Network Switching and Routing

By Lecturer Bnar Faisal A. Daham

Review
- Computer Networking
- Role of Networks on our daily life
- Network Structure - Components (End Devices, Intermediary Device, Network Media)
- Types of Network Media (Copper, Fiber Optics, and Wireless)
- Network Size (LAN, WAN, MAN, PAN, SAN, CAN)
- Network Topologies (Bus, Ring, Star, Mesh, Tree, Hybrid)
- Another Approach for Network Classification (Internet, Intranet, Extranet)
- Peer-to-Peer and Client-Server networks
- Network Architecture Characteristics
- Network Layers
- Layers with TCP/IP protocol model and OSI reference model
- Network Protocols (TCP, UDP, HTTP, FTP, SMTP, POP, …..)
- DHCP
- DNS
- ARP
- IP Addressing
- Subnetting
- Collision
Networking Devices Types IMPORT
- Repeater
- Hub
- Bridge
- Switch
- Router
Networking Devices Types import
1. Repeater – A repeater operates at the physical layer. Its job is to
regenerate the signal over the same network before the signal becomes
too weak or corrupted so as to extend the length to which the signal can
be transmitted over the same network. An important point to be noted
about repeaters is that they do not amplify the signal. When the signal
becomes weak, they copy the signal bit by bit and regenerate it at the
original strength. It is a 2 port device.
Networking Devices Types
import
2. Hub – A hub is basically a multiport
repeater. A hub connects multiple wires
coming from different branches, for
example, the connector in star topology
which connects different stations. Hubs
cannot filter data, so data packets are sent
to all connected devices. In other words,
the collision domain of all hosts
connected through Hub remains
one. Also, they do not have the
intelligence to find out the best path for
data packets which leads to inefficiencies
and wastage.
Networking Devices Types import
3. Bridge – A bridge operates at the data
link layer. A bridge is a repeater, with add
on the functionality of filtering content
by reading the MAC addresses of source
and destination. It is also used for
interconnecting two LANs working on
the same protocol. It has a single input
and single output port, thus making it a 2
port device.
Networking Devices Types import
4. Switch – A switch is a multiport bridge with a buffer and a design that can
boost its efficiency(a large number of ports imply less traffic) and performance.
A switch is a data link layer device. The switch can perform error checking
before forwarding data, which makes it very efficient as it does not forward
packets that have errors and forward good packets selectively to the correct port
only. In other words, the switch divides the collision domain of hosts,
but broadcast domain remains the same.
Networking Devices Types import
5. Routers – A router is a device like a switch that routes data packets based on
their IP addresses. The router is mainly a Network Layer device. Routers
normally connect LANs and WANs together and have a dynamically updating
routing table based on which they make decisions on routing the data packets.
Router divide broadcast domains of hosts connected through it.
Collision Domain import
- One of the logical network segments in which the
data packets can collide to each other.

- Collision domains are often referred as “Ethernet

Segments”.

- Defined as a single CSMA/CD network segment in

which there will be a collision if two computers
attached to the system both transmit at the same time.

- A collision occurs when two or more network devices

are trying to transmit packets at the exact same time.
Collision Domain - Example
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Types of Transmission
- Unicast
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- Broadcast
- Multicast
- Anycast
Broadcast Domain Simple Example
import
Collision Domain Problem
Building a Single Switched Network
- Switches operate within the scope of the data link layer.
The Initial State of the Switch
- Each switch use a MAC table for making forwarding decision.
MAC Address Learning
- The source MAC addresses of received frames are recorded.
Forwarding the First Data
- Frames destined for unknown link layer destinations are flooded.
The destination Reply
- Frames are forwarded to destinations based on the MAC table.
Layer 2 Redundancy
- Redundancy in a switching network minimizes connection failure but
generates potential switching loops.
Broadcast Storms
- Switching loops allow for broadcast storms to occur and duplication of frames
to be received by end stations.
MAC Instability
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- Receiving previously forwarded frames generates false MAC entries, and
instability within the MAC address table.
Resolving Layer 2 Redundancy Issues
- Loops are eliminated by restricting traffic flow over redundant paths.
The Spanning Tree Root Bridge
- An inverted tree architecture is created as a result of STP.
- The root bridge represents the base of the spanning tree.
Bridge ID
- Bridge Identifiers are used to elect the root bridge.
- The bridge ID is the concatenation of the bridge priority and the MAC address.
- The bridge priority can be manipulated to force root selection.

- The Bridge ID (Switch ID) is made from

two values.
- The Bridge Priority, which is a numerical
value defined by IEEE 802.1D, which is
equal to 32,768 by default.
- The priority range is 0 to 61440 in
increments of 4096.
- The default is 32768.
- The lower number the more likely
switch will be chosen as the root
switch.
Bridge Protocol Data Unit (BPDU)

Configuration BPDU, sent by root bridges to provide information to all switches.

TCN (Topology Change Notification), sent by bridges towards the root bridge
to notify changes in the topology, such as port up or port down.
Path Cost
- Root path cost is carried in the BPDU and used to determine the shortest
path to the root.
Path Cost Standards
- STP supports various path cost standards.
- Huawei use dot1t as the standard for default path cost calculation.
- Cisco use dot1D as the standard for default path cost calculation.
Spanning Tree Port Roles
- Spanning tree supports designed, root, and alternate port roles.
- The root path cost enables port roles to be determined.
Port ID
- Where the root path cost is equal, a port identifier is used to determine the
active and alternate paths to the root.

➢ Port ID= Port Priority + Port Number

➢ Port Priority Range is between (0-240) assigned in
increments of 16 and represented by a value of 128
by default.
➢ The highest port identifier (lowest port number)
represents the port assigned as the root port, the
remaining is alternate port.
Timers
There are several STP timers, as this list shows:
➢ Hello: The hello time is the time between each bridge protocol data
unit (BPDU) that is sent on a port. This time is equal to 2 seconds
(sec) by default, but you can tune the time to be between 1 and 10 sec.

➢ Forward delay: The forward delay is the time that is spent in the
listening and learning state. This time is equal to 15 sec by default, but
you can tune the time to be between 4 and 30 sec.

➢ Max age—The max age timer controls the maximum length of time
that passes before a bridge port saves its configuration BPDU
information. This time is 20 sec by default, but you can tune the time
to be between 6 and 40 sec.
Timers
Each configuration BPDU contains these three parameters. In addition,
each BPDU configuration contains another time-related parameter that is
known as the message age. The message age is not a fixed value. The
message age contains the length of time that has passed since the root
bridge initially originated the BPDU. The root bridge sends all its
BPDUs with a message age value of 0, and all subsequent switches add 1
to this value. Effectively, this value contains the information on how far
you are from the root bridge when you receive a BPDU.
Timers
- The MAX Age represents the aging timer of a BPDU.
- BPDU are discarded when Message Age exceeds MAX Age.
Root Election Process
- All STP switches advertise BDPU to peers with self as root.
Port Role Establishment Process
- The Bridge ID and Root Path Cost are used to elect port roles.
Port State Transition
- There are five Spanning Tree Port States: Blocking, Listening, Learning,
Forwarding, and Disabled States.
Port State Transition
✓ Each switch will progress through a number of port state transition.

✓ Any port that is administratively disabled will be considered to be in the disabled state.

✓ Enabling of a port in the disabled state will see a state transition to the blocking state 1

✓ 2 Any BPDU received will be used to determine whether a transition to the listening
state is necessary.

✓ 3 May occur in the event that the port is changed to an alternate port role.

✓ STP defines a delay mechanism for port state transition. The newly selected root port
and designated port must wait for two Forward Delay intervals (listening 15sec +
learning 15sec) before transitioning to the Forwarding state 4

✓ The disabled state is reachable at any time during the state transition period 5
Port State Transition
✓ Switch port remains in blocking state for 20 seconds and later changes
to listening state.

✓ Switch port remains in listening state for 15 seconds and then move to
learning state.

✓ Switch port remains in learning state for 15 seconds and then move to
forwarding state.
Port State Transition
STP Exercise

✓ Who would be the Root Bridge?

✓ What would be the Root Port’s?
✓ Which Ports would be the Designated Ports?
✓ Which Ports would be Blocking (Alternate)?
STP Exercise