Networking 101

By: Stefan Jagroop

 The Internet

• The Internet is governed by a series of protocols that form the rules for how
communications should happen
• The Internet is a network of networks.
• There is no centralized point.
• There are no boundaries.
• Information that is sent from one location on the internet to another is
broken down into smaller, more manageable pieces called “packets”
 So Then What Is Networking?

• Networking is a process of connecting two or more computers for sharing

information.
• A way for devices to communicate with one another
 Local Area Networks (LAN)
• LANs are the most basic type of network.
• These small networks are the building blocks of the Internet. Can be thought of as
a “local neighborhood” of computers or devices
• All devices on the same LAN communicate directly with one another across a
“switch” (collision domain).
• Network and LAN segmentation is a fundamental security concept.
• LANs can be organized by :
• Geographic area Device type
• Administrative boundary
 Wide Area Networks (WAN)

• LANs are connected together to form WANs

• LANs get connected to WANs through routers.
• The “Internet” is one big WAN.
• We can connect LANs to WANs through both wireless and Wired Connections.
• WANs can span much larger geographic distances than LANs
 Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)

• A physical or logical sub-network that separates an internal local area

network (LAN)
• External-facing servers, resources and services are located in the DMZ so
they are accessible from the Internet but the rest of the
internal LAN remains unreachable.
• This provides an additional layer of security to the LAN as it restricts the
ability of hackers to directly access internal servers and data via the Internet.
 Ports (logical, not physical)

• Associated with a protocol type, used for connections along with an IP Address
• HTTPS : PORT 443
• HTTP: 80, 8080
• FTP: 21
• SSH: 22
• TELNET:23
• DNS-:53
 Network Protocols

• Routers use these to communicate with one another

• Send messages to one another
• Establish communication
• Establish Routing tables
• Examples:
• BGP- Border Gateway Protocol
• RIP- Routing Information Protocol
• EIGRP- Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
• OSPF- Open Shortest Path First
Network Protocol Example
Routing Table Example
 Transport Layer

• TCP
• Connection oriented
• Three way handshake (SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK)
• Reliable
• UDP
• Not reliable
• Used for faster transmission, such as streaming
TCP/IP
 Common Devices

• Router - Forwards data packets to and receives data packets from the
Internet
• Switch - Connects end devices using network cables
• Wireless access point - Consists of a radio transmitter capable of
connecting end devices wirelessly
• Firewall appliance - Secures outgoing traffic and restricts incoming traffic
TCP/IP vs. OSI Model
 OSI vs TCP/IP cont

• OSI Model
• it is used for data network design, operation specifications, and troubleshooting.
• TCP/IP
• Less advanced model than OSI
• Internet Model
• Both Models are the primary models used when discussing network functionality.
 Typically Seen Types of Addresses

• IP address - Together with subnet mask, uniquely identifies end device on

the internetwork
• Subnet mask - Determines which part of a larger network is used by an IP
address
• Default Gateway – Way out of the network, Think of a gate out of your yard
• Routers have a GOLR- Gateway of Last resort
 IP Packets

• An IP packet contains two IP addresses:

• Source IP address - The IP address of the sending device.
• Destination IP address - The IP address of the receiving device. The destination IP address is used
by routers to forward a packet to its destination.
• Source MAC Address
• Destination MAC addresses- used by switches to forward packets
• Frame Check Sequence(FCS)
• Checks to see if there are errors in packets, if there is. It’s dropped for a new one.
IP Addresses
Subnet Masks
Default Gateway
 Flow of Data and Packets

• The IP layer determines if the client your sending a packet to resided on you
LAN by looking at:
• Your client’s IP address
• Your client’s subnet mask
• Your destination’s IP address
• Switches handle LAN traffic ( Layer 2 devices)
• LAN traffic is handled through MAC Addresses
• Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) request
• What IP goes to what MAC Address?
• Is it in the Arp table?
• If not forward to router or default gateway
• Router looks at routing table and forwards to the correct router or connected
network
• Remember that Routers are connected to each other via Routing Tables
 MAC Addresses

• Hardcoded addresses into a computer’s NIC

• Network Interface Controller/Card
• 48- bit Address
• Made up of a Organsationally Unique Idenitifier (OUI) and NIC Addresses
• Layer 2 address used by switches
Ipconfig /all Output
 DHCP vs Static Addressing

• Static addressing means manually assigning each address manually,

• IP Addresses won’t change
• Good for devices like printers and IP phones
• DHCP is generally the preferred method of assigning IPv4 addresses to hosts on
large networks because it reduces the burden on network support staff and
virtually eliminates entry errors.
• Dynamically assigns addresses throughout the network
• Usually needs a DHCP server and DHCP Client
 Domain Name System (DNS)

• Translates an IP address to a name

• Humans are bad at remember numbers that’s why DNS was created
• Example 128.205.201.57 is mapped to www.buffalo.edu
• So when you type www.buffalo.edu in the web browser
• DNS translates that domain name to an IP address to connect to the website
Intro to Subnetting
Subnetting Example
 Subnetting Example

• The business Unbelieva-bowl contracting you to develop a networking scheme

and has given you the address 192.168.1.0/24.
• They have a large number of sales reps on the floor answering IP phones, there
is 60 phones.
• They also have a crew of loaders at the truck dock which require only about 34
computers throughout the loading department and administrative staff on the
other side of the building with about 55 computers.
• The link between the routing devices also needs addresses.
 Subnetting Example Answers

• Subnet 0: 192.168.1.0/26
• Subnet 1: 192.168.1.64/26
• Subnet 2: 192.168.1.128/26
• Subnet 3: 192.168.1.192/26
• Any one of these subnets can be assigned to any departments (60 hosts, 35
hosts, 34 hosts and the 2 links) since they will each support 62 hosts.
 IPv6

• Created to replace IPv4

• No more IPv4 addresses to give out
• 8 x 16 bit (128 bit) alphanumeric addresses in decimal notation separated by
‘.’s. For example 2001:0000:3238:DFE1:63:0000:0000:FEFB – IPV6
• Tends to be ignored
Network Address Translation (NAT)
 Public Addresses Vs. Private addresses

• Public is used for intranet communication

• Private is used mainly in home networks or companies
• UB is public addressed
• Think, if you go to anyone’s house an run an ipconfig, you’ll get an IP of
192.168.1.x or something similar
 Testing Connection

• Ping – checks for network connection

• Tracert - shows hops to a destination
• Nslookup (windows) – shows the dns server information
• Ipconfig (Windows) – displays generic IP addressing info
• Ipconfig /all (Windows) – shows detailed information for all network adapters
• Ifconfig (linux) – displays generic IP addressing info
• Netstat- Shows active connections
 Clients

• Clients access servers for information and resources

• Connected to a network (LAN/ WAN.. MAN)
• Local Area, Wide Are, Metropolitan Area
• DMZ vs Regular connection
• DMZ- network is segmented so people on the outside can’t get in
• Most likely segmented on a VLAN( Virtual Local Area Network)
• Could be devices such as smartphones, tablets, PCs
• Programs could be considered to be clients also
 Servers

• Servers store information and contain resources that clients can access
• Provides a service to users or specific programs
• Can be used to run a variety of applications
• Types of Servers:
• File, SQL, Websites, Active directory, Virtualization
• Does not necessarily have to look like a server to be a server
• Could be compromised through a client
 IP Classes
• Class A – 16,777,216 hosts
• Class B – 1,048,576 hosts
• Class C- 65,536 hosts
END