NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPPALLI -620015
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ICLR10
THERMODYNAMICS AND FLUID MECHANICS
LABORATORY

Name:
Roll No:
Department:
Section:
Session:
 CONTENT

S.No. Date Name of the experiment Marks Faculty sign

i
Ex. No: Date:

PERFORMANCE STUDY OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Aim: To determine the efficiency of a centrifugal pump

Apparatus: Centrifugal pump test rig, Stopwatch.

Theory: A pump may be defined as a mechanical device, which converts mechanical energy
into hydraulic energy, increasing the flow head. The centrifugal pump falls into the category
of rotor dynamic pumps. In this type of pump, the fluid is made to rotate in a closed chamber
(volute casing), creating centrifugal action. This gradually builds the pressure gradient towards
the outlet resulting in a continuous flow. These pumps are more suitable for handling viscous
& turbid fluids & can be directly coupled to high-speed electric motors. The pressure gradually
builds up in successive stages.

Procedure:
1. Fill the sump with clean water.
2. Keep the delivery & suction valve open.

3. Switch on the pump & close the delivery valve slightly to read the delivery pressure.

4. Note the time to collect for 10 cm water level rise in the collecting tank.

5. Note down the pressure in each stage.

6. Repeat the experiment for different openings of the delivery valve.

Observation:
1. Area of the collecting Tank (A) = _______ m2

2. Energy meter Constant (K) = _______ imp/kWh

3. Total head (H) = ________ m

4. Number of stages =_________

1
Formulae:
𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝
1. Pump Efficiency, 𝜂𝑃 = 𝑃 ∗ 100 (%)
𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡
Where,
Pshaft = Pe * ηmech kW
Mechanical efficiency, ηmech = 0.75
𝑊𝑥𝑄𝑥𝐻
2. Pump Power, Ppump = 1000 𝑘𝑊
Where,
W = specific weight of water = ρ*g = 1000*9.81= 9810 N/m3
Q = discharge in m3/s
H = head in m
𝑛 𝑥 3600
3. Electrical Power, Pe = 𝐾𝑥𝑡 𝑘𝑊
Where,
n = Number of blinks of energy meter for 10 cm rise of water level
t = time taken for n blinks of energy meter (sec)
K = Energy meter constant (imp/kWh)
𝐴𝑥𝑅
4. Discharge rate, 𝑄 = 𝑡 m3/s
Where,
t = time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank
R = Rise of water level in water collecting tank = 0.1m
A = Area of collecting tank m2

𝑣 𝑃
5. Total Head, H = 10* (delivery pressure + vacuum head) = 10*(𝑃 + 760 ) m
Where,
P = Gauge pressure in kg/cm2
Pv = Vacuum pressure in mm Hg

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of centrifugal pump

2
Model calculations:

3
Table:

Delivery Vacuum Time Number Electric Shaft Total Discharge Pump Effi-
pressure pressure taken of power power head Q (m3/sec) power ciency
P Pv for blinks Pe Pshaft H Ppump ηp
(Kg/cm2) (mm 10cm during (kW) (kW) (m) (kW) (%)
Hg) rise t 10cm
(sec) rise

Graphs:

1. Total head vs. Discharge

2. Pump efficiency vs. Discharge
3. Pump output vs. Discharge

Results:

4
 PERFORMANCE STUDY OF RECIPROCATING PUMP

Aim: To determine the efficiency of a reciprocating pump.

Apparatus: Reciprocating pump test rig, stopwatch.

Theory: The reciprocating pump is a positive displacement pump, i.e., it operates on the
principle of actual displacement or pushing of liquid by a piston or plunger that executes a
reciprocating motion in a closely fitted cylinder. The liquid is alternately
• Drawn from the sump and filled into the suction side of the cylinder.
• Led to the discharge side of the cylinder and emptied to the delivery pipe.
The piston or plunger gets its reciprocating motion (moves backward & forward) utilizing the
crank and connecting rod mechanism. In a double-acting reciprocating pump, suction, and
delivery, strokes occur simultaneously.

Procedure:
1. Fill the sump with clean water.

2. Keep the delivery valve and suction valve open.

3. Note the reading of the delivery pressure gauge and vacuum gauge.

4. Note the time taken for a 10 cm rise in the water collecting tank.

5. Also, note down the number of blinks for a 10 cm rise.

6. Repeat the experiment by varying the delivery valve opening.

Observations:
1. Area of collecting tank, A =________ m²

2. Density of water, ρ = ________ kg/m³

3. Energy meter constant, K = ________ imp/kWh

4. Total head = __________

5
Formulae:
𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝
1. Pump Efficiency, 𝜂𝑃 = 𝑃 ∗ 100 (%)
𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡
where,
Pshaft = Pe * ηmech kW
Mechanical efficiency, ηmech = 0.75
𝑊𝑥𝑄𝑥𝐻
2. Pump Power, Ppump = 1000 𝑘𝑊
Where,
W = specific weight of water = ρ*g = 1000*9.81= 9810 N/m3
Q = discharge in m3/s
H = head in m
𝑛 𝑥 3600
3. Electrical Power, Pe = 𝐾𝑥𝑡 𝑘𝑊
Where,
n = Number of blinks of energy meter for 10 cm rise of water level
t = time taken for n blinks of energy meter (sec)
K = Energy meter constant (imp/kWh)
𝐴𝑥𝑅
4. Discharge rate, 𝑄 = 𝑡 m3/s
Where,
t = time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank
R = Rise of water level in water collecting tank = 0.1m
A = Area of collecting tank m2

𝑣 𝑃
5. Total Head, H = 10* (delivery pressure + vacuum head) = 10*(𝑃 + 760 ) m
Where,
P = Gauge pressure in kg/cm2
Pv = Vacuum pressure in mm Hg

Model Calculations:

6
Table:
Delivery Vacuum Time Number Electric Shaft Total Discharge Pump Effi-
pressure pressure taken of power power head Q power ciency
P Pv for blinks Pe Pshaft H (m3/sec) Ppump ηp
(Kg/cm2) (mm 10cm during (kW) (kW) (m) (kW) (%)
Hg) rise t 10cm
(sec) rise

Graphs:

1. Head vs. discharge

2. Electric power vs. discharge
3. Pump efficiency vs. Discharge

Results:

Observation Viva Total Signature

7
Ex. No: Date:

CHARACTERISTIC TESTS ON GEAR OIL PUMP AT CONSTANT SPEED

Aim: To study the characteristics of the gear pump at a constant speed.

Apparatus required:
1. Gear oil pump test rig
2. Stop-watch

Background
A gear pump uses the meshing of gears to pump fluid by displacement. They are one of the
most common pumps for hydraulic fluid power applications. External gear pumps operate on
popular pumping principles and are often used as lubrication pumps in machine tools, fluid
power transfer units, and oil pumps in engines. External gear pumps can come in single or
double (two sets of gears) pump configurations with the spur, helical, and herringbone gears.
Helical and herringbone gears typically offer a smoother flow than spur gears, although all gear
types are relatively smooth. Large-capacity external gear pumps typically use helical or
herringbone gears.

Eternal gear pumps have close tolerances and shaft support on both sides of the gears. This
allows them to run to pressures beyond 3,000 psi / 200 bar, making them well suited for use in
hydraulics. With four bearings in the liquid and tight tolerances, they are not well suited to hat-
idling abrasive or extreme high-temperature applications.

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of Gear Pump

8
Theory:

External gear pumps are similar in pumping action to internal gear pumps in that two gears
come into and out of mesh to produce flow. However, the external gear pump uses two identical
gears rotating against each other – the motor drives one gear, which drives the other gear. Each
gear is supported by a shaft with bearings on both sides of the gear.

1. As the gears come out of mesh, they create expanding volume on the inlet side of the pump.
Liquid flows into the cavity and is trapped by the gear teeth as they rotate.
2. Liquid travels around the interior of the casing in the pockets between the teeth and the
casing. It does not pass between the gears.
3. Finally, the meshing of gears forces liquid through the outlet port under pressure.

Experimental setup:

The helical gear pump is a positive displacement pump consisting of a pair of helical gears
housed closely in a casing. The pressure gauge is fitted to the delivery side and a vacuum gauge
to the suction side. The energy input to the pump can be measured through an energy meter.
There is a collecting tank with a level indicator and a gate valve at the drain.

1. Electrical Control Board

2. Delivery Pressure Gauge
3. Motor
4. Pump
5. Vacuum Gauge
6. Measuring Tank
7. Sump Tank
8. Base Frame

Figure 2 Schematic Diagram of Gear Oil Pump Test Rig

9
Procedure:

1. Keep the gate valve on the delivery side fully-open before the experiment
starts.
2. The pressure gauge reading, vacuum gauge reading, the time taken for five
revolutions in the energy meter disc, and time taken for a 10 cm rise of oil
level are noted.
3. The flow rate is varied by gradually closing the delivery valve.
4. The above readings are noted and tabulated for each valve setting.

Formulae:

1. Total Head, 𝐻 = (𝐺 × 11.76) + (𝑉 × 0.016) + 𝑋 (m)

Where,
G = Pressure Head (kg⁄cm2 )
V = Vacuum Head (mm of Hg)
X = Distance between pressure gauge and vacuum gauge (m)

𝐴∗ℎ
2. Actual discharge, 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠
𝑡

Where,
A = Area of collecting tank (m2 )
h = Rise of oil in the collecting tank (m)
t = Time for 10 cm rise of oil in collecting tank (sec)

3600∗𝑛∗𝜂𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 ∗1000
3. Input Power, 𝑃𝑖 = (W)
𝐾∗𝑇𝑛

Where,
n = Number of revolutions of energy meter disc = 5
𝜂𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.8
𝑇𝑛 = Time for 5 revolutions of energy meter disc (sec)
K = Energy meter constant (rev⁄kWhr)

4. Output Power, 𝑃𝑜 = 𝜌 ∗ 𝑔 ∗ 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 *H (W)

Where,
𝜌 = Density of the oil = 850 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
g = Acceleration due to gravity= 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠 2

5. Efficiency of the Gear Oil Pump,

𝑃𝑜
𝜂𝑃 = ∗ 100 (%)
𝑃𝑖

10
 Observations

Constant speed of pump, N =_____________ rpm

Area of collecting tank, A =_____________ m2
Energy meter constant, K =_____________ rev⁄kWhr
Distance between the centers of vacuum gauge and pressure gauge, X =_____________ m
Lubricating oil used =_____________

Sl. No Pressure Vacuum Total Time for Actual Time taken Input Output Efficiency
Gauge, Gauge, Head, h=10cm Discharge for five Power Power of the Gear
G (kg⁄cm2 ) V (mm of H (m of rise 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 (m3 ⁄s) revolutions (𝑃𝑖 ) (𝑃𝑜 ) Oil Pump,
Hg) oil) t (sec) in energy 𝜂𝑃
meter, (%)
𝑇𝑛 (Sec)

11
1

6
Model Calculations:

Graphs:
1. Actual Discharge vs. Head
2. Efficiency of Pump vs. Head
3. Output Power vs. Head

Results:

Maximum Efficiency of gear oil pump, 𝜂𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = _____________ %

Observation Viva Total Signature

12
Ex. No: Date:

COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF V-NOTCH

Aim: To determine the coefficient of discharge of V-notch.

Apparatus Required:
1. V-notch Test Rig
2. Stopwatch

Background:
A weir is an obstruction that allows the liquid to flow over. A V-notch is used to control the
flow in a channel and measure the flow rate of an open channel flow. A V-notch weir is simply
a “V-notch” in a plate that is placed to obstruct an open channel flow, causing the water to flow
over the V-notch. It is used to meter the flow of water in the channel by measuring the head of
water over the V-notch crest. The V-notch weir is especially good for measuring a low flow
rate, because the flow area decreases rapidly as the head over the V-notch gets small.

Figure 1 V-Notch
The bottom edge, over which the liquid flows, is known as the sill or crest of the notch, and the
sheet of liquid flowing over a notch (or a weir) is known as nappe or vein. The most common
standard angles for V-notches are 22 ½ο, 30ο, 45ο, 60ο, 90ο, and 120ο.
Experimental Setup:
The experimental setup consists of a pump, a sump, a ball valve, channel, flow straighteners,
hook gauge, V-notch, and collecting tank.

13
 Figure 2 Schematic Diagram of V-Notch Test Setup

The pump is used to pump the water stored in the sump to the channel for testing. A ball valve
controls the flow from the pump. The water in the channel then passes through flow
straighteners. The flow straighteners are used to reduce the turbulence in the channel. Higher
turbulence in the channel will lead to errors in the measurement. A vernier hook gauge is fixed
to the channel just upstream of the V-notch to determine the depth of water. The water then
flows through the V-notch and is collected in the collecting tank. The time for a 10 cm rise of
water in the collecting tank will aid in determining the actual discharge.

Procedure:
1. Ensure that the ball valve attached to the discharge side of the pump is closed.
2. Ensure that the water in the channel touches the crest of the notch; if not, switch on the
pump and open the ball valve slowly to fill the channel with just enough water to touch
the crest.
3. Use the hook gauge to determine the depth of the water. This reading will correspond
to the initial hook reading.
4. Switch the pump on and open the ball valve to the desired flow rate.
5. Allow time for the flow to become constant; note down the water depth using the hook
gauge. This will correspond to the final hook gauge reading. The difference between
the initial and final hook gauge reading will give the head of water flowing over the
notch. Determine the time to fill 10 cm of the collecting tank. This will aid in
determining the actual discharge.
6. Vary the flow rate and repeat step 5.

14
Formulae:
1. Coefficient of Discharge
The coefficient of discharge is the ratio of the actual discharge to the theoretical discharge.
Cd = Qa / Qt
Where Qa is the actual discharge and Qt is the theoretical discharge. The coefficient of
discharge of V-notch is always less than 1.
2. Actual discharge (Qa)
The Actual discharge is determined by measuring the time required to collect a fixed volume
of water in the collecting tank.
𝐴∗ℎ
Qa= m3/sec
𝑡

Where A is the area of the collecting tank in m2, h is the height of the water collected in the
tank in meters, and t is the time in seconds.
3. Theoretical discharge (Qt)
The theoretical discharge of the V-notch is given by the formula
8 𝛳
Qt = 15 √2 𝑔 tan ( 2 ) H5/2 m3/sec

Where 𝛳 is the included angle of the triangular notch and H is the head of water over the notch
in meters.

Model Calculations:

15
Observations:
The angle of Notch: 600 Area of Tank, A: 0.18 m2

Sl. Depth of Water (Hook

No. Gauge reading)
Time for
Depth Theoretical Actual Coefficient
Initial Final 10 cm rise
of Discharge Discharge of Discharge
Depth Depth of water t
water Qt (m3/s) Qa (m3/s) Cd
H1 H2 (s)
H (H1-
(mm) (mm)
H2) (m)

Graphs:
1. Actual discharge vs. Theoretical discharge
2. Depth of water vs. Actual discharge

Results:
Coefficient of discharge = ___________ (Experimental); ___________ (Graphical)

Observation Viva Total Signature

16
Ex. No: Date:

LOSSES DUE TO PIPE FRICTION

Aim: To determine the friction factor for water flow through the given pipes.

Apparatus required:
1. Pipeline set up
2. Stopwatch

Figure 1 Schematic Diagram of the Setup

Background:
In fluid flow, friction loss (or skin friction) is the loss of pressure or “head” that occurs in pipe
or duct flow due to the effect of the fluid's viscosity near the surface of the pipe or duct. In-
mechanical systems such as internal combustion engines, the term refers to the power lost in
overcoming the friction between two moving surfaces, a different phenomenon.

17
Friction loss in straight pipe
The friction loss in a uniform, straight section of pipe, known as “major loss,” is caused by the
effects of viscosity, the movement of fluid molecules against each other or against the (possibly
rough) wall of the pipe.
In fluid dynamics, the Darcy-Weisbach equation is a phenomenological equation that relates
the major head loss, or pressure loss, due to fluid friction along a given length of pipe to the
average velocity. This equation is valid for fully developed, steady, incompressible single-
phase flow. The equation is named after Henry Darcy and Julius Weisbach. The Darcy-
Weisbach equation contains a dimensionless friction factor, known as the Darcy friction factor.

Experimental Setup:
The given arrangement is a closed type fitted with a reservoir and a collecting tank. A pump
which is fitted on the sump can pass water through any of the three pipes of different diameters
of 15 mm, 20 mm, and 25 mm. Valves are used to control the flow of water through the pipes.
A collecting tank is attached at the end of the pipes. The time taken for a 10 cm rise of water
in the tank is used for determining the discharge.

Procedure:
1. Note down the diameter of the pipe for which friction factor is to be found.
2. Ensure that the pump is properly primed.
3. Ensure that the mercury levels in both the legs of the manometer are of the same levels.
If not vent the manometer, this is achieved by opening the valves at the top of the
manometer.
4. Close all the valves.
5. Switch on the pump and slightly open the ball valve for the pipe for which the friction
factor is to be found.
6. Wait for 5 minutes for the flow to stabilize.
7. Note down the reading for the manometer and the time for the 10 cm rise of water in
the collecting tank.
8. Repeat the experiment by varying the flow rate and repeating step 7.
9. Also conduct experiments for different pipe diameters.

Formulae:
1. Actual discharge (𝑸𝒂 )
The actual discharge is determined by measuring the time required to collect a fixed volume of
water in the collecting tank.
𝐴1 ∗ 𝐻 3
𝑄𝑎 = m /s
𝑡

18
Where A1 is the area of the collecting tank in m2, H is the height of the water collected in the
tank in m, and t is time in seconds.
2. Frictional loss of head in the pipe (𝒉𝒇 )
The frictional head loss in pipes is given by the Darcy-Weisbach equation.
𝑓𝑙𝑣 2
ℎ𝑓 =
2𝑔𝑑
Where f is the friction factor in a pipe, l is the length of the pipe in meters, v is the velocity of
the fluid in the pipe in m/s, and d is the inner diameter of the pipe in m.
The friction factor can be found by rearranging the equation as
2ℎ𝑓 𝑔𝑑
𝑓=
𝑙𝑣 2
Where ℎ𝑓 is lead loss due to friction, which can be obtained from the manometer.
ℎ𝑓 = (Sm – Sw) ℎ𝑚
Where Sm and Sw are specific gravity of mercury and water, respectively, and ℎ𝑚 is the
difference in the manometer reading in m of Hg (Convert ℎ𝑚 to m).
(Sm = 13.56, Sw = 1)

Model calculations:

19
 Area of tank, A1 = 0.18 m2 Length between pressure taps: 3 m Pipe diameters: 25 mm, 20 mm, 15 mm

Manometer readings (m) Time for a 10 cm Velocity

Loss of head Discharge
rise of water
Observations:

Sl. No. v = Qa /A2 Friction Factor

hf (m) Qa (m3/s) (m/s)
h1 h2 h (h2-h1) t (sec) (f )

Diameter
Diameterofofpipe:
pipe:25
25mm
mm(Area pipes,
(Areaofofpipe, A2A=2 = ))

20
3

Diameter
Diameterofofpipe:
pipe:20
20mm
mm(Area pipes,
(Areaofofpipe, A2A=2 = ))

4
 Manometer readings (m) Time for a 10 cm Velocity
Loss of head Discharge
Sl. No. rise of water v = Qa /A2 Friction Factor
hf (m) Qa (m3/s) (m/s)
h1 h2 h (h2-h1) t (sec) (f )

Diameter of pipe: 15 mm (Area of pipe, A2 = )

21
3

4
Graphs:
1. Head loss due to friction (ℎ𝑓 ) vs. v2

Results:

Observation Viva Total Signature

22
Ex. No: Date:

MINOR LOSSES IN PIPES

Aim: To determine the loss coefficient for bends, elbows, sudden enlargement, and sudden
contraction in pipes.

Apparatus Required:
1. Piping system
2. Stopwatch

Background
The fluid in a typical piping system consists of inlets, exits, enlargements, contractions, various
fittings, bends, elbows, etc. These components interrupt the smooth flow of fluid and cause
additional losses because of mixing and flow separation. So, in typical systems with long pipes,
the total losses involve the major losses due to friction (head loss contribution) and the minor
losses (any other losses except head loss).
The minor losses can be due to any one of the following:
• Pipe entrance or exit
• Sudden expansion or contraction
• Gradual expansion or contraction
• Losses due to pipe fittings (valves, bends, elbows, etc.)

Experimental Setup
The experimental setup consists of a pump, a sump, a U tube manometer, and a pipe system
with bends, elbows, sudden expansion, and sudden contraction for two different pipe diameters
of 20 mm and 15mm.
The pump is used to pump the water stored in the sump to the pipe section for testing. The
losses can be tested for two different pipe diameters of 15 mm and 20 mm. The test section
consists of a pipe bend, an elbow, and a section with sudden expansion and sudden contraction.
At the end of the test section are valves to control the water flow and a collecting tank. The
collecting tank aids in determining the actual discharge. A pipe bend means a piece of pipe that
is bent at some angle to join two pipes. They can have any bending radius and angle. Pipe bends
are commonly produced on-site to meet a specific need. An elbow, on the other hand, is
engineered to standards and has an angle of 90° or 45°.

23
 Figure 2 Schematic Diagram of Test Setup for Minor Losses

Procedure

1. Ensure that the pump is properly primed.

2. Ensure that the mercury levels in both the legs of the manometer are of the same levels.
If not vent the manometer, this is achieved by opening the valves at the top of the
manometer.
3. Close all the valves.
4. Switch on the pump and slightly open the gate valve for the pipe for which the loss
coefficient due to pipe bends is to be found (either 15 mm or 25 mm).
5. Open the ball valves in the manometer for the corresponding pipe section for which the
loss coefficient is to be found. Caution: Open both valves simultaneously and ensure
that you open the corresponding left and right valves of the manometer limbs.
6. Note down the reading for the manometer and the time for the 10 cm rise of water in
the collecting tank.
7. After noting down the manometer reading, close the ball valve in the manometer for
the measured section.
8. Ensure that the mercury levels in both the legs of the manometer are of the same levels
by repeating step 2.
9. Repeat the experiment by repeating steps 5 to 8 for pipe bend, elbow, sudden expansion,
and sudden contraction.

24
Formulae:
1. Actual loss of head (hl)
hl = (Sm – Sw) hm
Where Sm and Sw are the specific gravity of mercury and water, respectively, and hm is the
difference in manometer reading in m of Hg. Sm = 13.56; Sw = 1.

2. Actual discharge ( 𝑸𝒂 )
The actual discharge is determined by measuring the time required to collect a fixed volume of
water in the collecting tank.
𝐴∗ℎ
𝑄𝑎 = m³/s
𝑡
Where A is the area of the collecting tank in m2, h is the height of the water collected in the
tank in meters, and t is time in seconds.

3. The velocity of flow in pipe section (V)

𝑄𝑎
𝑉= m/s
𝑎
Where a in m² is the cross-sectional area of the pipe section.

4. Velocity head (hv)

𝑉2
ℎ𝑣 = m
2𝑔
Where g is the acceleration due to gravity. The above equation is valid for straight pipes. In
case of different pipe fittings, the above equation is modified as follows:
Velocity head for bend and elbow
𝑉2
ℎ𝑣 = 𝐾 m
2𝑔
Where, 'K' depends on the angle of bend and the relative radius of curvature, which is the ratio
between the radius of curvature of pipe (R) and the pipe diameter (D). For a 90° bend with R/D
of 1, the value of K = 0.35.
Velocity head for sudden enlargement
(𝑉1 − 𝑉2 )2
ℎ𝑣 = m
2𝑔
Where V1 and V2 are the velocities before and after the enlargement, respectively.

25
Velocity head for sudden contraction

𝑉22
ℎ𝑣 = 0.5 m
2𝑔

Where 𝑉2 is the velocity of flow after contraction.

5. Loss coefficient (Kl)

ℎ𝑙
𝐾𝑙 =
ℎ𝑣

Model Calculations:

26
27
Results:

1. For a 20 mm diameter pipe, the loss coefficients are:

• Bend :
• Elbow :
• Sudden Enlargement :
• Sudden Contraction :
2. For a 15 mm diameter pipe, the loss coefficients are:
• Bend :
• Elbow :
• Sudden Enlargement :
• Sudden Contraction :

Observation Viva Total Signature

28
Ex. No: Date:

SUBMERSIBLE PUMP

Aim: To determine the efficiency of a submersible pump.

Apparatus: Submersible pump test rig and stop watch.

Introduction:

In general, a pump is defined as a mechanical device which, when

interposed in a pipe line, converts the mechanical energy supplied to it from some
external source into hydraulic energy, thus resulting in the flow of liquid from
lower potential from higher potential.

The pumps are of major concern to most Engineers and Technicians. The
types of pumps vary in principle and design. The selection of the pump for any
particular application is to be done by understanding their characteristics. The
most commonly used pumps for domestic, agriculture and industrial purposes are:
Centrifugal, Piston, Axial flow (Stage Pumps), Air jet, Diaphragm and Turbine
pumps. Most of these pumps fall into the main class, namely: Rotodynamic,
Reciprocating (Positive Displacement), Fluid (Air) operated pumps.

Description:

The present pump test rig is a self-contained unit operated on closed circuit(re
circulation) basis. The monobloc submersible pump, sump tank, collecting tank,
control panel are mounted on rigid frame work arranged with the following
provisions:

1. To measure overall input power of the pump using energy meter

2. For measure the pressure the pressure gauge is provided
3. For changing the pressure by operating the delivery valve
4. For measuring the discharge by collecting and stop watch
Procedure:

1. Fill in the sump tank with clean water.

2. Connect the power cable with electrical power source.
3. Switch on the mains.
4. Now, you will find the water starts flowing to the collecting tank.
5. Close the delivery valve slightly, so that the delivery pressure is readable.
6. Close the draining valve of collecting tank and measure collecting tank
readings for known time and keep it open when readings are not taken.
7. Note down the time for known number of impulses of energy meter.
8. Repeat the procedure for different openings of the delivery valve.
9. Tabulate the readings as shown in tabular column and calculate the results
using formulae.
10.After the experiment is over, keep the delivery valve open and switch off
the mains.

Switch

Pr. Valves
Gauge Collecting tank

pump
Energy
meter

Sump

Fig: Submersible Pump Test-Rig

Observation:

1. Collecting tank area ‘A’: ____________

2. Energy meter constant ‘K’: ____________

Graph:

1. Head Vs Discharge
2. Output Vs Discharge
3. Efficiency Vs Discharge

Table Of Readings:

Delivery Pressure Time taken Actual Time Power Power Efficienc

Pressure head in for ‘h’ cm Dischar taken for input output y of the
S.No. (Kg/cm2) meter of raise of ge ‘n’ blinks in kW in kW Pump in
water water in in energy %
H (m) collecting Qa meter Pi Po
tank t1(sec) t2(sec)
CALCULATION:

1. Input Power:
𝑛 𝑋 3600
Pi = kW
𝐾 𝑋 𝑡2

Where,
‘n’ is number of blinking
‘t2’ is time taken for n revolutions

2. Actual Discharge (Qa):

𝐴𝑋ℎ
Qa = m3/s
𝑡1

Where,
‘A’ is area of collecting tank in m2
‘h’ is height of water raised in collecting tank
‘t1’ is time taken for h meter raise in collecting tank
3. Output Power :
Po = W.Qa.H kW
Where,
W is specific weight of water = 9.81 kN/m3
Qa is actual discharge in m3/s
H is pressure head in meter of water
4. Pump Efficiency (ŋ)
𝑃𝑜
ŋ= X 100 %
𝑃𝑖

Results:

The average efficiency of the submersible pump is __________ %

 18

FLOW THROUGH ROTAMETER

Aim: To determine the coefficient of discharge of the rotameter.

Introduction:
A Rotameter consists of a tapered tube with the smallest diameter at the bottom. The tube
contains a freely moving float, which rests on a stop at the base of the tube. When the fluid is
flowing, the float rises until its weight isbalanced by the up thrust of the fluid, its position then
indicates the rate of flow. The pressuredifference across the float is equal to its weight divided
by its maximum cross-sectional area ina horizontal plane. The area of the annulus is the
annulus formed between the float and the wall of the tube.

Experimental Setup:
The setup consists of a 3-30 LPM glass tube Rotameter, 0.50 HP Monoblock pump with
supply and bypass line. The water is pumped from the sump tank through a horizontal pipe.
The rate of flow ofwater is controlled by the supply valve and bypass valve. Rotameter is
connected to the sections of pipe by threads.

Specification:

Pump: ½ HP self-priming centrifugal pump

Rotameter: Range 3-30 lpm
Sump: 1200*300*300 (SS sheet of 1.6 mm thick)
Collecting tank: L400 * B300 *H300 mm.

Procedure:
Fill the sump tank with water.
Switch ON the pump and regulate the flow with the help of a supply and bypass valve.
Allow the unit to come to a steady state as indicated by the constant position of the float
in the Rotameter.
After a steady state is reached record the flow rate indicated on the scale of the Rotameter.
▪ Now close the collecting tank drain valve so that water starts collecting.
▪ Note down the time taken for 10 cm (for example) raise in water level.
▪ Calculate the amount of water collected in the tank per time taken in seconds.
▪ Open the collecting tank drain valve and repeat the same experiment for two times and take the
average value.
▪ Repeat the above experiment for different flow rates.
▪ Now switch OFF the pump.
 19

Observation & Calculation:

Rotameter The water Time Calculated Coefficient of
Scale level in the taken FlowRate discharge
Sr.
reading(Qa) collecting (sec) (Qt) (LPM) (Qa/Qt)
No.
(LPM) tank (cm)

1
2
3
4
5
6

Calculation of Flow rate:

Example:

Flow rate = l * b* h /time

= (40*30 * h * 60) / (1000*t)
= ---- LPM

Similarly, others
 20
Graph:

Plot Scale Reading (LPM) Vs. Calculated Value (LPM).

Taper Tube Rotameter

30

25

20

15

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Calcualated Reading (LPM)