
secon doy ofF +he tansformer and the load vesisto
RL.
tansfor me
C. The Voltage acrosS the Secondoy oF the
1S ePresented by the equation V Vm Sinwt
Where Vm is the peak Value of a.C.

d. During +he posi+ive haf cycie of input a.c. Votage

+he diode is Forwatd bias ed and hence it conduc+s
Curent
e Vo|+age dOP acosS thne diode is vey snoll whichis
o3 For ger manium and o7 V For Sit'con diode. This
is called as offset Voltage'
f. During the negative hoif cycle, the diode is in the
revese bias ed. and i+ Conduc+s no curtent.
There Fore any vol+age is not obtain across the
load resistor.
SO The current Flows through RL always in the Same
direc4ion Hence dc. out Put is obtained actoss RL.
Current flows +htough diode duing positive hafcycle
of input a-c. ol+age only j it blocked
hoif cycles.
duing Negative
* Disadvontoges
|. The a.c. Supply deliyerS Power only half
+he time.
There foe +he output iS low.

2. The Pulsating urren+ in the loa d contains (a.c.)

al+ena+inq componen+s whose basic
Freguency 15
equal to the Supply Faequency. Therefore an elaboote
fiiHeing is equired to ptoduce disec+ cuse nt.
* Full Wave Rectifier
n full-w ove rec+iflcotion,current flows though +he lood
in the Same direction for both hoif-cycles oF input a-c.
Voltage. This Con be achieved with two diodes woking
alternateiy Fox the posj+ive holf cycie of input voltoge
one diode Suppies cuent to lood For negotive halfycle
the othe> diode does so, curren+ being alwoys in+he Some
direc+ion though the load. Di

RL
A:C.
w
Supply K Vout

Da

vi
Vm
A:C. Input
Voltage
3TT
wt’

DC Output
Voltage
3T

* Working inciple -
a. To +hi's +4pe both hoif cycles of the in pu+ Wove ae
used. It uses 4wo diodes and o trans For ner with
centre- tappe d seconday
b. Duzing the posi+ive haif cycie of secon doy Voltage,
+he diode D, is forwatd biosed and diode D: i's
reverse biased. The cuent Flo ws +hough D, RL
and uppe half oF +he Seconday indiing
C. Duing the ngotive haif cycle diode D2 is Fowd
biased and D, is in reves t biased , now the
Curent FlowS thouqh Do RL and lower haf of
+he Secondory winaing
d. The Load Cursent in both holf cucles is in the
Same disection. Thee Fore Full wave rec+ifie d tput
is obtain ed. CThese Fore dc. is obtained acsoss
+he lbad RL).

* Disodvan tages3
|. T+ is difficul+ to locate the centre tap on the
Seconday winding.
2. The dC. Out put is Sooll os each diode u+ili2eS
only one -holf oF +he tons formet Seondo Voltoge.
g. The dio des uSed ust hove hiqh peak invese

votoge

(M A.S.Sowont)
 * Full Wave Bidge Rec+ifier8
Fomer is
The need for a cen+re tapped Power tans
eliminated in the bidge rectifier. It contoins Four
diodes D,, D2, D3, D Connec+ed to Form bidge.
The a.c. SyPply +o be ec+ified is appied to +he
dia gonolly o pposite ends OF +he bidge though the
transformet. Between other two ends oF +he
4he lood esistance RL is connected.
biage
Da

A-C. RL
Supply kVout

D4 D3
Figco) Bidge Rectifier

Input
Volto ge

Out put
Voltage D2 D4 D, D3 D, Dy
T 2T1

* working Pinciple -
a.
Bidae vectifies is moe widely used +ype of fuil wave
rectifier. It requires fou dio des , but a Cente
4apped tonsformer iS not necess a
b. Duing the positive holf cycle of se con doy voitoge,
diodes D and D4 are in fo otd bios ed and
diodes Di and D are in Reve >se biased So
diodes D2 and D4 con ducts and diodes Oi & D3
do not Con duct. The Cutten+ FlowS through the
Secondavy winding ’ D2 ’ RL’ D4
c. Duing the negotive hoif cycle of seconday Votage
dio des Di and D are in forwod biosed and
dio des P2 and D4 oe n Reverse biosed So,

diodes Di and D Conduc+s ond diodes D28 D4

do not Conduct. The Curent Plows though the
Seconday wìnding ’ D3 ’RL D
d. Tn bo+h balf Cycles +he curtent Passes through
4he Lood resis+or is Sarme ditecton. There foe,
a fluc+uoting unidirec+ionol Noltage is produced
acroSs the lood.

| The need For cente -tapped tansfomer is

elimin ated.
2 The Output is twice thot of the cente-tap cicuit
for the Some se condoy Voltaqe.
3. The PIV s
one-half 4ho+ the Cente- tap circuit
Cfor Same dC. Output)

* Disodvontoges ?
|: T4 eguires Fout diodeS.
2 As duing each half- (sc le of ac input 4wo diodes
4ho+ Conduct are in Seies,
in the intenol
theefoe vo1+aqe dop
esistonce of the ec+ifying uni+
Coil be +wice os qreot 0s in 1he Cente -top
circuit.
This is objectionable whe n Seconday Vo|+ age is smll.
* EFiciency of FullWave Rectifier -
Fied.
Let. N= Vmsin 9 be +he a-c. Voita ge +o be re c+i
Let E and RL be the diode esistance ond Lood
esist ance espectively
ectifier cuil Conduct current throu qb the lood
The
bo+h haif cycles of input
in +he Sane direction for
C u r e n t 1 S 2iven
QC. Voitage. The instantoneous
by V VmSin 9
Ft RL

od

* D-C. outpu t Power P= V-I

Ldc = 2Im = Vac.Idc
= IdcRL
·Ldc
.. D-C- Power output Pdc = Tdc R .v=1R)
2

-(2Im) xRL
* AC. Tnput Power- 2

Pac= Tms ( F +RL)

2
Pac=
V2

Full wave oec+ification effíciency is

Pac (2 Imjn) XRL
Pac (Im A)x TF+RL)
 8 X RL O.812 RL O-812
ft RL |+f

O 812 RL

RL
The eFficien cy oi be maximum if rf is neqigible
as compaed to RL
Maximnum efficiency = 812o
* Tn Case of bidae ectifier,ec+iFico+ion eFFiciency
is qiven as
O- 812
|+ 2F
RL
7 Natue of Rec+ifier output -
Pulsating o ut Put of a ectifier cotains d.c. Component
and an "C. Component.
+50V +Sov
+50V
+32v
+32v +18V

’t

-32

- 5ovt figci) Figciiy

-50Vut Figc) - 5oVt

a. out Put of a rectifier is pulsating D.C., IA Contoins

a dc. Component and an a:c. Component.
b.The ac. Component is responsible for the Pulsa
+ionS in the nlave.
C. Any wave which Vaies in a equla manner hos
an a.C. ComPo nent.

d Fiaci) ShowS o Pure d·C: Compone nt

fig.cii) Show s the a-c: (omponen+
added +ogethes the esuita nt
t)ave is shown in fig Ci) this cwave never become
neaative although i+ Conains both acsdc Components
* Fi|ter Cir Cuits -
* Ripple -
A ipple is defined as th Fluc+uating Ac compon ent in
the ectified DC outPut.
The ec+ified Dc OUtPut coud be eithex DC Curent O

Dc voltoge. when the Fluctuoting Ac comPonent is present

in Dc cuvsent it is known as the current oipple ohile
+he fluctuating Ac component in DC voitage is known
as the voltage ipple.
The e Ffec+iveness Of a ec+ifier depends uponthe mognitude
of a.G. Component in +he oUtPut ; the Smalle this
Component+he more erfec+ive is +he rectifier.
* Ripple Factor
lhe atio of m.s. Vo lue of a.C. Cornonent +o the d.C.
component in the ectifie output is known as ipple
factoY I.e.

Rieele factoy = . m . S . volue of a-C. Component

Volue of d c. Component
or eple factor i5 +he ato of .ms. Volue of on
oltenoting Cuent Cormn ponent in +he rec+ified
out pUt +0 the aveage Value of rec+ified output.
The ippie fo ctor is denoted as Y. It is o dinension
less quantity ond olwayS hos a value less than unity.

The output curent of a rec+ifier Contoins dc. as well

as a.C. component. The undesire d a-c. Components has
a freq uency of l0o HZ CI:e. double +he Supply freguen
50 H2) and is Colled the ipple.
 7Fii+ex circuits
Q. lhe ec+ifie outPut Con+ ains dc cormponent as Wen
ac component
D. Ihe poesence of ac Component (ipPle) inthe
rectiFiey's output is esponsible for the Pulsations
In the waVe.

C. The outPut of a rectifie is Pulsating a d contains

a Steady dc. Component Cwith

undesirable ipples.
the electonic
IF Such a Pulsating d-c. is given +0
citcU+s it wil Produce hum Cdisturbonce).
There fore the a.C. Component Oripples have to
achieved
be kept aw ay fro mthe lood. This is
rectifer
by usina a Fiter cìrcuit in between the
and load.

AFte circuit is a device ohich emoves the ac:

ollows the d.c.
component of yectiFiet output but
Component to each +he lood.

Out Put
input

From Filter To Load

Rec+ifiet Circuit
 *,Capocitoy filter -(C- Filte)

Vm A
RL
Rectifies
OUtPut
’t

a. Tt consSt ofa capacito C olaced across +he rectiFier

output in Parallel with Locd R.

b. The pulsoting direct Voltage of +he rec+ifier is applied

aroSS +he CapacitoT.

C. As the oec+ifies voltaqe increases . it charge5 the

Capacitor and also SupplieS Castnt to the load
d. At tbe end of quates cy cle cpoint Ain Fia)the
Capacitor is chorqed to the peak value Vm of the
retifier Voltage. Now, the voit age stats deceose.
As this 0cur) +he capacito discharqes +hough the
load and voltaqe across it decreases(Shown by
AB in Fig:)
e. The vol+aqe acrOSS load awil decrease only Sghtly
becoUse innmedrotely +he next oltoge peok
Comes and echages the Capacitor.
This procesS is oe peated aqain &
be Seen that ve y
aqain. 1t may
little ipple iS lef+ in the
A: These fiites are Veyy Popular because Of its o w Cos+,
Smal si2e+tle weigbt &good Charac +eis+ics.
fo Small loa d Cur ent theu are us e d o
radio bottey eliingtos.
tanslstor
 * Seies Tnducto Filte-CL- Filter) 3

1 without filter oith

Supply
Foom VL VL
Choke Fil+e
RL VLmax.
Rec+ifier
Vdc
2T
wt
citcuit Diagrom outpu+ Voltaqewave form

a.In Series indvctor fiter the indu ctor is connec+ed

series with +he rect+ifier output and the Load
resistor. Thus, it is called Series indu ctor Eil+es.
b. The property of an inductor to block AC and
Provides zeto resiStance +o Dc is used in the
fil+eing citcuit.
ectifies is
C When the Value of DC out Put Fom
more than the averaqe Value +h en +he induc+oY
Ctore 4he e xcess cusrent in the Form of aqnetic
enegt
A. when the value of Dc Fron the rectifies is less
+han +he avetage volue then the inducto elease
+he S+ored maqnetlc eneraynoderto balance
+he effect of the low Volue of D-c.
e. In this cway seies inductot fil+er maintains
+he regulated Dc supply.
C. Irducto blocks +he Ac ipples present in the
output Voltage of ectifier thus Snooth DC siqhal
can be ob+ained.
Tn wave foms ave Forms oithou+ filter consis+
of AC ipples cwhile the wave fom coith fii+e
is requloted.
* Choke input fiiter- LC-Fil+e) -

L
1 o

A-C.t D.c.
Component
C
Load

a 1t Consst of ChokeL' connected in seies with the

acOSS the
rectiFe ou+put ond a fi +et Capaci+0 C
lood
b The Pulsoting o utput of the rectiFier is appiied acOSS
terminols & 2 of the Filter ciscuit.

C. PuSo+ing ou+Put of +he ectifie contains a .c. ond

d-C. Components. The Choke oFFets high oPPosi+ion

+o tne possaqe of a:c. component but negiigible

opPOsi+ion +o the d-C. Component.
d- Most of the a-c. component ap peats across the choke
cwhile whole of dC. Comnponen+ Passes though the
Choke on its wqy to Load. This esU1t S educed
Puls ation o+ terminol 3.

e, The low eactance of FilteY Capacitor byPasses the

a-c component but Prevents the d.c. component
+o flow through it. There foe oniy d.c. Component
seahes the Lood.
 *, Capacitor input fiter or TT- Fiter - CCLC Filte)

Rectifier Ci C2
oUtPut Load

’t

2 0

connec+ed across the

a Tt Consist of a filtey capacitox C,
ectiFiey outpt, a Choke Lin Seies and anothet
Fil+ey Caacitor C Connected a OSS +he load.

b. The Pulsgting output From +he ec+ifier is appied

filter.
Ca(YOSs +he input +emìnals Cie. I 4 2) of the
is
Filteing ac+ion by Ci »L& Ca of +his filtes
descbed below:
i) Fitex capocitor C offe>s low reactance to aG
ComPonen+S oF tectiFiet outPut twhi le it oFfeS the
infini+e reactance to the d-c. Compoent. theefore
capacitor CI bypa ss es an appeciable arnount of
ac: omponent while +he d-C. component Continues
i4'S yourney +o the choke L.
a) The choke L offers hiah oe aC tance to +he a.C

Component but 2ero eac+ance For dc comPonent.

ThereFore it allow s the dC. Component to Flow
throuqh it, while unby Passed aC. ConPonent
blocked.
( ) Flter capacitor C2 bypasses the aC. Com Pon en+
which the choke ha s failed to bloc k,theeFote,
Ony dC. Component appeass acrosS +he load Þnd
+hat is desied.
( mo A-S. SG wGnt)