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Lecture 3

The document discusses important signal models used in signals and systems, including the unit step function u(t) and the unit impulse function δ(t). The unit step function u(t) is defined as 1 for t ≥ 0 and 0 for t < 0. It can be used to model signals that start at t = 0 and are causal. The unit impulse function δ(t) is defined as 0 for t ≠ 0 and has an integral of 1 from -∞ to ∞. It can be visualized as a very narrow rectangular pulse and is useful for modeling impulse signals. These functions serve as basic building blocks for representing and analyzing signals.

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khaddamoaz
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15 views

Lecture 3

The document discusses important signal models used in signals and systems, including the unit step function u(t) and the unit impulse function δ(t). The unit step function u(t) is defined as 1 for t ≥ 0 and 0 for t < 0. It can be used to model signals that start at t = 0 and are causal. The unit impulse function δ(t) is defined as 0 for t ≠ 0 and has an integral of 1 from -∞ to ∞. It can be visualized as a very narrow rectangular pulse and is useful for modeling impulse signals. These functions serve as basic building blocks for representing and analyzing signals.

Uploaded by

khaddamoaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Signal and Systems

Signals
Some Useful Signal Models
• REMARK:
• In the area of signals and systems, the step, the impulse, and the exponential
functions play very important roles. Not only do they serve as a basis for
representing other signals, but their use can simplify many aspects of the
signals and systems.
Unit Step Function 𝑢 𝑡
1 𝑡≥0
• Function defined by 𝑢 𝑡 = ൜
0 𝑡<0
• 𝑢 𝑡 can be used to force a signal to start
at 𝑡 = 0 and hence become causal
Unit Step Function 𝑢 𝑡
𝑘 𝑘
• 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑡0 = 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑡0 for any positive integer 𝑘, since 0 =0
and 1 𝑘 = 1
𝑏 𝑏
• 𝑢 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑏 = 𝑢 𝑎 𝑡 + =𝑢 𝑡+ ,𝑎 ≠ 0
𝑎 𝑎
Unit Step Function 𝑢 𝑡
• Example: Plot 𝑢 2𝑡 − 3
Unit Step Function 𝑢 𝑡
• Example: Plot 𝑢 2𝑡 − 3
Unit Step Function 𝑢 𝑡
Unit Step Function 𝑢 𝑡
Unit Step Function 𝑢 𝑡
• Example: Sketch 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑢 𝑡 + 2𝑢 𝑡 − 1 − 4𝑢 𝑡 − 2
Unit Step Function 𝑢 𝑡
• Example: Sketch 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑢 𝑡 + 2𝑢 𝑡 − 1 − 4𝑢 𝑡 − 2
Unit Step Function 𝑢 𝑡
• 𝑢 𝑡 proves very useful in specifying piecewise functions.
• 𝑥 𝑡 =𝑢 𝑡−2 −𝑢 𝑡−4
Unit Step Function 𝑢 𝑡
Unit Step Function 𝑢 𝑡
• Example: Use the unit step function to describe the signal 𝑥 𝑡
Unit Step Function 𝑢 𝑡
• Example: Use the unit step function to describe the signal 𝑥 𝑡
Unit Step Function 𝑢 𝑡
• Example: Use the unit step function to describe the signal 𝑥 𝑡
Unit Step Function 𝑢 𝑡
• Example: Use the unit step function to describe the signal 𝑥 𝑡
Unit Step Function 𝑢 𝑡
• Example: Describe the signal 𝑥 𝑡 using a single expression valid for
all 𝑡
Unit Step Function 𝑢 𝑡
• Example: Describe the signal 𝑥 𝑡 using a single expression valid for
all 𝑡
Unit Step Function 𝑢 𝑡
• Example: Describe the signal 𝑥 𝑡 using a single expression valid for
all 𝑡
Unit Step Function 𝑢 𝑡
• Example: Describe the signal 𝑥 𝑡 using a single expression valid for
all 𝑡
Unit Step Function 𝑢 𝑡
• Example: Describe the signal 𝑥 𝑡 using a single expression valid for
all 𝑡
Unit Step Function 𝑢 𝑡
• Example: Describe the signal 𝑥 𝑡 using a single expression valid for
all 𝑡
Unit Step Function 𝑢 𝑡
• Example: Describe the signal 𝑥 𝑡 using a single expression valid for
all 𝑡
Unit Impulse Function 𝛿 𝑡
• The unit impulse function 𝛿 𝑡 is one of the most important functions
in the study of signals and systems.
• Also called Dirac delta function.
• Was first introduced by Nobel Prize winning physicist Paul Dirac.
• Definition: ∞

𝛿 𝑡 = 0, 𝑡 ≠ 0 and න 𝛿 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 1
−∞
Unit Impulse Function 𝛿 𝑡
• Can be visualized as a tall, narrow, rectangular pulse of
Understanding 𝛿 𝑡

𝑑𝑢𝑟 𝑡
∴ 𝛿 𝑡 = lim
Δ→0 𝑑𝑡
• So, 𝛿 𝑡 can be visualized as a rectangular pulse whose width is Δ and
1 1
whose height is . Hence, its area is Δ =1
Δ Δ
Understanding 𝛿 𝑡
• Other pulses, such as
the exponential,
triangular, or Gaussian
types, may also be used
in impulse
approximation.
• Clearly, the exact
impulse function
cannot be generated in
practice; it can only be
approached.

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