1 4 (a) (i) Define gravitational potential at a point. (2) (ii) Starting from the equation for the gravitational potential due to a point mass, show that the gravitational potential energy E, of a point mass m at a distance r from another point mass Mis given by where G is the gravitational constant. (1 (b) Fig. 1.1 shows the path of a comet of mass 2.20 x 10"kg as it passes around a star of mass 1.99 x 10%kg. X_ 34.1kms-* star mass 1.99 x 10°kg comet mass 2.20 x 10%kg ~path of comet Fig. 1.1 (not to scale) At point X, the comet is 8.44 x 10""m from the centre of the star and is moving at a speed of 34.1kms~ At point Y, the comet passes its point of closest approach to the star. At this point, the comet is a distance of 6.38 x 10°°m from the centre of the star. © UCLES 2022 srozseznnre25 Both the comet and the star can be considered as point masses at their centres. (i) Calculate the magnitude of the change in the gravitational potential energy AE, of the comet as it moves from position X to position Y. AE, ° J (ii) State, with a reason, whether the change in gravitational potential energy in (b)(i) is an increase or a decrease. 1 i) _ Use your answer in (b)(i) to determine the speed, in kms~", of the comet at point ¥. SPOEM = oarerrsnatinaineaeenanannene KMS [3] (c) Asecond comet passes point X with the same speed as the comet in (b) and travelling in the same direction. This comet is gradually losing mass. The mass of this comet when it passes. point X is the same as the mass of the comet in (b). Suggest, with a reason, how the path of the second comet compares with the path shown in Fig. 1.1 (1) [Total: 10] euctes 2022 sronanurze [Turn oversvoaa Camtrdge rao! AS & Level - Mak Schama Meine 2022 PUBLISHED Question Answer ares 119) | wor (one par unt mass at work dene on mas now ss om sity (pt) 8 ee) [mom a f= (-GMinxm=—cumtr Fe cure ana. Go= one G¥mie 100) [a= 867 10°" 499% 1 220% 10% 11638 109) 1144 10°9 a =4aa 1084 ™ 11040) | aviation fore atrcive 0 aecreae 8 Graton ce does was dense eon) | n= mew —ve) e 420 10% «220% 10% (? 381009 a ¥(¢ 70800m=")=7084m=" mM 116) [bth PE ac KE equntons ince ms paths nce Bt1 (a) Define gravitational potential at a point - 2) (b) Artemis is a spherical planet that may be assumed to be isolated in space. The variation with distance x from the centre of Artemis of the gravitational potential ¢ is shown in Fig. 1.1. x/0?m, 0 1 2 3 1.0 -2.0 3.0 1107 Jkg™* 35 4.0 Fig. 1.4 ouctes 2023, 7024223(i) The radius of Artemis is 4800 km Determine the value of gon the surface of Artemis. oF . Skg* [1] ‘Show that the mass of Arter 2.55 x 10%4kg. ti] Calculate the gravitational field strength g on the surface of Artemis. GF on . Nkg“* [2] (iv) Assatelite is in an orbit at a fixed position above a point on the surface of Artemis. The satellite is located above the equator of Artemis at a height above the surface where the gravitational potential is -0.65 x 107 Jkg"? Calculate the period, in hours, of rotation of Artemis, period . hours [4] euctes 2023 7o2seairnwes [Turn over6 (c) State one similarity and one difference between gravit and electric potential due to a point charge. tional potential due to a point mass similarity ... difference (2) [Total: 12] ouctes 2023, o7o2iazirw23razz Cambridge Intemational AS & A Level ~ Mark Scheme FebruaryMtarch 2023 ‘PUBLISHED Question Answer Marks “(a) | work done per unit mass a ‘Work (done on mass) moving mass from infty (to the point) Bt 100) |-9.55 «10° Jeg 8 ‘ox 8 om |g «Sie 3.5510" «4800000 6a7a10" = 2.85 10"k9 oy) | om 1 6.6710°"52.55.10% 3.55x10" a "4800000" ‘4800000, Nig" ‘4oyivy| rin ange 2.60 10" to 265 x 107m 1 vt MM ang y= 2 or mot SMO 2 eo me = GMO and v= 2 oF mre and w= 2 ce ace __ 4es(265x10") re : Peet) = 420010 GM * 66710 ".2.55:10" T = 648008 a 18 hours ucues 200 Pane tt8 uuu oraz Cambridge International AS & A Love FebruaryMarch 2023 ‘PUBLISHED Question Answor Marks 1(¢) | similarity ~ any one point rom 1 ‘inversely proportional o distance (rom poi) + ponts of equal potential e on concent spheres + zero at infinte distance diference ~ any one pont rom 1 + grawiatonal potential is always) negative 1 slecte polenta can be postive or negative1 (a) State Newton's law of gravitation. (2 (b) A satellite is in a circular orbit around a planet. The radius of the orbit is R and the period of the orbit is T. The planet is a uniform sphere. Use Newton's law of gravitation to show that R and T are related by 4x°R® = GMT? where Mis the mass of the planet and G is the gravitational constant. (2) (c) The Earth may be considered to be a uniform sphere of mass 5.98 x 10kg and radius 6.37 x 108m. A geostationary satelite is in orbit around the Earth. Use the expression in (b) to determine the height of the satellite above the Earth's surface. height = m [3] OuctEs 2023, 9702142235 (d) Another satellite is in a circular orbit around the Earth with the same orbital radius and period as the satellite in (c). (i) Calculate the angular speed of the satellite in this orbit. Give a unit with your answer. angular speed = unit 2 (li) Despite having the same orbital period, the orbit of this satellite is not geostationary. Suggest two ways in which the orbit of this satellite could be different from the orbit of in (c). the sate 1 (2) (Total: 11] euctes 2023 7022s [Turn oversrozu2 Cambridge intemational AS & A Level Mark Scheme Mayltune 2023 PUBLISHED Question Answer Marke (a) | (gravitational fore is (rect) proportionate product of masses et {orce (between point masses) i inversely proportional tothe square o thet separation Bt 100) | Gin Re = me? mt (= 2e/ T and algebra leading to 4°R° = GMT? at Gti RE= mR ny \V= 2aR T and algebra leading to 4:7R* = GMT? ay Me) | aa x R= BT x 10°" «5.98 « 10%» (24 x 60» GOP en (R=4.22%10'm) = R—(6.37 «10 ct 1h =4.22« 107)-(637 » 10°) at 6 107m 16, | @ =28/T en = 2n/(28 «60 « 60) a” =73«10% mde! (0,0), | orbits trom east to west Bt ‘orbit isnot equatorial orbits polar Bt