FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICS

MODULE 3 FRACTIONS AND PERCENTAGES

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this module, the students will be able to:

1. Define ratio, rate and proportion
2. Compare quantities
3. Describes the relationship in proportion
4. Solve problems

INTRODUCTION

Ratio and Proportion are explained majorly based on fractions. When a fraction is
represented in the form of a:b, then it is a ratio whereas a proportion states that two ratios are
equal. Here, a and b are any two integers. The ratio and proportion are the two important
concepts, and it is the foundation to understand the various concepts in mathematics as well as
in science.

In our daily life, we use the concept of ratio and proportion such as in business while
dealing with money or while cooking any dish, etc. Sometimes, students get confused with the
concept of ratio and proportion. In this article, the students get a clear vision of these two
concepts with more solved examples and problems.

LESSON

Ratios and Rates

Definition: Ratio

A comparison, by division, of two pure numbers or two like denominate numbers is

a ratio.

36
The comparison by division of the pure numbers and the like denominate
4
8 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠
numbers are examples of ratios.
2 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠

Definition: Rate

A comparison, by division, of two unlike denominate numbers is a rate.

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FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICS
The comparison by division of two unlike denominate numbers, such as

55 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 40 𝑑𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑠
and are examples of rates.
1 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛 5 𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑠

Let's agree to represent two numbers (pure or denominate) with the letters aa and bb.
This means that we're letting aa represent some number and bb represent some,
perhaps different, number. With this agreement, we can write the ratio of the two
numbers and b as

𝑎 𝑏
𝑜𝑟
𝑏 𝑎
𝑎
The ratio is read as "a to b."
𝑏

𝑏
The ratio is read as "b to a."
𝑎

Since a ratio or a rate can be expressed as a fraction, it may be reducible.

Sample Set A

30 15
The ratio 30 to 2 can be expressed as . Reducing, we get .
2 1

The ratio 30 to 2 is equivalent to the ratio 15 to 1.

Sample Set B

𝟒 𝐭𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬
The rate "4 televisions to 12 people" can be expressed as . The
𝟏𝟐 𝐩𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐥𝐞
meaning of this rate is that "for every 4 televisions, there are 12 people."

𝟏 𝐭𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧
Reducing, we get . The meaning of this rate is that "for every 1 television,
𝟑 𝐩𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐥𝐞

there are 3 people.” Thus, the rate of "4 televisions to 12 people" is the same as the
rate of "1 television to 3 people."

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FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICS

Ratios, Rates and Proportions

Definition: Ratio, Rate

We have defined a ratio as a comparison, by division, of two pure numbers or

two like denominate numbers. We have defined a rate as a comparison, by division, of
two unlike denominate numbers.

Definition: Proportion

A proportion is a statement that two ratios or rates are equal. The following
two examples show how to read proportions.

Sample Set 1

Write or read each proportion.

3 12
=
5 20

Solution:

3 is to 5 as 12 is to 20

Sample Set 2

10 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠 2 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠
=
5 𝑑𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑠 1 𝑑𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟

Solution:

10 item

s is to 5 dollars as 2 items is to 1 dollar

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FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICS

Sample Set 3

8 is to 12 as 16 is to 24.

Solution:

8 16
=
12 24

Sample Set 4

50 milligrams of vitamin C is to 1 tablet as 300 milligrams of vitamin C is to 6 tablets.

Solution:

50 300
=
1 6

Finding the Missing Factor in a Proportion

Many practical problems can be solved by writing the given information as proportions.
Such proportions will be composed of three specified numbers and one unknown
number. It is customary to let a letter, such as xx, represent the unknown number. An
example of such a proportion is

𝑥 20
=
4 16

This proportion is read as "x is to 4 as 20 is to 16."

There is a method of solving these proportions that is based on the equality of

fractions. Recall that two fractions are equivalent if and only if their cross products are
equal. For example,

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FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICS
Notice that in a proportion that contains three specified numbers and a letter
representing an unknown quantity, that regardless of where the letter appears, the
following situation always occurs.

We recognize this as a multiplication statement. Specifically, it is a missing

factor statement. (See [link] for a discussion of multiplication statements.) For
example,

Each of these statements is a multiplication statement. Specifically, each is a

missing factor statement. (The letter used here is x, whereas M was also used.)

Finding the Missing Factor in a Proportion

The missing factor in a missing factor statement can be determined by dividing the
product by the known factor, that is, if x represents the missing factor, then

x=(product) ÷ (known factor)

Sample Set 1

Find the unknown number in each proportion.

𝑥 20
= Find the cross product.
4 16

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FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICS
Solution:

16 ⋅ x = 20 ⋅ 4

16 ⋅ x = 80 Divide the product 80 by the known factor 16.

80
x =
16

x =5 The unknown number is 5.

5 20
This mean that = , or 5 is to 4 as 20 is to 16.
4 16

Sample Set 2

5 20
= Find the cross product.
𝑥 16

Solution:

16 ⋅ 5 = 20 ⋅ x

50 = 20x Divide the product 80 by the known factor 20.

80
=𝑥
20

4=x The unknown number is 4.

5 20
This mean that = , or 5 is to 4 as 20 is to 16.
4 16

Proportions Involving Rates

Recall that a rate is a comparison, by division, of unlike denominate numbers. We must

be careful when setting up proportions that involve rates. The form is important. For
example, if a rate involves two types of units, say unit type 1 and unit type 2, we can
write
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FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICS

or

Both cross products produce a statement of the type

(unit type 1)⋅(unit type 2)=(unit type 1)⋅(unit type 2)

which we take to mean the comparison

Examples of correctly expressed proportions are the following:

However, if we write the same type of units on different sides, such as,

(unit type 1)⋅(unit type 2)=(unit type 1)⋅(unit type 2)

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FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICS
the cross product produces a statement of the form

Examples of correctly expressed proportions are the following:

However, if we write the same type of units on different sides, such as,

𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 1 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 2

=
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 1

the cross product produces a statement of the form

We can see that this is an incorrect comparison by observing the following example: It
is incorrect to write

2 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑘𝑠 6 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
=
3 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 4 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑘𝑠

for two reason.

The cross product is numerically wrong: (2 ⋅ 4 ≠ 3 ⋅ 6)

The cross product produces the statement “hooks are to hooks as poles are to
poles,” which makes no sense.
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FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICS
Applications of Proportions
The Five-Step Method

The first and most important part of solving a proportion problem is to determine, by
careful reading, what the unknown quantity is and to represent it with some letter.

The Five-Step Method

The five-step method for solving proportion problems:

1. By careful reading, determine what the unknown quantity is and represent it with some
letter. There will be only one unknown in a problem.
2. Identify the three specified numbers.
3. Determine which comparisons are to be made and set up the proportion.
4. Solve the proportion (using the methoids)
5. Interpret and write a conclusion in a sentence with the appropriate units of measure.

Step 1 is extremely important. Many problems go unsolved because time is not taken to
establish what quantity is to be found.

When solving an applied problem, always begin by determining the unknown quantity
and representing it with a letter.

Problem Solving

Sample Set 1

On a map, 2 inches represents 25 miles. How many miles are represented by 8 inches?

Solution:

Step 1: The unknown quantity is miles.

Let x= number of miles represented by 8 inches

Step 2: The three specified numbers are

2 inches
25 miles
8 inches

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FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICS
Step 3: The comparisons are
2 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
2 inches to 25 miles →
25 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠
8 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
8 inches to x miles →
𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠

Proportions involving ratios and rates are more readily solved by suspending the units
2 8
while doing the computations. =𝑥
25

Step 4:

2 8
=𝑥 Perform the cross multiplication.
25

2 ⋅ x = 8⋅25 Divide 200 by 2.

2 ⋅ x = 200

x = 100

In step 1, we let x represent the number of miles. So, x represents 100 miles.

Step 5: If 2 inches represents 25 miles, then 8 inches represents 100 miles.

Sample Set 2

An acid solution is composed of 7 parts water to 2 parts acid. How many parts of
water are there in a solution composed of 20 parts acid?

Solution

Step 1: The unknown quantity is the number of parts of water.

Let x=x= number of parts of water.

Step 2: The three specified numbers are

7 parts water
2 parts aciid
20 parts acid

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FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICS

Step 3: The comparisons are

7
7 parts water to 2 parts acid →
2
𝑛
n parts water to 20 parts acid →20

7 𝑛
=
2 20

7 𝑛
Step 4: = 20 Perform the cross multiplication.
2
7⋅20 = 2⋅n Divide 140 by 2.

140
=𝑛
2

70 = 𝑛

In step 1, we let n represent the number of parts of water. So, n represents 70 parts of
water.

Step 5: 7 parts water to 2 parts acid indicates 70 parts water to 20 parts acid.

Ratios and Percents

Ratio, Percent
We defined a ratio as a comparison, by division, of two pure numbers or two
like denominate numbers. A most convenient number to compare numbers to is
100. Ratios in which one number is compared to 100 are called percents. The
word percent comes from the Latin word "per centum." The word "per" means
"for each" or "for every," and the word "centum" means "hundred." Thus, we
have the following definition.

Percent means “for each hundred," or "for every hundred."

The symbol % is used to represent the word percent.

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FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICS
Sample Set 1

The ratio 26 to 100 can be written as 26%. We read 26% as "twenty-six percent."

Sample Set 2

165
The ratio can be written as 165%.
100

We read 165% as "one hundred sixty-five percent."

Sample Set 3

38
The percent 38% can be written as the fraction .
100

Sample Set 4

210 1
The percent 210% can be written as the fraction or the mixed number 2 100 or 2.1.
100

Sample Set 5

25
Since one dollar is 100 cents, 25 cents is of a dollar. This implies that 25 cents is
100
25% of one dollar.

The Relationship Between Fractions, Decimals, and Percents – Making

Conversions

Since a percent is a ratio, and a ratio can be written as a fraction, and a fraction can be
written as a decimal, any of these forms can be converted to any other.

Before we proceed to the problems in Sample Set B and Practice Set B, let's summarize
the conversion techniques.

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FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICS
Conversion Techniques – Fractions, Decimals, Percents

To Convert a Fraction To Convert a Decimal To Convert a Percent

To a fraction: Read the To a decimal: Move the

To a decimal: Divide the numerator by the
decimal and reduce the decimal point 2 places to the
denominator
resulting fraction left and drop the % symbol

To a percent: Convert the fraction first to a To a percent: Move the To a fraction: Drop the % sign
decimal, then move the decimal point 2 decimal point 2 places to the and write the number “over”
places to the right and affix the % symbol. right and affix the % symbol 100. Reduce, if possible.

Sample Set 1
Convert 12% to a decimal.

Solution

12
12%=100 =0.12

Note that

The % symbol is dropped, and the decimal point moves 2 places to the left.

Sample Set 2

Convert 0.75 to a percent.

Solution

175
0.75=100=75%

Note that

The % symbol is affixed, and the decimal point moves 2 units to the right.

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FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICS
Sample Set 3

Convert 3535 to a percent.

Solution

We see in Example above that we can convert a decimal to a percent. We also know
that we can convert a fraction to a decimal. Thus, we can see that if we first convert
the fraction to a decimal, we can then convert the decimal to a percent.

Sample Set 4

Convert 42% to a fraction.

Solution

42 21
42%= =
100 50

or

42 21
42%=0.42=100=50

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FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICS
LESSON SUMMARY

Ratio and Rate

A comparison, by division, of two like denominate numbers is a ratio. A comparison, by
division, of two unlike denominate numbers is a rate.

Proportion
A proportion is a statement that two ratios or rates are equal.
3 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 6 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒
=
2 𝑗𝑜𝑏𝑠 4 𝑗𝑜𝑏𝑠

Solving a Proportion
To solve a proportion that contains three known numbers and a letter that represents
an unknown quantity, perform the cross multiplication, then divide the product of the
two numbers by the number that multiplies the letter.

Proportions Involving Rates

When writing a proportion involving rates it is very important to write it so that the
same type of units appears on the same side of either the equal sign or the fraction
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 1 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 1 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 1 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 2
bar. = or 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 1=𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 2
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 2 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 2

Five-Step Method for Solving Proportions

1. By careful reading, determine what the unknown quantity is and represent it with some
letter. There will be only one unknown in a problem.
2. Identify the three specified numbers.
3. Determine which comparisons are to be made and set up the proportion.
4. Solve the proportion.
5. Interpret and write a conclusion.

When solving applied problems, ALWAYS begin by determining the unknown quantity
and representing it with a letter.

Percents
A ratio in which one number is compared to 100 is a percent. Percent means "for each
hundred."

Conversion of Fractions, Decimals, and Percents

It is possible to convert decimals to percents, fractions to percents, percents to
decimals, and percents to fractions.

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FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICS
Applications of Percents:
The three basic types of percent problems involve a base, a percentage, and
a percent.

Base
The base is the number used for comparison.

Percentage
The percentage is the number being compared to the base.

Percent
By its definition, percent means part of.

Solving Problems
Percentage=(percent)×(base)
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
Percent= 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
Base= 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡

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FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICS
EVALUATION

Name: _____________________________________ Score: __________ Rating: ________

Course Yr. & Sec. ____________________________ Date Submitted: __________________

Reflective Learning No.3 RATIOS AND PROPORTIONS

Direction. Answer the following as required. Legibly write your answer in a clean sheet of
paper, take a picture then attach /send it to the Google Classroom. (5 points each)

1. Give and discuss practical applications of Ratio.

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2. Explain the relationship between Fraction, Decimal and Percents.

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3. In what instance does the cross product is numerically wrong? Cite an example.
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Activity Exercise No.3 RATIOS AND PROPORTIONS

GO TO THE LINK: https://tinyurl.com/AEMODULETHREE

UP NEXT: Scientific Notation & Significant Figures

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