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Numerical Methods and Probability Assignment

The document contains code for numerical methods like SOR, Gauss-Seidel for solving linear equations and Trapezoidal, Simpson's 1/3 rule for numerical integration. It defines functions for these methods and calculates the error between numerical and exact integration. The code allows the user to choose between solving linear equations or performing numerical integration and displays the results.

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Minal Fatyma
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
13 views

Numerical Methods and Probability Assignment

The document contains code for numerical methods like SOR, Gauss-Seidel for solving linear equations and Trapezoidal, Simpson's 1/3 rule for numerical integration. It defines functions for these methods and calculates the error between numerical and exact integration. The code allows the user to choose between solving linear equations or performing numerical integration and displays the results.

Uploaded by

Minal Fatyma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING

University of COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY


TAXILA
A PROGRAMMER'S PERSPECTIVE

NUMERICAL METHODS
& PROBABILITY

ASSIGNMENT
03
MINAL FATIMA
21-CP-55
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

CODE:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib
matplotlib.use('TkAgg') # or any other backend that works for you
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from scipy.integrate import quad

def sor_solver(A, b, x0=None, omega=1.25, tol=1e-6, max_iter=1000):


n = len(b)
x = x0 if x0 is not None else np.zeros(n)
for k in range(max_iter):
x_old = np.copy(x)
for i in range(n):
sigma = np.dot(A[i, :i], x[:i]) + np.dot(A[i, i + 1:], x_old[i + 1:])
x[i] = (1 - omega) * x_old[i] + (omega / A[i, i]) * (b[i] - sigma)
if np.linalg.norm(x - x_old, ord=np.inf) < tol:
return x, k + 1
raise ValueError("SOR method did not converge")

def gauss_seidel_solver(A, b, x0=None, tol=1e-6, max_iter=1000):


n = len(b)
x = x0 if x0 is not None else np.zeros(n)
for k in range(max_iter):
x_old = np.copy(x)
for i in range(n):
sigma = np.dot(A[i, :i], x[:i]) + np.dot(A[i, i + 1:], x_old[i + 1:])
x[i] = (b[i] - sigma) / A[i, i]
if np.linalg.norm(x - x_old, ord=np.inf) < tol:
return x, k + 1
raise ValueError("Gauss-Seidel method did not converge")

def trapezoidal_rule(func, a, b, n):


h = (b - a) / n
x = np.linspace(a, b, n + 1)
y = func(x)
result = h * (y[0] + 2 * np.sum(y[1:-1]) + y[-1]) / 2
return result

def simpsons_rule(func, a, b, n):


h = (b - a) / n
x = np.linspace(a, b, n + 1)
y = func(x)
result = h * (y[0] + 4 * np.sum(y[1:-1:2]) + 2 * np.sum(y[2:-2:2]) + y[-1]) / 3
return result

def exact_integral(func, a, b):


return quad(func, a, b)[0]
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

def calculate_error(func, a, b, n, exact_integral_value):


trapezoidal_result = trapezoidal_rule(func, a, b, n)
simpsons_result = simpsons_rule(func, a, b, n)
errors = {
'Trapezoidal': np.abs(exact_integral_value - trapezoidal_result),
'Simpson\'s 1/3': np.abs(exact_integral_value - simpsons_result)
}
return errors

def plot_error_graph(errors):
methods = list(errors.keys())
values = list(errors.values())

plt.plot(methods, values, marker='o', linestyle='-', color='blue')


plt.xlabel('Integration Methods')
plt.ylabel('Error')
plt.title('Error Comparison between Trapezoidal and Simpson\'s 1/3 Methods')
plt.show()

if __name__ == "__main__":
option = int(input("Choose an option (1 for Linear Equations, 2 for Numerical
Integration): "))

if option == 1:
# Linear Equations
A = np.array([[4, -1, 0, 0], [-1, 4, -1, 0], [0, -1, 4, -1], [0, 0, -1, 3]])
b = np.array([15, 10, 10, 10])

sor_solution, sor_iterations = sor_solver(A, b)


gs_solution, gs_iterations = gauss_seidel_solver(A, b)

print("\nSOR Method:")
print("Solution:", sor_solution)
print("Number of Iterations:", sor_iterations)
print("\nGauss-Seidel Method:")
print("Solution:", gs_solution)
print("Number of Iterations:", gs_iterations)

elif option == 2:
# Numerical Integration
a = 0
b = 2
n = 100 # Number of subintervals
func = lambda x: x ** 2

trapezoidal_result = trapezoidal_rule(func, a, b, n)
simpsons_result = simpsons_rule(func, a, b, n)
exact_integral_value = exact_integral(func, a, b)

print("\nTrapezoidal Method:")
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

print("Result:", trapezoidal_result)

print("\nSimpson's 1/3 Method:")


print("Result:", simpsons_result)

errors = calculate_error(func, a, b, n, exact_integral_value)


plot_error_graph(errors)
print("\nExact Integral Value:", exact_integral_value)

else:
print("Invalid option. Please choose 1 or 2.")

OUTPUT:
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

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