MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

SECONDARY ENGAGEMENT PROGRAMME

GRADE 10

CHEMISTRY

WEEK 12 LESSON 1

Topic: Acids, Bases and Salts

Sub-topic: Methods of Preparing Soluble Salts

Objective: Given the definition of terms and equations, students will write correctly state all
the methods of preparing salts.

Definition of Terms

Types of Oxides

Basic Oxides Amphoteric Oxides Acidic Oxides

-They are metal -These are oxides of -They are all non-
oxides Aluminum, Zinc & metal oxides except
-They react with acids Lead non-metal monoxides
forming a salt and -They act as an acid - They are gases
water when reacting with an -They react with an
-They are solids alkali & vice versa alkali to form salt and
-They are insoluble in -Their element’s water
water except group 1 hydroxides are Note: metal
metal oxides. amphoteric too monoxides are
-They react with an -They produce salt neutral oxides
acid forming salt and and water when -Examples: CO2, NO2,
water reacting with an acid SO2 (acidic oxides) &
- Examples: Na2O, or an alkali. CO, NO,
CaO and CuO H2O (neutral oxides)

Acid Anhydride: An Acid anhydride can be defined as a non-metal oxide which forms an acidic
solution when reacted with water. When carbon dioxide reacts with water, it forms sulphuric
acid. The chemical equation will be like this.

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CO2(g) + H2O → H2CO3(aq)
When Sulphur trioxide reacts with water it forms Sulphuric acid. It can be chemically explained
like this

SO3(g) + H2O → H2SO4(aq)

Alkali: An alkali is a base that is soluble in water. Example: NaOH, Ca(OH) 2 etc.

Acid salts: These are formed when some of the hydrogen ions of the acid are replaced. They are
formed a weak acid and a strong base and have a pH of less than 7.

Neutral Salts: These salts are formed from a strong acid and a strong base.

HCl (aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Salts

Salts are formed when metal ions or ammonium ion take the place of the hydrogen ion (or ions)
of an acid.

A salt is a neutral ionic compound. Salts are one of the products of a reaction between an acid
and a base. Some salts are soluble in water and some are insoluble.

Soluble Salts: Insoluble Salts:

All Nitrates Silver and lead chlorides

(AgCl & PbCl)
All halides EXCEPT AgCl
and PbCl2 Calcium, barium and lead
sulphates (CaSO4, BASO4,
All sulfates EXCEPT PbSO4)
CaSO4, BASO4, PbSO4
All carbonates EXCEPT
All group 1 metals salts group 1 metals and
ammonium carbonates
All ammonium salts

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Preparing Soluble Salts:

1. Displacement Method (Excess Metal Method):

Metal + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen

Note: this type of method is suitable for making salts of moderately reactive metals because
highly reactive metals like K, Na and Ca are explosive. This method is used with the MAZIT
(Magnesium, Aluminum, Zinc, Iron and Tin) metals only.

Example: set up an experiment to obtain magnesium chloride salt.

Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2

2. Neutralization Method:

Acid + Base → Salt + Water

Note: This method is used to make salts of metals below hydrogen in the reactivity series. If the
base is a metal oxide or metal hydroxide, the products will be salt and water only. If the base is a
metal carbonate, the products will be salt, water and carbon dioxide.

Type 1: Acid + Metal Oxide → Salt + Water

CuO + H2SO4 → CuSO4 + H2O

Type 2: Acid + Metal Hydroxide → Salt + Water

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

Type 3: Acid + Metal Carbonate → Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide

CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

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 Acid + Metal Hydrogencarbonate → Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide

2NaHCO3 (s) + H2SO4 Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 2CO2

Titration Method

This is a method to make a neutralization reaction

between a base and an acid, producing a salt without any
excess. In this method, the experiment is performed
twice, the first time is to find the amounts of reactants to
use, and the second experiment is the actual one.

Titration Apparatus

3. Direct Synthesis or Direct Combination

Salts can be made by direct combination of the elements to form anhydrous salts e.g. if dry
chlorine gas Cl2 is passed over heated iron or aluminum, the chloride is produced.

 aluminium + chlorine ==> aluminium chloride

 2Al(s) + 3Cl2(g) ==> 2AlCl3(s)

Reference

1. https://www.minichemistry.com/preparation-of-soluble-salts-insoluble-salts.html
2. https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-an-alkali-lesson-for-kids.html
3. http://www.docbrown.info/page03/AcidsBasesSalts06d.htm#:~:text=These%20compounds%20
can%20be%20made,teacher%20in%20a%20fume%20cupboard.

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