-A/B.Sc-I emester - IT SSYLLABUS K.U., Kurukshetra, C.D. Sirsa and G.J.U., Hissar B.A. / B. Se. Ist Year SECOND SEMESTER VECTOR CALCULUS : (BM - 123) Maximum Marks: B.Sc. +40 Time Allowed : 8 Hours: BA.-27 Note. The examiner is requested to set nine questions in all, selecting two questions from each section and one compulsory question consisting of five parts distributed over all the four sections. Candidates are required to attempt five questions, selecting at least one question from each section and the compulsory question, Section -I Scalar and Vector product of three vectors, Product of four vectors. Reciprocal vectors. ‘Vector differentiation, Scalar valued point functions; Vector valued point functions, derivative along a curve, directional derivatives. Section - IT Gradient of a scalar point function, geometrical interpretation of grad 4, character of > gradient as a point function. Divergence and curl of vector point function, characters of div f > and cur! / as point function, examples. Gradient, divergence and curl ofsums and product and their related vector identities. Laplacian operator, Section - IIT Orthogonal curvilinear co-ordinates, Conditions for orthogonality. Fundamental triad of mutually orthogonal unit vectors. Gradient, divergence, curl and laplacian operators in terms of orthogonal curvilinear co-ordinates, cylindrical co-ordinates, spherical co-ordinates, Section -IV Vector integration, line integral, surface integral, volume integral Theorem of Gauss, Green, Stokes and problems based on these.SYLLABUS M.D.U., Rohtak, C.B.L.U., Bhiwani and I.G.U., Meerpur, Rewari B.A. / B. Se. Ist Year SECOND SEMESTER. VECTOR CALCULUS : (BM - 123) Hours ‘Maximum Marks: B.Sc. = 40 Time Allowec B.A.—26 “Note. The question paper will consist of five sections. Bach of the first four sections will contain two questions and the students shall be asked to attempt one question from each section. Section - V will contain six short answer type questions without any internal choice covering the entire syllabus and shall be compulsory. Section -I vectors, Product of four vectors. Reciprocal vectors. Vector valued point functions, derivative Scalar and Vector product of three | Vector differentiation, Scalar valued point functions, along a curve, directional derivatives. Section - II Gradient of a scalar point function, geometrical interpretation of grad 4, character of gradient as a point function. Divergence and curl of vector point function, characters ofdiv f surl of sums and product and ae | and curl fas point function, examples. Gradient, divergence and e | their related vector identities. Laplacian operator. Section - III dinates. Conditions for orthogonality. Fundamental triad of Gradient, divergence, curl and laplacian operators in terms , spherical co-ordinates. © Orthogonal curvilinear co-or tually orthogonal unit vectors. rorthogonal curvilinear co-ordinates, cylindrical co-ordinates, Section -IV integration, line integral, surface integral, volume integralPages Chapter : Lea 7aig Review Chapter is 11 = 1387 1. Multiple Products of Vectors ei [ i 21 — 230 2. Differentiation of Vectors * = 3.1 — 3.70. {L3. Gradient, Divergence and Curl ssa eh 3.70. (4. Curvilinear Co-ordinates “ 41 — 440 e Vector Integration ~~ 5.1 = 5.42 Gauss’s, Green's and Stoke's Theorems oe 61 — 6.39 © Short Answer Questions 1-6 © Question Papers @ — Gr)Students have already studied vectors in plus two classes. However, for the sake of revision, we give a brief review of the results and theorems on vectors, which will be quite useful in our farther study. a! a DIRECTED. LINE SEGMENT A portion of a straight line between two given points is called a directed line segment, if we are able to distinguish these points, as initial point and terminal point. ‘Thus, in fig. 1, if we take A as the initial point and B as terminal point, then we say that the straight line is directed from A and B and write it as AB. Associated with the directed line segment we have its ~(@) Length (i) Support (ii) Sense (Length of AB is the distance between the initial point A and terminal point B and is. => denoted by the symbol | AB |. (i Support is the unlimited line of which the directed line is a portion. In fig. 1, line Lis the support of AB. (ii) Sense of AB is from A to B ie., from its initial point to terminal point. ET > SCALARS AND VECTORS: 1. Scalars: “A quantity which has magnitude only and no direction is called a sealar. For example, _length, mass, temperature, time, speed, area, energy, power, volume, density, resistance etc., ‘are all scalar quantities. = ak =ed a vector. For example, te 1 jell as direction is ca! am se are all vector quantities, A quantity which has both magnitude ee forve, velocity, acceleration, momentum, displacement, weight ete. Representation of a Vector: : it direction, it can be conveniently Since, avector is completely characterised by magnitude and direction, In fig. 1, the directed segment AB represents a vector a the directed line segment BA we can also say that represented by a directed line segment. whose length is AB and direction is from A to B. Similarly, represents a vector whose length is BA and direction is from B to A. Thus, vector is a directed line segment. 4. Notation of a Vector: = A vector is generally denoted by a directed line segment such as AB or by a single small i CSUh .d by letters in thick (bold) type e.g., a, letter with an arrow e.g., a, 5 . Vectors are also denoted by betc., known as clarendon type. - Magnitude ofa Vector: = ‘The magnitude or modulus of a vector AB (or @)is the length measured between A and B > > and is denoted by | AB| (or | @ |). Thus, we see that vectors AB and BA have the same magnitude although they have different directions (opposite). D>-TYPE OF VECTORS a @ Null Vector or Zero Vector. A vector whose magnitude is zero is called null or zero , . ae 7 2 vector. In such vectors, the initial and terminal points coincide. Zero vector is denoted by 0. = > —> Avector AB becomes a null vector if the points A and B coincide. For example, AA and BB are zero vectors. The length of the null vector is zero. Gi) Unit Vector. A vector whose magnitude is unity is called a unit vector. Generally a unit vector is denoted by @ and is read as ‘a cap’ where - Obviously, |@|UR SATE Ta) (i) Bawal Vectors. Tivo vectors are said to be equal if they have (a) the same length (b) the same or parallel support (c) the same sense (direction) In fig. 2, the vectors @ and B represented by directed line segments AB and EF have equal length, same support and same sense. Hence, @ - or AB = EF. (iv) Coinitial Vectors. All vectors having the same initial point are called co-initial SS ea vectors. Thus, vectors OA, OB, OC are co-initial as they have the same initial point O. 4e) Like and Unlike Vectors. Two vectors are said to be like if they have the same direction and unlike if they have opposite directions. Equal vectors are always like vectors but like vectors may or may not be equal vectors. g (vi) Collinear Vectors. Two or more vectors are said to be collinear vectors if they have the same line of support. > By ‘Thus, three points A, B, C are collinear if AB = m BC, where m is any scalar. (ii) Coplanar Vectors. Vectors are said to be coplanar when they lie in the same plane or are parallel to the same plane. (iii) Localised Vector. A vector having a fixed initial point is called a localised vector. For example, force is a localised vector, as it is completely determined if its magnitude, direction and point of application are all known. (x) Free Vector. Vectors whose initial points are not fixed are called free vectors. (x) Negative of a Vector. A vector 6 whose modulus is the same as that of a given vector @, but whose direction is opposite to that of @ is called the negative of @ and is written > as ~@. Thus, 6 =-@- ZaADDITION OF VECTORS 1. Triangle Law of Addition : Let @ and. B be two vectors, To define their sum we take @ point O and draw veetor OA parallel to @ and AB parallel to ®, Such that the terminal point of vector @ is the initial point of vector 3. Join OB. Then the vector OB is defined as the sum of two vectors @ and & and is written as > + 2 23> OB = 0A+AB=a+b This is known a8 triangle law of addition and is stated as follows : “Iftwo vectors are represented by the two sides of a triangle taken in order, then their sum is represented by the third side of the triangle taken in the opposite order”. 2, Parallelogram Law of Addition : > a If OA represents avector @ and OC represents a vector ees B, where OA and OC are two adjacent sides of a parallelogram zs OABC having a common initial point O, then theirsum @ + B is defined as a vector represented in magnitude and direction by aN the diagonal OB of the parallelogram. o> > oO > ‘Thus, OB = OA+0C=a+b ‘This is known as parallelogram law of addition. -/ PROPERTIES OF VECTOR ADDITION Te 1. Vector Addition is Commutative 42> >> ie, a+b =bita. 2. Vector Addition is Associative > >> OD? ie, a+(b+e)=(at+b)teRATE TEAR EE LE) ‘SoExistence of Additive Identity Forany vector a there exists 0 such that > > > as0-04a-a 0 is additive identity. For any vector @, there exists another vector ~a such that @+(-@)=Ca)+a=0- = ~@ is additive inverse of @ > DIFFERENCE OF VECTORS EE se >? If a, be any two given vectors, then their difference @ — @ is defined as > o_o @-B=a+(-b). EE > MULTIPLICATION OF A VECTOR BY A SCALAR SS Let @ be any given vector and m a given scalar. Then the symbol m a is called the product of vector @ and scalar m. The product m @ is such that @ the magnitude or length is given by 3 |m@.|'="Im|"| @ |. Thus, the length of m @ is m times or —m times that of @ according as m is positive (including zero) or negative. (i) its support is the same or parallel to that of @- (ii) its sense is the same or opposite to that of @ according as m is positive or negative. Properties of Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar yyy cr a) @ ma=adm @reeeeds FOO J (ii 0.d =0= 2.0 @) mand Mime] OF = LS ; pain ()(m4n)a@ ema tna (vi) m(a+b)=ma+mb. (eA OF eo maa ys map Je pra yd> POSITION VECTOR Dre ay Let O be a fixed point and A be any other point, then the vector OA is called Position vector of point A. To express a vector in terms of position vectors of its end points. 4 Let AB be the given vector and O be the origin. A B Then, by triangle law of addition, 2 > => OA+AB = OB Sees or AB = OB-OA oO AB Fig. 5 AB = Position vector of B — Position vector of A. P VECTOR JOINING TWO POINTS Tf P(x, ¥,,2;) and Q(x», ¥», 2.) are any two points, then the vector joining the points P “oh is > A and Qis PQ and isgiven by PQ = (x2 — x)? + (99-4) + (zy — 2h | => and magnitude of PQ = (xp ~ x1) + (yp — 94)? + (2y — 24)". a > DIRECTION COSINES AND DIRECTION RATIOS OF AVECTORIN TERMS OF COMPONENTS. a E a A An, If @ =a, 2 +a, )+ayf is any vector, the > n the sealar components of vector @ are the direction ratios of vector a. ‘on ration of Z. ‘Thus, direction ratios of @ are are the direction ratios and ay q, D a oth ct <- 2. 3 are direction cosines of vector 4 - yea? a > SCALAR (OR DOT) PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS a Let @ and B be any two vectors and @ be the angle between them, then the scalar product of @ and & is denoted by @. and is defined as > > > @.8=|21 |B | coso where |@|=aand|b| =0. _._ From the above definition, it is obvious that @.@ is a scalar quantity since | @ |, |B | and cos @ are all scalars. @. 8 is also called dot product and read as a dot b. The product @.@ is positive, negative or zero according as 0 is acute, obtuse or right angle. Some Important Remarks : LL. Let @ be any vector. Then @.@ = |@| | @ | (cosine of angle between @ and @). =|@] |@|coso°= |e] |a|=|@ |? [: cos0=1] 2 re ZG, then 0 is not defined and in this case, we have @. ‘Thus scalar product of @ with itself is square of length of vector @. Bos’ —— If @.b =0, theneither @ = 0 or 6 = U orcos0=0ie,0= =. ) = 0 if and only if @ and @ are If @ and & are two non-zero vectors, then @.B perpendicular to each other (i.e. 905 5. Ifo=0,then @.6 =|@| | |. In particular, ¢.¢ = |@ |. Ifo=n,then 2.6 =-|@| | BI. In particular, @(-@) =-|@ |?, 7. Angle between two vectors is given by 2? eel yeyre =) 1B | cos 0 = ab. Bf F and Bare like veetors, then 0=0= 2,8 = 1211 01 9% If @ and } are unlike vectors, then > ab. pe SEB = [2B | cone - 10. If @ and B are orthonormal (ic., perpendicular) then x -5 2 which is the condition of perpendicularity of two vectors. ° cular coordinate 1.16? P Rare three unit vectors along three mutually perpendice axes, then}? = LI. cos 0°= 11 =1. Similarly, RP Also, fas) Similarly, nm 1. The scalar product of two vectors is commutative i 33 o> Le, a.b=b.a. 2. The scalar product of two vectors is associative with respect to scalars ie, If @ and B are two vectors and m isa scalar, then a 3, > (m@).B = m(a.b) = a(m.b) 3. The scalar produet of two vectors is distributive with respect to addition ie., If @,b,c are any three vectors, then SES ia oe aD a.(b+e)=a.b+a.e 4. 2.b=0 @a=0 or B=0 or aid. 5. Analytical form of scalar product Ifthe vectors @ and B be defined as alge Aan lp, @ =aita,j+ayk and +> GB =ayb, + ayby+ ayy.DP ANGLE BETWEEN TWO VECTORS y CNET : ‘ ha ayrran \bire b 0, 2, in Re > A 4 ha ‘The angle O between twoveelors, @ = af ra, j+agh and & = bE tbr J +bs4 is given by ayb, + aghy + ab, cos @ = ——— 2171 * S22 * B93 Ya? saz +a? Jo? +b) + by Remarks : LIf@ is parallel to zB then there exists sealar i such that ¢ ay Prag stash =Mb P+ bf +bsh) => a, =2b,, a3 = Aby ay = 2b, => 2 is = 2.1f @ is perpendicular to 6, then @ = 90°, 2.8 =ab cos 90° =0 => a,b, +4, on ue D> VECTOR (OR CROSS) PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS fn e Definition. The vector product of two vectors @ and is written as @ x B and defined as the vectora@xb=|@|||sinOA,where A is a unit vector perpendicular to both@ and & such that @,,n are in right handed orientation and 0 is the angle between Zand (0<0<2. Some Important Results : L fd» B-=7, theneither | @ |=0or| B|=0 or sind =0 => either @=0 or 6 =Oor0=0orn. 2. If @ and B are two non-zero vectors, then a parallel or collinear. E then @xB=|@l|b|n andifo= whe 3. If6= In both the cases, the magnitude of vector @ x is same but the directions are opposite,Since sin 04.0, for <0 sin O=1 axb=lal|B|sino Here, @, 8 and @x® forma right handed system of mutually perpendicular vectors. As 7, j, are mutually perpendicular unit vectors, we have xf Reh Bnd ge Pak. ij & If @ and@® are unit vectors then | @|=1, |@|=1 \ @xB=sinon => |axB|=sin0 S 9. The sine of the angle between the vectors @ and © is given by sin 0 = | BI 10. Clearly (@ x 8) is a vector perpendicular to the plane of @ and 6. Also—(a x 8) is perpendicular to the plane of @ and ®. Therefore, unit vector perpendicular aS to each one of the vector'é and & is given by N= +|_2*® ry laxB| 11, Area of parallelogram with adjacent sides @ and B = | @ xB 12. Area of triangle with adjacent sides @ and @ =P PROPERTIES OF VECTOR PRODUCT 1. Vector product is not commutative If @ and B are any two veetors, then @ x B +B x a, but a 2. Vector product is associative wart. scalar If @,B are two vectors and m is a scalar, then m(a x B)= (ma)xB = ad xm). 3. Distributive Law Vector product is distributive with respect to vector addition i.e., if three vectors, then @x(B +e) = ax Bsr axe. (Gprennion Between Vector Product and Scalar Product — j@xBP=|eP bP [email protected]. 2,8, @are anyStudents are already familiar with dot and cross products of two vectors. In this chapter we shall study the product of three or more vectors. | 1.1. TRIPLE PRODUCTS ee We know that a x B is a vector, therefore we can find its dot product and cross product with another vector ¢ . Thus we can find (ax B).¢ and (ax b)xe. Product (a x 6). ¢ isascalar and is called sealar triple product. It is also denoted in compact form as [a 6 c]. Sees Product (a x 6)x ¢ is a vector and is called vector triple product. ( Wecan multiply @ xb both scalarly and vectorially with another vector ¢ because (@xB) and ¢ are both vectors. ii) As dot and cross products can be determined only between the vectors and [email protected] is not a vector, so dot product or cross product between scalar (a. b) and vector ¢ has no meaning. (iii) Since @. 8 isa scalar, therefore (a.b) ¢ represents a vector whose length is | a. b | times that of ¢ and its direction is same or opposite to that of ¢ according as a. is greater than or less than zero, In case a. b= then (a,b) ¢ represents a null vector.T DETERMINANT FORM OF THE SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUC Le Let aaarep er tree ak B = di tb j+bsk Z nejtecejrest AAA "7 i i forming a right & are unit vectors along three mutually prependicular directions . handed orthonormal triad of vectors. off oe Now axb=|a, a, a3 by by by = (dyby ~agh) f+ (agb, Bg) J + (aby — 420) ane Cnet t ef tegk (ax B). € =(agby ~aqby) €, +(a5by —44bq) Cp + (a4 by ~ 91) Cy ee ey] a a ay = ]a, a, a[=-|q c cy Unterchanging R, and Ry] By by bm] fb by bs ea >) [Ot Os, or [ab cl=|b by bs Unterchanging R, and R,] Cn ey 1.3, PROPERTIES OF SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCT [re Property 1. Scalar triple product [a b ¢]isnot changed ifthe cyclic order of the vectors is maintained and changes its value in sign only if two are interchanged. Proof: Let = ai tagjtaghk chal = bith, j tosh eh tend toshPo jondicular directions forming a right [MDETIELE PRODUCTS OE VECTORS | TTT eee where 1, j,& are unit vectors along three mutually per? handed orthonormal triad of vectors. Then yor» | 42 4% m la b cl =|b, by | “4 ¢ & ail [Refer Art. 1.2] b, by by by by by) Jar a 4 Be ar=ler ee exf=-lar a aaf=[h be bs 2) ay ay a3} |e co e| ler c2 % From (1)and(2), fa Be] =[b ¢ al Similarly we can show that (Beal=leabl Thus lavel=(beal=leebl Ifcyclic order is changed, consider soa | &% 4% a, ay ay fee bl=le co ¢y|=-]b: b 63] — Unterchanging Ry and Rol b by bs cc. ey =-l[abec)} Similarly we can show that Paes [Bacl= ‘Thus, it follows that (B2 Gand (2b al BE ei-Beeq(eabi=-(ee bl {K.U, 2010) ay i tag p+ ask 1 1 Pa dy p+ byh ei tcgstegk ReeNow, bxe =lb, by bs cy 2 a, a2 A +A) a(bxe)=|b, bbs ee rept Also, xd =|a, a2 4% by by by cc os a a2 4% (2) (ax B).e =a, ay ay[=|br 2 bs bby bs] I 2% [Property of determinants] From (1) and (2), we have a.(bxe)=(axb).e ze ‘Property 3. Scalar triple product is zero when two of the three vectors are equal. so5 | 2 & Proof: Wehave [a a c]=|a; a2 a3 1 Cy. O Aliter:Clearly [a ab] =( so5 [a bal =( " i ol So {baa} Hence the result, 0 ol Property 4. Scalar triple product is poverty 4 Bee iple product is zero when two of the three vectors are as Proof: Let a and & be two parallel vectors out of three vectors 2. 2.2 de. ane ‘Therefore b=na or by Pa byf+bgh =a, +Ray FP +day fhMULTIPLE PRODUCTS [OM VECTORS See ig which gives b= Aa, by = Ray and by = hag Now Te la be da, day 1 t cy 44 a5 a, ay ee Ls R, and R, are identical] Aliter : sp In the scalar triple product of three veetors, let a and 6 be parallel vectors res b=ha So IS ‘Thus la b cl=[a ra ec] =(axha).e =A(axa).e=0 Likewise we can show that scalar triple product is zero if @ and ¢ are parallel or 6 and ¢ are parallel. Consider a parallelopiped whose coterminous c edges OA, OB and OC are represented by three vectors Gae. a,b, ¢ respectively in magnitude and direction. Les Now ax is a vector whose magnitude is the lars jo area of parallelogram OALB, whose adjacent sides OA and OB are represented by the vectors > > > aand b respectively. Also direction of ax6 is perpendicular to plane OALB. Fig. 11EUS WEETO! iq «ast of parallelopiped, then Pee eee Pande and p be the height of P ye the angle between (@ * p =(OC)cos0 Now, (ax bie =laxbl Le [cose 0) = (Area ofparallelogram OALB) (OC ¢08 gram OALB) (P) = (Area of parallelo; ram OALB) (height of rallelopiped) = (Area of parallelog pa = Volume of the parallelopiped 33> Helopi ‘Thus scalar triple product of three vectors @ + b,c is the volume of the parallelopiped having vectors a, 6, ¢ as its coterminous edges. © 1 2,8,,2 forma right hand triad of vectors then © will be acute. Therefore scalar cae triple product (ax). ¢ is positive. > = Yue find (Bx 2). , obviously the direction of n will be opposite to that 8 n as as ‘shown in the figure and in this case 0 will be obtuse and scalar triple product (b x a aoe is negative. Deductions From the geometrical interpretation of the scalar triple product, we now make following deductions. ‘ ee Deduction 1: We have seen that (ax ).c represents the volume of the oS parallelopiped where @, 6, ¢ are represented by its coterminous edges OA, OB and OC. It +45 can be easily seen that (Bx c).a and (ea). 8 also represent the volume of same parallelopiped. It shows that scalar triple product [a 6 e] i is not cha: as order of vectors is not changed. inged if the cyclic Deduction 2 : In the scalar triple product, dot and cross can be interch: ged change > eaine provided the cyclic order of a, 6 and c is maintained. 325 Proof. Let 4,6, ¢ form a right hand system of vectors a coterminous edges of parallelopiped of volume V, Then eeMOTTTEP PRODUCTS GF VECTORS Te (axdb)e =(bxe Ne etead).e [Deduction 1)... Since dot product commutative, therefore it suggests that eB F atest) ag) (Bx thee tbs) io ERC TPs eee) ca From (1), (2), (3) and (4), we have Cee! 622 Rn a)F 2 0.2) (aia) 5) From (5), we can write (@xb).e =a@-(bxe) ee xe). =8.(exa) ee (exa).8 = 2.@xd) ‘These results show that dot and cross can be interchanged provided cyclic order of is maintained. (® It follows from deduction 1 above that a la b c)=[b c al=le a 6) Gi) Let V (volume of parallelopiped) Thus oe EOREM ‘ ae The necessary and sufficient condition that three non-parallel and non-zero es >>> vectore a,b, e are coplanar is (a b ¢] =0. [K.U. 2006]- Proof, Condit n is Necessary : Suppose a, b, ¢ are three non-parallel and non-zero coplanar vectors: sa5 i iped = 0 As @,B, € are coplanar, therfore volume of the corresponding parallelopie +3 - la b cl=0 Condition is Sufficient : Suppose @, B, ¢ are three non parallel and non-zero vectors such that fa b c]=0 ie, (axB).e =0 It shows that 2x2 is perpendicular toe. But a B is perpendicular to the plane containing @ and B. > a -. @ liesin the plane of @ and 6 Hence a, 6, ¢ are coplanar. » VOLUME OF A TETRAHEDRON Let ABCD be a tetrahedron whose three edges AB, AC and AD be represented by three vectors @, 6 and ¢ respectively. ~. Volume of tetrahedron = (area of A ABC) x (height of D above the plane ABC) UFrom Geometry) Fig. 12 area of parallelogram whose two adjacent edges are AB and ac] x (height of D above the plane ABC).Kore) i a. b.© and dare the position vectors of the vertices A, B, C, D of a tetrahedron ABCD then AB=0-@, AG=c-a, AD=d-a Volume of tetrahedron=1{3 9 ¢-a dal 2. Four points A, B, C and D with position vectors a,b, ¢ and dare coplanar if the volume of tetrahedron ABCD is zero 1s eso US if gle-@ c-a d-al=0 ie, if (b-a)x(e-a).d—a)=0 ie, if [be dl-lb ec altlbd al-le d al=0 Find the volume of parallelopiped whose edges are represented by @=2t-afiak Bati2f— Rh, e=38-jrek. (M.D.U. 2014, 13; K.U. 2013] So Solution. Volume of parallelopiped = [a 6 c] 2-3 4 =[1 2-1 Sg -1 2) =2(4-1) +3 (24+3)+4(- 1-6) = 6415-28 T= cubie units. (numerically). Find the value of s0 that the following vectors are coplanar Qeol-7j snk, B=i+2j-k and e=3)-5j+2k- (MDU. 2015) +o o5 Solution. As a, 6, ¢ are coplanar vectors, therefore [a 6 ¢ |~~ RRR ARTO CALCULA ay ail -1/=0 2 = awa | | | | 2 or 24-5) 7(24.3)42-5-6)=0 or ‘Show thatthe vectors a-2b+3¢, -24+3b-4¢ and a-36+6 ¢ are coplanar, (M.D.U. 2013, 12) -2435-1-0 => Solution. Lot f= 2b aad reels we > Pelee Vectors are Coplana, q =-2043b-40 “ Ra Tx a-38s50 Now, qxr=(-2a+3b-4¢)x(a-38+5¢) 6 (2x B)-10 (ax ¢)+3(Bxa)+15 (Bx 0)-4 (exe) +12 (ex) \ ay [L-@xa=bxb=exe=0] (ax b)43(Bxe)+6 (exe Using axb=-bxa etc.) =3(ax b)+3(bx c)+6(exa) (Using a a@ ete. See aie ae ae P.(GxT) =(4-2648e).[8(axb) +3 (Bx 0)+6(cxa)) =3fa a b]+8la b cls6la ¢ al-6[b @ Bl-6IBB cl-1218 ¢ al eye llanens las ible? Lagi +9le a bl+9le B el+i8le cal =8{a 8 el-1218 ¢ alvole @ Bl bla @ B]=0ete.] =3[a B cj-12[a b cl+9la be] =o! Hence, p,g,7 are coplanar as none of p,q, 7 is zeroand G, 7 are not parallel. (M.D.U, 2015)[MOLTPLE PRODUCTSIGF VECTOR: Now, qxr a(becdx(e+a) error ts 2 oo eo 9 (a+b).(bxe+bxatcxa) a " 2B) 8. Px e482 x a+b. xe) 4B .Bxa)+b.(exa) Bo 355 35> 29> Ber, poe la Beel+la b al+la c al+[b b c]+{b b al+[b c al so, oo [p qr] =a b c]+0+040+0+(6 c a] So S33 oo J=la B cl+[b c aj=2la 6 ec). sos, > >> 33> Express a,b,c intermsof bxc,cxa,a@ ee eo Solution. Suppose a =/(bx ¢)+m(c xa)+n(ax ] (1) where scalars /, m, n are to be determined. — Multiplying both sides of (1) sealarly by a , we have +4 ee oe ESS Zc a dl@xe)+a.mexa)sa.n(axb) 9 DE BP PY BE, PO os or @.@ as a.b a.e m= 5 and’n= [S55 fa bc] la bc] Substituting the values of , m, n in (1), we get > 2. et, 2b Ot, ae a - 24D 04 OO (ex a) + (ax) (abel [abel [ab elLaz a3 Similar iy wwe can prove that ee piel aay pera > Te oh bb ergy lace oho Be Fel [a bc) WOT 2 oo, Sb de EB), ‘aia mabe cee If a,b, bethreenon coplanar vectors, show that a 2377? Zicta 8 el? Solution. Let = aitagstask ad (M.D.U. 2017, 14, 15; K.U. 2017 = fsb jerk = often) +egh 2B a (agby—byag) t+ (agby ~agbg) J + (andy aad) B xe =(yeq —byeg) i +(bse1 Bila) J + (bien ~ Baer) & 2x @ = (cya ~Cy@tg)# + (6904 ~ C449) J + (C2 ~ C20) yby—agby asd, aby aby —Ayb, J=| byeg—bycy Bycy —Byeg yea — bye Cyl —Cgy Cy —Cy@g_ Cy — Cy ©, Cy Cy =|Ar Ap As B, B, By AD where capital letters A,, Ay, A; ete. denoti Saar 1» Ay, Ag ete. denote the co-factors of the corresponding small % a, ay by by by % Cy eg A, A, aos [Ar Ay Ay ¢ exal=|B, By B, c > ‘Then from (1), [ab bx 1 Cy Cyay by Co {From determinants) Soo =la b cl’. For alternate solution, see example 6(i) (upto eqn.1) on page 1.28. Example 7. Prove that the four points with position vectors (M.D.U. 2017) 4i+5f+k, —j-k, 3is9fsak and 4(-i+j +h) are coplanar. Solution. Let the points whose position vectors are given be denoted by A, B, C and D respectively. : eens Obviously points A, B, C, D are coplanar if AB, AC, AD are coplanar. Now, fh bee f+ =-42-67 -2k Seed nein oheel ing ote Sn on AC=(Bi+9f+4h)-(i+5f+h =-1+4j+3k = ae ees + aap AD=4(-1+j +h)-(4i+5j + kh) =-81-j +3k a poe to {AB AC AD]=|+1 4 3 -8 -1 3 =-4(12+3) +6 (-3+24) -2 (1+ 82) = - 60 +126 -66=0 ~ 3 3 ‘Thus AB, AC, AD are coplanar. Hence points A, B, C and D are coplanar. Show that @ fab e+dl-ta B el+ta b dl (K.U. 2016) eae | Na es re Gp (2 B40 d+ ite B diste B elsta ec dita ec el Wistributive lawl] See ote Solution. () [2 6 ¢+dl=(axb).(e +d) Baha ingen = dxB.ceaxbed0 s+ > > fax(b+ end +e) axeydre) (xB). d+(@xd).e (2B die B eile e +bf +0?h, C=ire axeyd axe 4 23> 2 di+(ac el j +e! h arenon-coplanar {M.D.U. 2016; K.U. 2013] 1+6? |= 0, then show that abc =~ 1. Solution. Here, vectors £ B, @ are given to be non coplanar 8 b b/d +abe) u y oD) {Given} {Splitting the determinant] (Using properties of determinants] [Using (D)| MULTIPEETERODUETSIOF VE 4 5. i. Evaluate 7.(7xh)+@xd).3- SKE abot Show that the vectors @=+3j +h, same plane, Find the volume of the parallelopiped whose coterminous edges are represented by the vectors : @ fafak, P-fek, iaaf-k Ww miefisk Git) af-afsah, P+27- (iv) 72-5f-38, 2+2f-2, -3b +7) +58 Find the value of 4, so that the following vectors are coplanar : a=2i-47 45h, B=t-2j +k, @=30+2j 5h Spits ne aiid, ns Rae 8 sD a=i+2af+k, B=di+27-Th, c=5i+6) -5h > > (ii) @=23-f4k, D=t+2f-ah, C=si+ajp+5k IKU. 2010) Show that the following vectors are coplanar : SEAR ae MRAM ERE teh os a @ a=fs2p+k, b=3i+2)-7h and c-5i+6)—5h vy Phot fy oh tea eeee and Peete eta eh Gp @=2sf+2h, B=f42f 48h and ¢ 6142) +5h Show that the following points are coplanar : ep eas es ei ome 2a+3b-c, a-2b+3c, 3a+4b6-2c and a-Gb+6c> where a,b,c. are three non-coplanar vectors. a ee ee na Show that the vectors a-26+3c,-2a+3b-4c¢ and ~b +2c are coplanar. >>> >> xb+bxerexaisa If @, b, ¢ are the position vectors of A, B, C, prove that veetor perpendicular to plane of A ABC. (K.U. 2004] Sey ee > [Hint : Let d=a@=xb+bxe+exa. Show that d is perpendicular to plane AB, BC and CA]Ba Bc 2 10. nu. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 21. TRTOR EAR 5 Oo IFS C4+4,4+B are Bre 5 ir and only if Sie Uv anvecrs eben if and coplanar Peis b glee < sayy a (os gb mul Show that [7m nla b e]=|™-@ mo > en BBE _ > Ba dy-o and Z and © arenot parallel, tors. If a (BD * & 325 Let @, 6, ¢ be three non zero vee! i > e scalars. then prove that @=4B +we, where * and ware som Seba oF Prove that (a ~ b).[(b - c)x(e = a)|=0- ABCD is 1,4 NC ADI. Hence find the S D, (2 1, 3) (3, 2, 2) Show that the volume of the tetrahedron he points (1, 1, volume of the tetrahedron formed by # and (3, 3, 4). ae e tetrahedron having a+ 6, and c+a as o> e + + Show that the volume of th ey e +> @, b, ¢ as concurrent concurrent edges is twice the volume of the tetrahedron having edges. Show that [a, 3 Peete Quis? dia eel (ie, scalar triple product is distributive). Show that the points with position vectors are coplanar. Show that four points having position vectors (4,5, D, 0-1, - 1), (8, 9, 4) and 4, 4,4) 6i-7f, 164-19} 42, 32-68, 2745) +108 are not coplanar. Show that four points having position vectors 4h48)+12h, 22+4f+6k, 8245) +48, 57 +8) +5h are coplanar. Find 2 so that four points with position vectors 6743) +2h, Bf 44f 44h, 5647) 438 Raa hink Gi + 8s i+nj + 4k, 5147) +3k and -13/ +177 —k are coplanar. . Sgt, -ehuiey Ua eanae ye Kixpress bee, exaondax6 intermsof a,b,e abr eit Reagr The vectors OP = 6/ +12) +13h turns thro ugh an angle = ab * ‘i the positive side of the y-axis @ about O passing throug! on its way. Find the vector in the new position.(MULHRLE PRODUCTS OF VEHORST a [ ANSWERS. ] 260 8.(i) 4 Gi) 286 cubic units Gii) Teubie units (iv) 90 cubic units Ww 3 (ii) -4 1. § +_@Bxe).@xe) 2, ( {abel Similarly we can write expressions for ¢ xa and axb a 8,2 are any three vectors, then the cross product of @ and b x ¢ or cross product is called vector product of three vectors and is written as a «(6 < ¢) or respectively. 2 > oe 1. Ingeneral, ax(b x c) # (ax b)xc ee ee ees 2 ax(bxc) or (ax b)xc isa vector. & (2% 2) isa vector which lies in the plane of B and ¢ and is perpendicular to @ and (@ x 8)x ¢ is_avector which lies in the plane of @ and 6 and is perpendicular to = ch as 1.8. EXPANSION FORMULA FOR VECTOR TRIPLE PRODUCT ee Soe Sera To prove that () ax(b xe) = (a.e)b-(a.b)e. (M.D.U. 2013, 121 : | WGxBxe = @.e)[email protected])a.pray Proof, (let a= ut aed Pen febyde? Jace dtest oe Bxcea]h be bs 4% % 4 * — byes) yey — b Chara Baoan B10 +1 papanding along first row) = (byeg ~ ba%2 s 3 he ? J a = ayb eo + 2yb90) f yey + Agb1¢3 4 (agbaty— Aabsha MaPaea * 11P 261) j = (agbyCq— 2gboey — 49301 * O91 + (aybgey — 41 1°3 — agboly + Agbsen)k (1) [Expanding along first row) Also mae, + 49¢2 +2303 Now, (2 .2)[email protected]) 2 = (ae, + 40% +406) E+ by j +by 2) (aby + agbp +gb,) (Cy E+ 6) + 0%) = (ayb ey + agb Co + sb yey — 00,2 ~ A byeyi 1 # (abyey + agbyey + asby0y ~ 44409 — Agbyey — Agbs°2) J + (aybyey + aybyey + ag = Ab Cy — aybyey — AgbsCa)k bye5~ ayb20 —agbycy)? + laybyey + aybyeq — a yb yey ~aybye,) 7 + (aybye, + ayb, 32 1b 0g — agb.¢g) hFrom (1) and (2), we have ax(bxed=(a.e)b-(a. bye Gi) Proof is on similar lines as in part (3). We can remember the vector triple product as follows : © @xBxe) = (@.c)b-(a. dye = (middle vector) (Dot product of remaining vectors) ~ (other vector of parenthesis) (Dot product of remaining vectors) @ (axB)xe = (a.c)b-@. ea = (middle vector) (Dot product of remaining vectors) ~ (other vector of parenthesis) (Dot product of remaining vectors) Show by an example that @ «(bx )+(axB)xe. Solution. Let a@=i+2j+3k Bu2isajeak Bon ono eo =8i+4j 45h oe axbe=l1 23 2.3.4 =(8-9)i+6-4)j+8-Hk a-feaj-k ny ey td © (axBxe=|-1 2 -1 304 5=O 444-84 BH 4-Ok =14)42)-10k ijk Also, Bxesl2 3 4 3.45 =(15 - 16) + (2-10) /+(8-Hk =-fs2j-k Ppt ax(bxe)=| 12 8 ple =C2-6)f+(-3+D/+Q+Dh =-8)-2)44h (2) From (1) and (2), we observe that 2 oo ax(bxc)#(axb)xe SS In general a (bx ¢)#(ax6)x ¢ . If we apply some conditions on these vectors, then equality holds good as shown in the following example. >>> oo oS > Show that ax(bxc)=(axb)xe iffa ande are collinear. Solution. Condition is necessary : Let axBxej=(ex Bee ae 28-32-28 _@ Zz io C08 CBE B22 BP ahh oy oe or (e.b)a-(a. bye =0 SN> o> ax(b x ¢) is perpendicular to both (exaeb=0 which implies either @ =0 or ex a@=0. But b+0 exa =0 @ and c are collinear vectors Condition is sufficient : Given @ and © are collinear Let eine: (@xb)xe =(axb)xda =al(a.a)b-(a. Bal es ee Also, ax(bxec)=ax(bxia)=(a.rta)b-(a.b)ha [email protected])b-(@.B) al poy Baye ep reaps ty From (1) and (2), we have (a x b)x ¢ =ax(bx cc). 2, > SindapearsS eS Hence a x(6 x ¢)=(ax b)x ¢ iff @ and ¢ are collinear. soe oem OS Show that a x(b x e) +b x(e x a)+ ex(axb)=0 Solution. Wehave @x(8xe)-(a.c)b-(a.b)e. [email protected] Ux(@xB=(e.bya-(e. ad Adding (1), (2) and (3), we get a a ee oes a x(bxe)+bx(exa)+¢x(axb)=0- taajeah, B-i+j-h Ifa= ef a and b x 2) [K.U. 2008] ) 2) 43)Solution, pees + > ax(bxe Rae ( af-2ira jak 2 i j=|2 0 4h) =4+12-16=0 (ex@x die = ha j-ab.airay+ 2 _ > ax(® x c) is perpendicular to a - Tex@xey.@xe) =i +4f-40.C 2-28) =-8+8=0 Also = So a@x(B xe) is perpendicular to bx ¢ - = eee If @,b,¢ be three unit vectors such that @x(b x ¢)=> B 5 find the angles which @ makes with 6 and ¢ where 6 and ¢arenon-parallel, —_(M.D.U. 2013] Solution, 13 2 12 53 2 es or 0 es, As b and ¢ are non parallel vectors, therefore @.¢ -2=0 and 2 oo (@.b)=0 = Ja] {B|coso=0 23 = cosd=0 [~ a, b are unit vectors! am 2 [v @ and © are unit vectors) bis.® s I ss ; ! = gR 18 3 gs te = >. Se 24 'S S ss rs 5 % 3 gS & 85 ee = FS : § te : 8s ts Se ts a te tS = te te 40 ete T2 te te te te po ao Se ie ts ts : 1 ts 73 te % = ie te t2 7 to ' to s =) 9 Vids te: ts 42 fs ts te Neier 5 48 a rae tor Ue = os te g me te x 1S 46 fee tet me aS Te fe te 2 45) 8 Te £ tS Te Ux te te TE TY te te te qt, ¢ 2 terete tote 8 te te ta te te 12 te oS 8 ge Poe oe we WET OTe ew a ore se te te Te 4 = moe Beg x ix ix gb Ste Ge xe te 5 rit: 3 18 19 1S 2° & s te pees & aa SEG E g Ets g re i 3 e,. 2 2 g q 3 te te zg 2 A Ss ts @ 4 16 e — > “Tab cl#0VECTOREALE Soot etl 40 Then from (1), we have [a «> Bee 6 al rab Bee 2 are non-coplanar 5 Vectors ax by bx es we have .coeding as in part nee eqn.(1).™ he) ay abd cP lexb bxc exe ‘Asvectors @, by ¢ arccoplanar [a bel=0 gaab a. ly oo tata? o BeB a8. Prove that [axb bxe exal=la be]? =| 2-4 De reat c.a c.b © [M.D.U. 2012, 10, 05; K.U. 2008] Solution. [@ x8 Bxe ex x B)B x exe x a) By.Ex2).2) 2-@xe). 0a) @le-[8 e ela) label’=|b.a bb bie (2) Ss a e.g ¢.6 e.¢ From (1) and (2), we have Dios o aq.a a.b a.e So > Sols SS > oo laxB Bxe exal=labcl?=|b.a b.b b.c ae c.a ¢.Bb e.c ‘Example 8. |Z Bo 1f 2,8, ¢ are three vectors such that ab = @ and B x ¢ =a, show that three so Sates vectors @,b, ¢ are orthogonal in pairs and |b |=1,| ¢|=|4- (K.U. 20161 s Solution. To show that three vectors a, b, +3 33 oF @ are orthogonal in pairs, we must prove that ¢,b=a.c=8.¢=0 (@ Given je mately bye . a. 333 or @abi=0 sob Similarly, 1B a bl=0 Also given that Bex or BB iso2=0, Thus, wehave 4 i - al in pairs: ary orthogonal Hence, @, By ¢ are axbe Gi) F 12) jal-lel ls 6. =9) [Given Bx ¢=@] i nef ‘Solve the following vectors equation for ¥4¥xa=B where @,8 arenon parallel vectors. [K.U. 2014] Solution. Given Feexaed a) 2.242. x tae rorered (2) = Again from (1),(MURTIPLE PRODUCTS OF VECTORS or @xxs(a.a)x-(a.x)a = as Geote Gi bya (3) [Using (2)) {a? denotes square of length of vector a] Adding equation (1) and (3) we get, 8 Wa=2t+5f-7h, b ; ~afea pak, C=2-2)+38; compute (ax b)x e and @x(B x @) and verify that these are not the same. (M.D.U. 2014) 4, Prove that ix(jx h)= 5. Prove that (@xB)xe = @x(bxe) ifand only if (ex a)x B=0. 6: Show that in general a x(Bx e)#(ax B)xe- 1 Show that Tx(ax 1)+ fx(ax f+ hx(axb=2a. \M.D.U. 2014, 061>> > B At py gs F aonote tho vectora Bxe, cxa, ax b respectively, then show thay ° Spy ak ey ge ee L @ isparallelto gxr,b to rxpandc to p*d (1M.D.U. 2004, sae o> > > 1 angles which # 8. If a8 2 are three unit vectors such that Bx(@ x @)= ¢ » find angles which § makes with ¢ and @;¢ and @ being non-parallel. (M.D.U. 2012, 07; K-U. 2017) 1 5vi4* Bs hig uns Ba IATL eet (@x Bx 2-103 7-76 F858; 2x (8x 2) =80 7-102 7-502. cola = >: 1.9. SCALAR PRODUCT OF FOUR VECTORS Le 2 oo >> a If a,6,¢ and d be any four vectors, then the scalar product of ax b and exd is called scalar product of four vectors and defined as which is known as Lagranges identity. Proof. Let us suppose that ass > + i, (xB). xd) Unterchanging dot and cross]=(e.a)(B.d)-Ce =(@.e(b.d)-(a.d)\(B.e) so > 5) (| _la.e Bb. | { led ¢-d|.] Cor. (ax BY = a2 Bt (2B - Proof: (ax BY =(ax b).(a xB) > Bee ee aia bia) gage. by. a.b b.b ees 1.10. VECTOR PRODUCT OF FOUR VECTORS a Ss > If @, 6, ¢ and d_ be any four vectors, then (a x b)x(e x d) is known as vector product of four vectors and { \ ee (ii) (ax b)x(exd)=la SS ab @ (axb)x(exd)=1 dib-t Proof. (i) Let us suppose that (@ x 6)= p. (ax B)x(exd)=px(exd) (ii) Let us suppose that (¢ x (2x B)x(exd)=(ax b)x =(@.p)8-(@. patecxdna tacexdnb leedib-ibe dla aor @xB and is coplanar with? an, - (Bs Bhat) iso vetr perpenientar to 8B dis cop oe @and 5 ; ith @ and B . Also it is perpendieulgr to ¢ x @ and is coplanar with exe @ Solution. (3x ¢).(@xd)=(8.a)(e.d)-(B. d)(e. @) Refer dre 1g Also, (@xa).(bxd)=(2.B)(@.d)-(e.d)(a. b) 2) and (2x8). xd=(2. 28.2). d).(B. 2) 8) Adding (1), (2) and (8), we get (x2). (axd)+(ex2).(Bx dele xB).(exd)=0. Prove that (»¢)x(exa)=La Bele and hence deduee that [Bxe bea ax Bl-le Bb cP, [M.D.U. 2006) et F > Solution. Let bxe=p \en 2) Bx e)x(exd)=Pxie xd) ae =(.a)e-(p. eye on =((bxe), a} ex eae Sag “[beale-Be eyeoo (tsfb © e]=0 Deduction exe exa axblel(bxe)x(exay.(axb) ale Bele te2b) [Using (D1 =la Belle a bl ee ees =la b cella & cl=[a 6 el? Sia Pos ey Show that ax(b xe), bx(exa), ex(axb) are coplanar. = teu. 2016, 14; M.D.U. 2013, 08) Sa > > x(e xa) and r ex(axb)) a5 eet Nxfe x(a x B)) ey alxi(e.b)a-(e.@)b] ace > Let a.b =x; b. z ee dey ey gg ee. gxr=((xe -ya)x(ya-zb)] => =. > Ee aie >> BG xP ale xB x Obey Cx a) 22 (2 x B)+ yz (ax db) (vex e =01 + eee 9 eo =((a.c)b—(a.b) ec). {xy (e x a)—x2(c x b)+y2z(a x b)} its ete se eee By See SRG BEE maye[B ¢ al-az2(B c bl+yz"[b a Bl-x*yle ca) +x%2[e e Bl-ayzle ab] too ee sayz(a B el-ayzla b el [Since Le ¢ a] = Oct.) =0 +35 Hence, p,q, r are coplanar.a NTR, [ Example 4, ] + oy > op b, ey 4i| where a=a,ita,tye 3 Prove that 21(ax b)x(exd))=| 1 ease 1 ad + ash ete, a, by ee a, by ¢y dy Solution. We know that (axd)x(exd)ela b dle-lab eld URef Art. 1.16 oe eC =]a2 by dyle-lay by ela “ty a3, by ds ay by cy Spey ams ese ac Lstas et Also, (axb)x(exd)=la ¢dlb-lbe dla ma dl, Jo a a) = [42 ¢2 d2/b-|by cy dela wn(2) a 3 ds| [bs cy dy Adding (1) and (2), we have Sy boy op -a@-be@ >> oo 2Mlaxb)x(exd=|% &% & dy by by as G) (ax b). > 3 exd) ey Gt he Wi) (ax b)x(e xd). abt ay Sr 2. Ifa and 6 lie in a plane normal to the plane containing ¢ and d , show that nd (ax b).(exd)=0.MULTIPER PRODUCTS GF VECTORS ia If a,b, cand dare any vectors, then show that axtbx(ex da(b.d)axe)-(b.e)(a xd) and. hence show that axlbxlex(dx ema de.e)-(e. dla. enbra.bl(e.d)e—(c. eid). 4. Show that (Bx e)x(axdys (ex ae(Bxd)+(axb)xCexd)=-2la b eld Fite’ eld efi 6 Show that @xI(7 x B)x(gx e))+ Bx(Px e)x(gx als ex Px a)x(gx bI=0 [K.U. 2012) Show that laxbB exd exfl=la b dile 7. Prove that (a= b).(e xd) (M.D.U. 20151 8. Prove that (ax 5) x lelaxr Bxp exql=0- 9, Show that lox p. bx¢. 10. If the vectors @, 8, cand d are coplanar, then show that (ax b)x(e xd)=0 W.D.U. 20141 1. @ —38 Gi) -177-197-8h a 1.11. RECIPROCAL SYSTEM OF VECTORS ee If @, B, ¢ are three non-coplanar vectors so that [a, 6, ¢ | # 0, then the three vectors a',b', ¢' defined as >, Bxe exe axd ee la be] lab el te bel are called reciprocal to the vectors a,b, ¢ .[M.D.U. 2015; K.U. 2007) - so5 Proof. aa’ a. 8 = la Bb ela label] [abel 2 R22 Pee ay Similarly, .6'= 6.3% weal, [abe] [abel 2 22a so ax ay eae ener aleialb) =). SSS 5 SSS [abc] [ab c) +3, >, is Due to this property, triad of vectors a’, 6’, ¢’ is called reciprocal triad of non coplanar vectors a,b, Property 2. To show that ek 7 Proof. ab wig OR. Lexa) [abc] [abe] 5 _laecal_ 0 Fa ih or ae [abc] [abe] Similarly, we can show that other scalar products are zero. > > perty 3. To show that| a'.(b'x c’ [K.U. 2007]Proof. By definition, Now, bx (xa)x(axb) SaaS Fee label ta fa b cl Cane bih oid, tb aby ‘Whered =e xa la bel? _(d.b)a-d.ayb la b cP o>, aaa a’ .(b'xe")=a' 5 la bc) pees aoe Bxe a@__{beal SSS SSS SSS labcl label [abcP eae tees So [abe] a.(bxe) Property 4. dhe orthonormal vector triad i, j,k is self reciprocal. rae eer ae Proof, Let ?", }', k! be reciprocal vectors of #, }, & respectively. Similarly we can show that j’ jand hi =k a A Hence orthogonal vector triad i, j, & is self reciprocal.If r isany vector, show that: @ PeGiaasr. bb Giede 1K.U. 201 Ss sae san + >>, Gi) r= (r.a)a's(r.b)b'4(reede Solution/ (i) Let = keep’ ™ ot ae atyb+ A) Multiplying both sides of (1) scalarly by & x ¢ , we have P (bx e)=xa (bx e)+y b.(Bxe)+2€ (be) =xlabel Similarly, we have > o> 55 H(r.a)at(r. BN b+(r. ede ii) Similarly a as - (i) Similarly we can prove that A =x > 244 oes oy mou es ra(r.a)a's(r.b) bar, . pee oe by interchanging a,a’; 6, b' and ¢, c’ in the above solution. Diiinetbigct q 4 ) fe NE = peal mel) f tg bo CB ¥C)[NUETIPLE PRODUCTS OF VECTORS [ ‘Example 2. l Given @ = 2) -j oD 77 ots j-Rand © =i + 3j-h. Find the reciprocal triads a',b' e: and verify that [a B ella’ b c'l=1- 2 Solution. We have [a B cl = |2 1 Now, i 2 + _ #x? |? al [abe] 43 y fe? 4 Now, [a/b'c']=—{| 8 -5 Gee ae 1 = [72 Texisxi6 | [M.D.U. 2014, 12, 07, 03; K.U. 2005, 03 -1 3 1-1] =20143)412+1+36-D 3.44 =4-1415=18 PR ies oth et 358 is ~—-«i8 ¥ gk 3-1 Rint 8 oo ot =p} _5 7-78 is yg 81-57 -7h] en “13 eae pts 2t+sf+ah ie qe eieaye aa Sl eat =7| =—by 12 © 20 +56) ~ (82-14) +5 (64-101 as) 4 -18+270) = 324 __1 18x18xi8 18 ce’ denote the reciprocal triad of vectors, prove that {M.D.U. 2017, 16, 15; K.U. 2017, 14)VECFOMEATEG Gy yy yioRa es ax(Bxe) Solution, asa? = ax label label (a c z Ay + 4 exa Bx(exa) label (2) 8), a | 1. Show that reciprocal vector triads are both right handed or both left handed. o> 335 2. If a,b,c and a’,6',c’ are the reciprocal system of vectors, prove that +5 a.a'+b. i {K.U. 2015) 3. Find the set of vectors reciprocal to 335 5. If a’,b',c' denote the reciprocal triad of vectors, show that ane Sy oa (ax b+ (Bix e+ (ex aly St be I [a be}