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Command apropos whatis man-t ascii | ps2pdf - > ascii.pdf which command time command time cat dir navigation cd cd (cd dir && command) pushd. file searching aliasl='ls -l --color=auto'

Description Show commands pertinent to string. See alsothreadsafe make a pdf of a manual page Show full path name of command See how long a command takes Start stopwatch. Ctrl-d to stop. See alsosw Go to previous directory Go to $HOME directory Go to dir, execute command and return to current dir Put current dir on stack so you canpopdback to it

quick dir listing List files by date. See ls -lrt alsonewestandfind_mm_yyyy Print in 9 columns to width of ls /usr/bin | pr -T9 -W$COLUMNS terminal Search 'expr' in this dir and find -name '*.[ch]' | xargs grep -E 'expr' below. See alsofindrepo Search all regular files for find -type f -print0 | xargs -r0 grep -F 'example' 'example' in this dir and below Search all regular files for find -maxdepth 1 -type f | xargs grep -F 'example' 'example' in this dir Process each item with multiple find -maxdepth 1 -type d | whilereaddir; do echo $dir; echo cmd2; done commands (in while loop) Find files not readable by all find -type f ! -perm -444 (useful for web site) Find dirs not accessible by all find -type d ! -perm -111 (useful for web site) Search cached index for names. locate -r 'file[^/]*\.txt' This re is like glob *file*.txt Quickly search (sorted) look reference dictionary for prefix Highlight occurances of regular grep--colorreference /usr/share/dict/words expression in dictionary archives and compression gpg -c file Encrypt file gpg file.gpg Decrypt file Make compressed archive of tar -c dir/ | bzip2 > dir.tar.bz2 dir/ Extract archive (use gzip instead

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bzip2 -dc dir.tar.bz2 | tar -x tar -c dir/ | gzip | gpg -c | ssh user@remote 'dd of=dir.tar.gz.gpg' find dir/ -name '*.txt' | tar -c --files-from=- | bzip2 > dir_txt.tar.bz2 find dir/ -name '*.txt' | xargs cp -a --target-directory=dir_txt/ --parents ( tar -c /dir/to/copy ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar -x -p ) ( cd /dir/to/copy && tar -c.) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar -x -p ) ( tar -c /dir/to/copy ) | ssh -C user@remote 'cd /where/to/ && tar -x -p' dd bs=1M if=/dev/sda | gzip | ssh user@remote 'dd of=sda.gz' rsync(Network efficient file copier: Use the --dry-run option for testing) rsync -P rsync://rsync.server.com/path/to/file file rsync --bwlimit=1000 fromfile tofile rsync -az -e ssh --delete ~/public_html/ remote.com:'~/public_html' rsync -auz -e ssh remote:/dir/.&& rsync -auz -e ssh.remote:/dir/ ssh(Secure SHell) ssh $USER@$HOST command ssh -f -Y $USER@$HOSTNAME xeyes scp -p -r $USER@$HOST: file dir/ scp -c arcfour $USER@$LANHOST: bigfile ssh -g -L 8080:localhost:80 root@$HOST ssh -R 1434:imap:143 root@$HOST ssh-copy-id $USER@$HOST wget(multi purpose download tool) (cd dir/ && wget -nd -pHEKk http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html)

of bzip2 for tar.gz files) Make encrypted archive of dir/ on remote machine Make archive of subset of dir/ and below Make copy of subset of dir/ and below Copy (with permissions) copy/ dir to /where/to/ dir Copy (with permissions) contents of copy/ dir to /where/to/ Copy (with permissions) copy/ dir to remote:/where/to/ dir Backup harddisk to remote machine Only get diffs. Do multiple times for troublesome downloads Locally copy with rate limit. It's like nice for I/O Mirror web site (using compression and encryption) Synchronize current directory with remote one Run command on $HOST as $USER (default command=shell) Run GUI command on $HOSTNAME as $USER Copy with permissions to $USER's home directory on $HOST Use faster crypto for local LAN. This might saturate GigE Forward connections to $HOSTNAME:8080 out to $HOST:80 Forward connections from $HOST:1434 in to imap:143 Install public key for $USER@$HOST for passwordless log in Store local browsable version of a page to the current dir Continue downloading a

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partially downloaded file Download a set of files to the wget -r -nd -np -l1 -A '*.jpg' http://www.example.com/dir/ current directory wget ftp://remote/file[1-9].iso/ FTP supports globbing directly wget -q -O- http://www.pixelbeat.org/timeline.html | grep 'a href' | head Process output directly Download url at 1AM to current echo 'wget url' | at 01:00 dir Do a low priority download wget --limit-rate=20k url (limit to 20KB/sin this case) wget -nv --spider --force-html -i bookmarks.html Check links in a file Efficiently update a local copy wget --mirror http://www.example.com/ of a site (handy from cron) networking(Note ifconfig, route, mii-tool, nslookup commands are obsolete) Show status of ethernet ethtooleth0 interface eth0 Manually set ethernet interface ethtool --change eth0 autoneg off speed 100 duplex full speed Show status of wireless iwconfigeth1 interface eth1 Manually set wireless interface iwconfig eth1 rate 1Mb/s fixed speed iwlistscan List wireless networks in range iplink show List network interfaces ip link set dev eth0 name wan Rename interface eth0 to wan Bring interface eth0 up (or ip link set dev eth0 up down) ip addr show List addresses for interfaces Add (or del) ip and mask ip addr add 1.2.3.4/24 brd + dev eth0 (255.255.255.0) ip route show List routing table ip route add default via 1.2.3.254 Set default gateway to 1.2.3.254 Lookup DNS ip address for host pixelbeat.org name or vice versa Lookup local ip address hostname -i (equivalent to host `hostname`) Lookup whois info for whois pixelbeat.org hostname or ip address List internet services on a netstat -tupl system List active connections to/from netstat -tup system windows networking(Note samba is the package that provides all this windows specific networking support) Find windows machines. See smbtree also findsmb Find the windows (netbios) nmblookup -A 1.2.3.4 name associated with ip address wget -c http://www.example.com/large.file

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List shares on windows machine or samba server mount -t smbfs -o fmask=666,guest //windows_box/share /mnt/share Mount a windows share Send popup to windows echo 'message' | smbclient -M windows_box machine (off by default in XP sp2) text manipulation(Note sed uses stdin and stdout. Newer versions support inplace editing with the -i option) sed 's/string1/string2/g' Replace string1 with string2 sed 's/\(.*\)1/\12/g' Modify anystring1 to anystring2 Remove comments and blank sed '/ *#/d; /^ *$/d' lines sed ':a; /\\$/N; s/\\\n//; ta' Concatenate lines with trailing \ Remove trailing spaces from sed 's/[ \t]*$//' lines Escape shell metacharacters sed 's/\([`"$\]\)/\\\1/g' active within double quotes seq 10 | sed "s/^/ /; s/ *\(.\{7,\}\)/\1/" Right align numbers sed -n '1000{p;q}' Print 1000th line sed -n '10,20p;20q' Print lines 10 to 20 Extract title from HTML web sed -n 's/.*<title>\(.*\)<\/title>.*/\1/ip;T;q' page sed -i 42d ~/.ssh/known_hosts Delete a particular line sort -t. -k1,1n -k2,2n -k3,3n -k4,4n Sort IPV4 ip addresses echo 'Test' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' Case conversion tr -dc '[:print:]' < /dev/urandom Filter non printable characters tr -s '[:blank:]' '\t' </proc/diskstats | cut -f4 cut fields separated by blanks history | wc -l Count lines set operations(Note you canexport LANG=Cfor speed. Also these assume no duplicate lines within a file) sort file1 file2 | uniq Unionof unsorted files sort file1 file2 | uniq -d Intersectionof unsorted files sort file1 file1 file2 | uniq -u Differenceof unsorted files Symmetric Differenceof sort file1 file2 | uniq -u unsorted files join-t'\0'-a1 -a2 file1 file2 Union of sorted files join -t'\0' file1 file2 Intersection of sorted files join -t'\0' -v2 file1 file2 Difference of sorted files Symmetric Difference of sorted join -t'\0' -v1 -v2 file1 file2 files math Quick math (Calculate ). See echo '(1 + sqrt(5))/2' | bc -l alsobc seq -f '4/%g' 1 2 99999 | paste -sd-+ | bc -l Calculatethe unix way More complex (int) e.g. This echo 'pad=20; min=64; (100*10^6)/((pad+min)*8)' | bc shows max FastE packet rate smbclient -L windows_box Python handles scientific

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notation Plot FastE packet rate vs packet echo 'pad=20; plot [64:1518] (100*10**6)/((pad+x)*8)' | gnuplot -persist size Base conversion (decimal to echo 'obase=16; ibase=10; 64206' | bc hexadecimal) Base conversion (hex to dec) echo $((0x2dec)) ((shell arithmetic expansion)) Unit conversion (metric to units -t '100m/9.58s' 'miles/hour' imperial) Unit conversion units -t '500GB' 'GiB' (SItoIECprefixes) units -t '1 googol' Definition lookup Add a column of numbers. See seq 100 | (tr '\n' +; echo 0) | bc alsoaddandfuncpy calendar cal -3 Display a calendar Display a calendar for a cal 9 1752 particular month year What date is it this friday. See date -d fri alsoday exit a script unless it's the last [ $(date -d '12:00 +1 day' +%d) = '01' ] || exit day of the month What day does xmas fall on, this date --date='25 Dec' +%A year Convert seconds since the epoch date --date='@2147483647' (1970-01-01 UTC) to date What time is it on west coast of TZ='America/Los_Angeles' date US (use tzselect to find TZ) What's the local time for 9AM date --date='TZ="America/Los_Angeles" 09:00 next Fri' next Friday on west coast US locales Print number with thousands printf "%'d\n" 1234 grouping appropriate to locale Use locale thousands grouping BLOCK_SIZE=\'1 ls -l in ls. See alsol Extract info from locale echo "I live in `locale territory`" database Lookup locale info for specific LANG=en_IE.utf8 locale int_prefix country. See alsoccodes List fields available in locale locale -kc $(locale | sed -n 's/\(LC_.\{4,\}\)=.*/\1/p') | less database recode(Obsoletes iconv, dos2unix, unix2dos) Show available conversions recode -l | less (aliases on each line) Windows "ansi" to local charset recode windows-1252.. file_to_change.txt (auto does CRLF conversion) recode utf-8/CRLF.. file_to_change.txt Windows utf8 to local charset recode iso-8859-15..utf8 file_to_change.txt Latin9 (western europe) to utf8 echo 'pad=20; min=64; print (100E6)/((pad+min)*8)' | python

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recode ../b64 < file.txt > file.b64 recode /qp.. < file.qp > file.txt recode ..HTML < file.txt > file.html recode -lf windows-1252 | grep euro

echo -n 0x80 | recode latin-9/x1..dump echo -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..latin-9/x echo -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..utf-8/x CDs gzip < /dev/cdrom > cdrom.iso.gz mkisofs -V LABEL -r dir | gzip > cdrom.iso.gz mount -o loop cdrom.iso /mnt/dir cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom blank=fast gzip -dc cdrom.iso.gz | cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom cdparanoia -B cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom -audio -pad *.wav oggenc --tracknum='track' track.cdda.wav -o 'track.ogg' disk space(See alsoFSlint) ls -lSr du -s * | sort -k1,1rn | head du -hs /home/* | sort -k1,1h df -h df -i fdisk-l rpm-q -a --qf '%10{SIZE}\t%{NAME}\n' | sort -k1,1n dpkg-query -W -f='${Installed-Size;10}\t${Package}\n' | sort -k1,1n dd bs=1 seek=2TB if=/dev/null of=ext3.test > file monitoring/debugging tail -f /var/log/messages strace -c ls >/dev/null

Base64 encode Quoted printable decode Text to HTML Lookuptable of characters Show what a code represents in latin-9 charmap Show latin-9 encoding Show utf-8 encoding Save copy of data cdrom Create cdrom image from contents of dir Mount the cdrom image at /mnt/dir (read only) Clear a CDRW Burn cdrom image (use dev=ATAPI -scanbus to confirm dev) Rip audio tracks from CD to wav files in current dir Make audio CD from all wavs in current dir (see also cdrdao) Make ogg file from wav file Show files by size, biggest last Show top disk users in current dir. See alsodutop Sort paths by easy to interpret disk usage Show free space on mounted filesystems Show free inodes on mounted filesystems Show disks partitions sizes and types (run as root) List allpackagesby installed size (Bytes) on rpm distros List allpackagesby installed size (KBytes) on deb distros Create a large test file (taking no space). See alsotruncate truncate data of file or create an empty file Monitor messagesin a log file Summarise/profile system calls made by command

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strace -f -e open ls >/dev/null strace -f -e trace=write -e write=1,2 ls >/dev/null ltrace -f -e getenv ls >/dev/null lsof-p$$ lsof ~ tcpdump not port 22 ps -e -o pid,args --forest ps -e -o pcpu,cpu,nice,state,cputime,args --sort pcpu | sed '/^ 0.0 /d' ps -e -orss=,args= | sort -b -k1,1n | pr -TW$COLUMNS ps -C firefox-bin -L -o pid,tid,pcpu,state ps -p 1,$$ -o etime= last reboot free -m watch -n.1 'cat /proc/interrupts' udevadm monitor system information(see alsosysinfo) ('#' means root access is required) uname -a head -n1 /etc/issue cat /proc/partitions grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo grep "model name" /proc/cpuinfo lspci-tv lsusb-tv mount | column -t grep -F capacity: /proc/acpi/battery/BAT0/info # dmidecode -q | less # smartctl -A /dev/sda | grep Power_On_Hours # hdparm -i /dev/sda

List system calls made by command Monitor what's written to stdout and stderr List library calls made by command List paths that process id has open List processes that have specified path open Show network traffic except ssh. See alsotcpdump_not_me List processes in a hierarchy List processes by % cpu usage List processes by mem (KB) usage. See alsops_mem.py List all threads for a particular process List elapsed wall time for particular process IDs Show system reboot history Show amount of (remaining) RAM (-m displays in MB) Watch changeable data continuously Monitor udev events to help configure rules Show kernel version and system architecture Show name and version of distribution Show all partitions registered on the system Show RAM total seen by the system Show CPU(s) info Show PCI info Show USB info List mounted filesystems on the system (and align output) Show state of cells in laptop battery Display SMBIOS/DMI information How long has this disk (system) been powered on in total Show info about disk sda

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# hdparm -tT /dev/sda # badblocks -s /dev/sda interactive(see alsolinux keyboard shortcuts) readline screen mc gnuplot links xdg-open.

Do a read speed test on disk sda Test for unreadable blocks on disk sda Line editor used by bash, python, bc, gnuplot, ... Virtual terminals with detach capability, ... Powerful file manager that can browse rpm, tar, ftp, ssh, ... Interactive/scriptable graphing Web browser open a file or url with the registered desktop application

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