CONDITIONING TECHNIQUES

UNIT 02
THERMAL INSULATION + CONDENSATIONS

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 1

 CONDITIONING TECHNIQUES
UNIT 02
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Thermal insulation in building construction is a primary necessity because of the following

reasons:

1.- Energy saving: Insulation reduces the loss of energy through the building enclosure.

2.- Thermal comfort: Insulation improves thermal comfort sensations, as it reduces the
difference of temperature between the surfaces in contact with the outside and the inside
atmosphere.

3.- Contamination: Insulation materials reduce energy consumption, and thus CO2
emissions produced by combustion processes.

4.- Condensations: Insulation avoids condensations on the inside surface of the

enclosures, improving the life of the finishing materials.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 2

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Heat transmission

It is a process by which heat is exchanged between

two elements that present different temperatures.

Heat is transfered by convection, radiation or

conduction.

Even though these three proceses can happen at the

same time, one of them can prevail over the others.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 3

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Radiation

Radiation is a term that is generally applied to all types of phenomena related to electromagnetic
waves.

All substances emit radiant energy simply by having a temperature higher than absolute zero.
The higher the temperature, the greater the amount of energy emitted. In addition to emitting
radiation, all substances are capable of absorbing it. That is why, although an ice cube emits
radiant energy continuously, it melts if it is illuminated with an incandescent lamp because it
absorbs a greater amount of heat than it emits.

Unlike conduction and convection, radiation does not require a transmission medium and can
occur in a vacuum. Heat transfer by radiation occurs at the speed of light and does not suffer
attenuation in a vacuum.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 4

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THERMAL INSULATION + CONDENSATIONS

Radiation

Opaque surfaces can absorb radiation; generally, matte and rough surfaces absorb more heat than
shiny and polished surfaces, and shiny surfaces reflect more radiant energy than matte surfaces. In
addition, substances that absorb a lot of radiation are also good emitters; those that reflect a lot of
radiation and absorb little are poor emitters.

That is why kitchen utensils often have matte bottoms for good absorption and polished walls for
minimal emission, thus maximizing total heat transfer to the contents of the pan.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 5

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Radiation

The Stefan-Boltzmann equation is used to calculate radiation:

P = a s  A  T 4
Where:

P is the power emmited by the object (Watts)

a is a coefficient that depends on the object. For a black body a=1
s Is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, with a value of 5,67 10-8 W/m2k4
A is the área of the radiating surface
T is the temperatura of the object (Kelvin)

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 6

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Convection

If there is a difference in temperature within a liquid or gas, there will be movement of the fluid.
This movement transfers heat from one part of the fluid to another through a process called
convection. The fluid movement can be natural or forced.

If a liquid or gas is heated, its density tends to decrease. If the liquid or gas is in a gravitational
field, the hotter, less dense fluid rises while the cooler, denser fluid sinks. This type of movement,
due solely to the non-uniformity of the fluid temperature, is called natural convection. Forced
convection is achieved by subjecting the fluid to a gradient of pressures, thereby forcing its
movement according to the laws of fluid mechanics.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 7

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Convection

El calor transmitido por convección se puede expresar según la siguiente expresión:

Q = h  A  (Ts  Tinf )
Where:

Q is the heat transfer rate (Watts)

H is the convection heat transfer coefficient of the fluid, it depends on its physical properties and
the velocity at which it moves over the solid surface
A is the area of contact between the solid and fluid
T is the temperature of the surface
Tinf is the temperature of the fluid far away from the wall

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 8

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Conduction

In solids, the only form of heat transfer is conduction. If one end of a metal rod is heated, causing
an increase in temperature, heat is conducted to the cooler end.

The proportionality factor is called the thermal conductivity of the material. Materials such as gold,
silver or copper have high thermal conductivities and conduct heat well, while materials such as
glass or asbestos have conductivities that are hundreds or even thousands of times lower; they
do not conduct heat well and are known as insulators. In engineering, it is necessary to know the
rate at which heat is conducted through a solid in which there is a known temperature difference.
To find out, very complex mathematical techniques are required, especially if the process varies
over time; in this case, it is called transient thermal conduction.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 9

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Conduction

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 10

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The importance of the environmental problem and the need for energy savings requires the
search for methods of energy efficiency.

The building sector, from an energy point of view, includes services that have a greater weight on
the energy consumption of buildings, representing 17% of national final energy consumption, of
which 10% corresponds to the domestic sector and 7% to the tertiary sector. Of these, the energy
consumption of heating and air conditioning accounts for approximately half of the total energy
consumption of the building.

How can we act to achieve energy savings in construction?

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 11

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• Insulation: Proper insulation of walls, roofs, and floors can help to reduce heat loss in the winter
and heat gain in the summer. Adequate pipe and duct insulation can reduce energy
consumption.

• Lighting: Using energy-efficient lighting, such as LED or CFL bulbs, can help to reduce electricity
consumption.

• HVAC: Installing high-efficiency heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems can help to
reduce energy consumption.

• Windows and glazing: Installing energy-efficient windows and glazing can help to reduce heat
loss and heat gain.

• Passive solar design: Orienting buildings to take advantage of natural light and solar heat can
help to reduce energy consumption.

• Renewable energy: Incorporating renewable energy sources, such as solar panels or wind
turbines, can help to reduce the building's overall energy consumption.

• Automation and control systems: Installing automated systems to control lighting, temperature
and ventilation can help to optimize energy consumption.

• Energy Audits: Performing energy audits of buildings can help to identify areas for improvement
and track progress over time.
Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 12
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AIR RENEWAL

Air from the outside, through ventilation and infiltration of the premises at a temperature (Te), in order
to be heated to the indoor temperature (Ti), requires a quantity of heat proportional to its volume (V),
the difference in temperature (Ti - Te) and its specific heat, according to the equation:

Q = 0,29 • V (Ti - Te) kcal/h

Ventilation is mandatory for health reasons and the necessary flow values are assigned by the
Technical Building Code (Código Técnico de la Edificación - CTE) for residential buildings, garages
and storage rooms. The Regulation of Thermal Installations in Buildings (Reglamento de
Instalaciones Térmicas en los Edificios – RITE) determines the minimum ventilation air-flow for the
rest of the buildings.

On the other hand, infiltrations are considered uncontrolled losses that should be reduced for the
comfort of the users.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 13

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VENTILATION

The ventilation flow rates required in homes by the CTE are shown in the next table. In tertiary
premises, ventilation is determined according to RITE.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 14

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INFILTRATIONS

Air infiltration occurs through the exterior openings (doors, windows and skylights) depending on their
air permeability. This permeability will be limited depending on the climate of the location in which they
are located.

The air permeability of the exterior openings, measured with an overpressure of 100 Pa, will have
values lower than the following:

a) For climatic zones a, A, B: 27 m3/h·m2;

b) For climatic zones C, D and E: 27 m3/h·m2.

Exterior opening classification according to their air permeability:

Class 0 exterior openings have not been tested.

Class 1 exterior openings have an air permeability of 50 m3/h·m2.
Class 2 exterior openings have an air permeability of 27 m3/h·m2.
Class 3 exterior openings have an air permeability of 9 m3/h·m2.
Class 4 exterior openings have an air permeability of 3 m3/h·m2.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 15

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UNIT 02
THERMAL INSULATION + CONDENSATIONS

HEAT LOSS THROUGH ENCLOSURE ELEMENTS

When an opaque and homogeneous wall is placed between two environments at different
temperatures, heat transfer occurs from the warm side to the cold side. This transmission occurs in
several phases:

1. From the indoor air (warmer environment) to the inner face of the wall.
2. Through the wall.
3. From the outer face of the wall to the outdoor air (colder environment).

The transmission through

phase 2 occurs through
conduction, and in phases 1
and 3, through convection and
radiation.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 16

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HEAT FLOW AND THERMAL RESISTANCE

Considering a flat, homogeneous wall with a surface (S) that is very large compared to its thickness
(L) for conduction in steady state and without internal heat dissipation; if the temperatures on both
sides are different, but uniform and constant (t1,) and (t2), a heat flow (Q) per unit of time will be
established that is given by the Fourier's law by the following equation:

The amount of heat transmitted per unit of time and area not only depends on the thickness of the wall
and the temperature gradient Dt = t1 - t2, but also on the intrinsic properties of the material in terms of
its ability to conduct heat, which is called thermal conductivity (l). W/m2·ºC or kcal/h·m2·ºC.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 17

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HEAT FLOW AND THERMAL RESISTANCE

The thermal resistance of a material is defined as the opposition that it performs to the heat flow
through its surface. This value is directly proportional to its thickness and inversely proportional to its
thermal conductivity. It is normally expressed in (W/m2·K).

Insulating materials will be those that have very high thermal resistance values for relatively small
thicknesses. Their thermal conductivity will be low.

The thermal transmittance of a material (U) is the inverse of its thermal resistance; consequently:

U = 1/R
As we normally work with the transmittance (U), which is the inverse of the thermal resistance
(U=1/R), we can also state that:

Q = S·U·(t1-t2)

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 18

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THERMAL RESISTANCE OF AN ENCLOSURE ELEMENT

To determine the total thermal resistance of a wall that separates

two environments at different temperatures, we must not only
take into account the internal thermal resistance of that
construction element (considering all its layers), but also other
supplementary resistances, called internal and external surface
thermal resistances (rsi and rse), due to the difficulties of heat
exchange between the wall and air (heat transfer by convection
and radiation).

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 19

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THERMAL RESISTANCE OF AN ENCLOSURE ELEMENT

The total thermal resistance of a homogeneous enclosure will therefore be represented as the sum of
the thermal resistance of each layer, arranged in series, plus the values of the internal and external
thermal resistances.

Rsi and Rse values can be obtained

from this table.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 20

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Example 01

Calcule la resistencia total de un cerramiento vertical formado por las siguientes capas:

Material Thickness (cm) l (W/m2·K)

Ceramic brick 15 0,69

Polyurethane 2 0,028

Hollow brick 10 0,44

Plaster 2 0,4

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 21

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Example 01

Total thermal resistance will be expressed as the addition of the thermal resistances
of the different layers of the analyzed enclosure element, plus the interior and
exterior boundary layer thermal resistances (Rsi and Rse):

The thermal resistance of the first layer (ceramic brick) Will be:
e1 0,15 ( m)
R1 = = = 0,217 (m2 º C/W)
l1 0,69 (W/mº C)
For the rest of the layers:

e2 0,02 ( m)
R2 = = = 0,714 (m2 º C/W)
l2 0,028 (W/mº C)

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 22

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Example 01

e3 0,10 ( m)
R3 = = = 0,227 (m2 º C/W)
l3 0,44 (W/mº C)

e4 0,02 ( m)
R4 = = = 0,05 (m2 º C/W)
l 4 0,40 (W/mº C)
Once we have determined the thermal resistance of the different layers that form part
of the enclosure element we will calculate the total termal resistance by adding them
all, also including the thermal resistance of the boundary layers (Rsi and Rse), that for
a wall will be:

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 23

 CONDITIONING TECHNIQUES
UNIT 02
THERMAL INSULATION + CONDENSATIONS
Example 01

RT = Rse  R1  R2  R3  R4  Rsi

RT = 0,04  0,217  0,714  0,227  0,05  0,13 = 1,378 (m2 º C/W)

As the thermal transmittance (U) is the inverse of the thermal resistance (R); then:

U = 1/RT
In this case, U = 1/1,378 = 0,726 W/m2·ºC = 0,726 W/m2·K

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 24

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Example 01

¿How much heat would be lost by that wall if its total Surface was 20m2? Consider the
interior temperature is 22ºC and the exterior one 2ºC; or what is the same, a thermal
jump of 20ºC.

As explained before, heat flux is determined by the next expression:

Q = S·U·(t1-t2)

Consequently:

Q = 20m2 · 0,726 W/m2·K · (22ºC-2ºC) = 290,40 W

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 25

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EXERCISES

1.- Determine the thermal resistance (R value) and thermal transmittance (U value) of a non reinforced
concrete wall (density = 2100Kg/m3), 150mm thick.

2.- Determine the thermal resistance and transmittance of a 150 mm thick marble wall.

3.- Determine the thermal resistance and transmittance of a wall consisting of 150 mm of non-reinforced
concrete (d = 2100 Kg/m3), 40 mm of a 0,031 W/m·K mineral wool, and 115 mm of a ½ foot perforated
metric ceramic brick (d = 1020Kg/m3).

4.- Determine the thermal resistance and transmittance of a cavity wall consisting of a 100 mm thick
concrete wall and a 75 mm thick concrete wall, separated by a vertical slightly ventilated air cavity
50mm thick.

5.- Determine the thermal resistance and transmittance of a cavity wall consisting of a 100 mm thick
concrete wall and a 75 mm thick concrete wall, separated by a vertical very ventilated air cavity 50mm
thick.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 26

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INSULATING MATERIALS

Insulating materials are used in building construction to protect the different architecture elements
and to provide comfort to users.

They can provide thermal, acoustical, moisture and fire protection

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 27

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INSULATING MATERIALS

Hydrophobic insulators are those materials that prevent the passage of water or moisture through the
exterior cladding. Their effectiveness lies in the fact that they are very compact, without pores. If they
are exposed to water, they loose their insulation ability, as they become heavier, denser and have more
conductivity.

APPLICATIONS PROPERTIES EXAMPLES

Energy saving. Porous (they have cells that Agglomerated cork .
Improve thermal comfort. contain encapsulated air or Polyurethane foam.
Increase thermal resistance another dry gas). Expanded polystyrene.
of enclosure elements. Low conductivity. Glass wool.
High reflectivity. Vermiculite.
Water vapour cannot trespass Expanded clay.
them. Pumice - volcanic stone.
 Wood, eucalyptus, agglomerated, cane
fibers, straw, asbestos, etc.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 28

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HYDROPHOBIC INSULATION

Hydrophobic insulators are materials that prevent the passage of water or moisture through the
enclosure elements of a building. Their effectiveness is due their compacity, as they have not got
pores.

APPLICATIONS PROPERTIES EXAMPLES

Provide water tightness. Very compact. Asphalt paint.

Improve thermal insulation. Waterproof. Fieltro asfáltico.
Avoid interstitial Polyethylene.
condensations. Aluminum sheet.
Polyacetate
P.V.C. (provides an excellent
performance)

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 29

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ACOUSTIC INSULATION

They are materials that have high acoustic absorption indexes.

APPLICATIONS PROPERTIES EXAMPLES

Prevent the transmission of High densities Rock wool

noise to occupied spaces. Flexible Cork
Absorb sound waves and Porous or with diverse Lead
prevent reverberation in spaces granulometry Wooden slats
Eliminate noise and vibrations High density polyethylene
from mechanical installations

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 30

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THERMAL INSULATION + CONDENSATIONS

FIREPROOF INSULATION

They provide insulation against fire, protecting the constructive and/or structural elements.

APPLICATIONS PROPERTIES EXAMPLES

Increase the fire resistance of Non-combustible Fireproof paint

metal or reinforced structures. Do not release gases in contact Silicate panels
Prevent the transmission of with flames. Rock wool
heat in case of fire to occupied Stable to the action of flames Vermiculite
areas.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 31

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THERMAL INSULATION: POLYURETHANE

Synthetic material with very low thermal conductivity. The materials used in the production of foam
are more expensive than other insulators, but the necessary thicknesses are much lower and the
application process is rigid and secure in terms of final results.

Properties:

• Lightweight, rigid, stable.

• Resistant to chemicals.
• Stable from –200 °C to 110 °C.
• l: from 0,024 (sheet) to 0,032 (projected) W/m·K
• Density between 10 and 30 Kg/m3
• Does not constitute food for worms and insects.
• Resistant to fungi, resistant to water vapor.

Applications: In rigid sheets, prefabricated sandwich panels or in situ, it is projected onto the
cladding using a compression gun, until the desired thickness is obtained. Easy to cut and shape.
Ideal for exterior facades and floors

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 32

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THERMAL INSULATION EXPANDED OR EXTRUDED POLYSTYRENE

Synthetic insulation material, derived from benzene; that comes from the expansion of coal or oil.

Properties:

• Its density varies between 10 and 30 Kg/m3.

• Combustible material.
• Resistant to fungi, bacteria and parasites but not to
insects. and rodents.
• It dissolves in contact with acids, gasoline, solvents, ketones and mineral oils.
• Non-putrescible.
• Stable from -150°C to 900°C.
• l: from 0,029 to 0,039 W/m·K.

Applications: Due to its versatility and resistant characteristics, it is a material that can be used in
both vertical closures and flat and inclined roofs as well as floors and pavements.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 33

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THERMAL INSULATION GLASS WOOL

Consists of small air cells that reduce heat transmission. This characteristic gives Glass Wool, low
thermal conductivity coefficients.

Properties:

• l from 0,028 to 0,031 W/m·K.

• Chemically inert.
•Non-putrescible and odorless.
•Lightweight.
•Difficult to handle and cut.
•Non-combustible.

Applications: Glass wool mats are placed on horizontal or inclined surfaces without loads, overlapping
each other using the tongue provided, perfectly flush. The panels will be flush, sealing the joints with
materials, for the formation of insulated false ceilings.

Increases thermal and acoustic insulation of facades and interior partitions. Easy to install. Adapts to the
contour of the element to be insulated. Also used in the insulation of ducts and installations.

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THERMAL INSULATION RIGID PANELS

In general, these are foam panels made of polystyrene or urethane. Some are closed-cell materials
that do not absorb moisture. These closed-cell panels can be installed in basements or in damp
places. In other cases, the insulator is adhered to an inner and outer layer to form a sandwich.

These panels are lightweight and easy to install, making them suitable for both interior and exterior
applications. They are also resistant to moisture and can be used in damp environments.

Properties:

 High density.
 Low termal conductivity.
 Water resistant.
 Acoustical absorption.
 Easy installation.
 High cost.

Applications: Interior and exterior insulation of façades and roofs, column recovering, thermal
bridges, etc.
Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 35
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THERMAL INSULATION EXPANDED CLAY

Expanded clay is a ceramic and refractory material. It is expanded to decrease its density and retain
air in its interior.

Properties:

• Specific weight: 300 kg/m3.

• l: = 0.095 W/m·K
• Good acoustic attenuation.
•Inert and stable to chemical attacks.

.
Applications: Insulation of Floors, rehabilitation of slabs, green roofs, inverted roofs above
insulation, etc.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 36

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THERMAL AND ACOUSTICAL INSULATION: ROCK WOOL

Rock wool is made from the processing of volcanic rocks, silicates, and metallic oxides. It is ideal for
use in high-temperature processes and has an excellent acoustic performance.

Properties:

• l from 0,031 a 0,050 W/m·K.

• Density 30kg/m3.
• Stable up to 1750ºC.
• Incombustible.
• Chemically Inert.

Applications: Insulation not subject to mechanical loads in enclosures with thermal and acoustic
performance: rooms and partitions in machinery and air conditioning equipment. Insulation of interior
partitions.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 37

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THERMAL AND ACOUSTICAL INSULATION: AGGLOMERATED CORK

A vegetable tissue formed by the grouping of dead cells arranged very regularly and close to each
other with few intercellular spaces.

Properties:

• Its density varies within wide limits, from

80 kg/ m3 up to 300 kg/m3.
 High fire resistance.
 Chemically inert.
 Imperishable and resistant to insects or rodents,
as well as to microorganisms.
 Noise and vibration dampener.
 l: 0,065 W/m·K

Applications: Its excellent mechanical resistance to compression makes it possible to use it in

places with compression loads such as slabs, floors, and terraces of buildings. It is used especially
on the workbenches of mechanical equipment, to avoid the transmission of vibrations.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 38

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THERMAL AND ACOUSTICAL INSULATION: VEGETAL FIBER

Rigid panels of chips of wood agglomerated with cement or calcined magnesia, which maintain the
natural elastic properties of wood fiber.

Properties:

 Its density varies between 300 and 600 kg/m3.

 Fire resistant.
 Imperishable.
 Not attackable by animal or vegetable parasites.
 Resistentant to moisture.
 Excellent acoustic absorption.
 Limited durability.
 l: from 0.07 to 0.20 W/m·K

Applications: Interior insulation of walls, insulating false ceilings.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 39

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THERMAL AND ACOUSTICAL INSULATION: POLYMERIC SHEETS

High-density viscoelastic and waterproof sheets, specially designed for improving acoustic insulation.

Properties:

 High density (1.600 kg/m3)

Low elastic modulus.
High acoustic insulation
Low thermal resistance
l: from 0.24 to 0.33 W/m·K

Applications: Tacked or adhered with contact glue to vertical partitions or floors. Reinforcement of
the acoustic insulation of drywall materials (gypsum board) and wooden constructions.

Thin solutions in refurbishing works; acoustic insulation and reduction of vibrations in metal sheet
structures; design of various acoustic devices such as doors, partitions, sound screens, etc.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 40

 CONDITIONING TECHNIQUES
UNIT 02
THERMAL INSULATION + CONDENSATIONS
THERMAL AND FIREPROOF INSULATION : VERMICULITE

It is a lightweight, incombustible and non-decomposable material, made by exposing a mineral of the

mica family to high temperatures. It is formed by expanded polystyrene structures, which form a
closed structure with no communication between the voids.

Properties:

• Specific weight 140 to 200 kg/m3.

• l: =0.062 a 0.4 W/mK
• Easy to use.

Use: The mortar is mixed with the vermiculite and leveled without compaction, or projected onto the
area to be treated.
.
Applications : Due to its versatility and resistant characteristics, it is a material that can be applied in
the interior areas of walls and partitions, floors, and roofs. Due to its fire resistance characteristics, it
is particularly used in the sectorization of buildings.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 41

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THERMAL INSULATION + CONDENSATIONS

FIREPROOF INSULATION: PROMATEC PANELS

Panels made of silicates of various densities and compositions. They are incombustible and can be
worked like wood.

Properties:

• Specific weight 450 to 870 kg/m3.

• l: = 0,065 to 0.149 W/m·K
• Easy to use.
 High cost.
 Installation must be done by
experts.

Applications: Protection of metal structures, fire sectorization, high-temperature work. Its application
is very similar to Pladur type laminated gypsum boards.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 42

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THERMAL INSULATION + CONDENSATIONS
FIREPROOF INSULATION: FIREPROOF PAINTS

Paints based on polyvinyl resins that are applied to metal structures and can subsequently be
covered with decorative paint. In case of fire, the paint swells, giving a protective coverage to the
structure of up to 120 minutes, depending on the massiveness of the pillar or beam.

Applications: Protection of metal structures with a careful finish. It is necessary to apply several
layers of paint if the structure is light or the necessary protection is very high. Apply with a
compressor without diluting and let dry during at least seven days.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 43

 CONDITIONING TECHNIQUES
UNIT 02
THERMAL INSULATION + CONDENSATIONS

WATERPROOF INSULATION: BITUMINOUS SHEET, ASPHALT SHEETS

High-density waterproof sheets that can be applied in one or two layers depending on the
waterproofing needs.

Properties:

 High density.
 Waterproof.
 Protection against weather must
be provided
 l: = 0,17 a 0,23 W/m·K

Applications: Waterproofing of roofs and terraces. Joints are solved using adhesive or heat
application.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 44

 CONDITIONING TECHNIQUES
UNIT 02
THERMAL INSULATION + CONDENSATIONS

THERMAL INSULATION SOLUTIONS

Below are a series of constructive solutions for the application of thermal insulation in rehabilitation
and new construction.

The use of one material or another depends on the type of enclosure, ease of use, and the need or
not to cover any additional requirements beyond thermal protection.

• Insulation of facades.
• Insulation of roofs.
• Thermal bridges insulation.
• Insulation in glazings.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 45

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FAÇADE INSULATION SOLUTIONS

Exterior insulation of façades

It is done on one-leaf walls or with an inaccessible air cavity. Once the insulation is placed on the
supporting wall, the technical and economic differences of the systems depend on the type of finish.

• Continuous finish with mortar that waterproofs and protects the façade.

• Discontinuous stone or ceramic finish on a wooden or metal structure, resulting in a ventilated

facade.

In the case of ventilated facades, one of the most used technologies for its performance is the
projection of polyurethane foam. In certain cases, "architectural" sandwich panels result in an
exterior-insulation not-ventilated façade.

The material used for thermal insulation purposes must be waterproof and durable over time. The
most used for its ease of installation is projected polyurethane, but polystyrene sheets, polyurethane,
cellular glass or glass wool are also typical.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 46

 CONDITIONING TECHNIQUES
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THERMAL INSULATION + CONDENSATIONS
FAÇADE INSULATION SOLUTIONS

Exterior insulation of façades

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 47

 CONDITIONING TECHNIQUES
UNIT 02
THERMAL INSULATION + CONDENSATIONS
FAÇADE INSULATION SOLUTIONS

Exterior insulation of façades: Ventilated façade.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 48

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FAÇADE INSULATION SOLUTIONS

Interior insulation of façades

Insulation on the interior face has a dual function: thermal and acoustic.

The insulation is placed over the main layer of the wall (generally made of bricks). Interior finish can
consist on a self-supporting plasterboard cladding, or a direct coating of mortar / plaster.

In the case of plasterboard cladding solutions, the insulation materials that are typically used are rock
wool and glass wool.

In the case of direct interior coating, the most frequently used insulation materials are polystyrene
and polyurethane sheets. Vermiculite can also be used to provide a fire resistance effect.

Interior insulation the disadvantage of the difficulty in accessing the insulation for maintenance or
repair works.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 49

 CONDITIONING TECHNIQUES
UNIT 02
THERMAL INSULATION + CONDENSATIONS

FAÇADE INSULATION SOLUTIONS

Interior insulation of façades

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 50

 CONDITIONING TECHNIQUES
UNIT 02
THERMAL INSULATION + CONDENSATIONS
FAÇADE INSULATION SOLUTIONS

Façade insulation with an interior brick cladding

Frequently used system in new constructions for any type of climate. It consists on a double-leaf wall
(with ceramic bricks or concrete blocks) in which the insulation is inside the cavity that appears
between both leafs. This type of façade minimizes heat transmission and provides thermal inertia
possibilities.

This system allows the use of rigid and flexible insulation elements, being the first ones more suitable
due to their durability and ease of installation.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 51

 CONDITIONING TECHNIQUES
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ROOF INSULATION SOLUTIONS

Insulation of sloped roofs with a horizontal air cavity

Insulation is normally implemented in the form of blankets or rolls installed over the horizontal slab.
The most frequently used insulation material is mineral wool.

The existence of a horizontal air cavity lowers the risk of having condensations and reduces the
overheating effect produced by direct solar radiation. The main drawback of placing the insulation
inside the cavity is that the space under the roof plane cannot be used.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 52

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ROOF INSULATION SOLUTIONS

Insulation fo metallic sloped roofs

Metallic roofs can be resolved by applying projected polyurethane on the interior or exterior of the
roof or with mineral wool plates placed inside the building.

When additional fire protection is required, vermiculite can be projected on the interior face of the
roof, providing additional thermal insulation.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 53

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ROOF INSULATION SOLUTIONS

Flat roof insulation

Flat roofs are classified as cold or hot depending on the position of the insulation with respect to the
waterproofing system.

Hot roofs are typical in rainy and cold climates. In this type of roofs the waterproofing is placed on top
of the insulation to protect it and maintain its thermal properties even when it rains. The insulation will
preferably consist on sheets, although fiberglass can also be used.

Cold or inverted roofs are typical in hot and dry climates. In this case, the insulation is what protects
the waterproof membrane by being placed on top of it. The most frequently used insulation materials
are polyurethane and polystyrene sheets, although sprayed polyurethane can also be used if it is
protected with an elastomer.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 54

 CONDITIONING TECHNIQUES
UNIT 02
THERMAL INSULATION + CONDENSATIONS

ROOF INSULATION SOLUTIONS

Flat roof insulation

(1) Soporte
(2) Barrera de vapor
adherida
(3) Capa aislante
(4) Membrana
impermeabilizante
(5) Capa antipunzonante
y separadora
(6) Capa de terminación
y protección
(7) Baldosa cerámica,
(8) Madera

Hot roof Cold or inverted roof

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 55

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THERMAL INSULATION + CONDENSATIONS

THERMAL BRIDGES

The front part of the slabs, shutter boxes, and

pillars (embedded in the facade) are weak
points from a thermal point of view, since the
risk of condensation formation is maximum in
them.

To minimize the risk of having condensations,

specific techniques must be used in order to
eliminate or minimize thermal bridges.

The construction design of a building

enclosure must always guarantee that thermal
insulation is continuous.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 56

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THERMAL INSULATION + CONDENSATIONS

INSULATION SOLUTIONS FOR GLAZINGS

The openings of the enclosure require a special treatment in terms of insulation, as traditional
insulation elements cannot be used.

Frames and glasses will be the elements that must provide an adequate insulation to the building.

Frames usually represent between 25 and 35% of the total surface of each opening. Their main
properties in terms of thermal insulation are thermal transmittance and absorptivity. These two
properties will be more or less important depending on the percentage of surface occupied by the
frame.

Glass is the most important element of the openings, as it usually covers between 65 and 75% of the
total surface of each opening. Its main property is transparency, allowing high contributions of natural
light and solar gains without affecting thermal insulation performance. Nowadays, reinforced thermal
insulation and solar protection glasses are considered standard products that can also be combined
with other features such as acoustic insulation, security, low maintenance (self-cleaning), or with
other design and decorative aspects.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 57

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Frames

Frames are normally classified according to the material with which they are manufactured. Thus we
find:

• Conventional Metallic Frame: Usually made of aluminum or steel with different finishes, which can
be varied: lacquered in different colors, anodized, foil imitating wood, etc.

• Metallic Frame with Thermal Bridge break: Thermal bridge break consists of the incorporation of
one or more low thermal conductivity separator elements that separate the interior and exterior
components of the frame, reducing its transmittance and thus improving its thermal performance.

• Wood Frame: Formed by wood profiles that, due to their alveolar nature, provide important levels of
thermal insulation. Its conductivity is low, so it provides good thermal insulation. Its main limitations
are in the necessary maintenance operations, although today there are treated products on the
market that minimize these conditions.

• PVC Frame: They are formed by hollow PVC profiles, offering an excellent thermal performance.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 58

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Transmittance variation depending on the type of frame

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 59

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Glass

Glasses can be classified into different groups based on their configuration and the presence of metal
layers that improve their thermal insulation and solar control properties.

• Simple Glass (monolithic): Single sheet of glass or two or more glued sheets without air gaps
(laminated glasses).

• Insulating Glass Unit (IGU): Set formed by two or more monolithic glass sheets separated by one
or more spacers, hermetically sealed along their entire perimeter, forming an air gap filled in with dry
air or with another gas, such as Argon. They limit heat exchange by convection and conduction.

• Low Emissivity Glass: Monolithic glass with an extremely thin layer of metal oxides (with a
thickness of nanometers) that provides additional thermal insulation. These glasses must be
assembled in IGU (double glazing), offering an excellent thermal insulation performance.

• Solar Control Glass: Glasses of very different nature can be grouped under this denomination:
colored glasses, screen-printed or coated glasses (the most typical ones).

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 60

 CONDITIONING TECHNIQUES
UNIT 02
THERMAL INSULATION + CONDENSATIONS
Transmittance variation depending on the type of glass

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 61

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THERMAL INSULATION + CONDENSATIONS
OPENINGS

Openings are one of the weakest elements of the enclosure, as they allow important heat leaks in
winter and excessive solar gains in summer, which require higher heating and cooling energy
consumptions in order to maintain comfort inside the buildings.

The thermal performance of an opening depends on the implemented materials and their state of
conservation. Frames in poor conditions, successive layers of paint, misalignments and the presence
of gaps compromise the air-permeability causing air infiltrations that result in additional thermal loads
that need to be counteracted by supplying more energy to the building with thermal installations.
These additional consumption means higher CO2 emissions and thus, higher energy bills.

Thermal transmittance of the openings depends on the properties of the materials and the surface
covered by both the frames and glasses. Therefore, CTE proposes the following formula for its
calculation:

Thermal transmittance of an opening (W/m2K)

Being: UH,v the termal transmittance of the glass (W/m2·K).

UH,m the termal transmittance of the frame (W/m2·K).
FM The percentage of surface occupied by the frame over the total surface of the opening.
Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 62
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INSULATION OF THERMAL INSTALLATIONS

In order to avoid unnecessary energy consumption, appliances, equipment, and pipes containing
fluids at temperatures below the ambient or above 40°C will have thermal insulation.

Thermal insulation of appliances, equipment, and metal pipes whose design temperature is lower
than the dew point of the environment in which they are located will be water vapor-tight, or at least
protected, once placed, by a layer that constitutes a vapor barrier.

Examples of corrosion
due to condensation
phenomena

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 63

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INSULATION OF THERMAL INSTALLATIONS

Thermal insulation of pipes and accessories

For pipes of up to 150 mm of diameter, thermal insulation of pipes that are mounted over construction
elements or built inside them must be solved using shells. Wool insulations is not allowed.

The insulation of each stretch of pipe must never have more tan two longitudinal joints.

Mineral wool
insulation

Elastomeric shell

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 64

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INSULATION OF THERMAL INSTALLATIONS

Thermal insulation of pipes and accessories

Valves, flanges and accessories will preferably be

insulated with removable insulating caps made of
several pieces with sufficient space so that when
removing them they can be disassembled (leaving
space to remove the screws), with the same thickness
as the heat insulation of the pipe in which they are
inserted. This way, they will provide perfect insulation,
they will be easily removable for inspection purposes
without damaging the insulating material. If necessary,
they will have a drain.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 65

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INSULATION OF THERMAL INSTALLATIONS

Thermal insulation of pipes and accessories

Direct contact between the supports and the pipe will be avoided.

The coating or protection of the insulation of the pipes and their accessories must be smooth and firm.
Additional protections made of plastic, aluminium, etc. may be used, these being mandatory for pipes
and equipment located outdoors.

Insulated tank Pipe protection

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 66

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THERMAL INSULATION + CONDENSATIONS

INSULATION OF THERMAL INSTALLATIONS

Thermal insulation of ducts

Thermal insulation of ducts will be enough if the heat loss through their walls is less tan 1% of the
power that is supplied by the air and as son as it is enough to avoid superficial condensations.

Insulation of ducts

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 67

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INSULATION OF THERMAL INSTALLATIONS

Thermal insulation of ducts

Duct systems are generally divided into impulsion elements, return elements and extraction
elements. In the case of impulsion or supply ducts, these must always be insulated as the air
circulating inside has previously been treated in an air conditioner, fan coil or similar. When ducts
carry cold air (generally at a temperature of 13-15º) condensations can occur if they are not perfectly
insulated.

Return and extraction ducts, on the other hand, do not run the risk of suffering condensations, but in
the case that we have heat-recovery systems in the building, we must also insulate these networks
when they circulate in non-conditioned areas.

To insulate ducts, fiberglass mats can be used stapled to the outside of the duct, or thick elastomeric
foams adhered to the inner or outer face of the duct.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 68

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Condensations

1.- Superficial condensations must be limited in order to avoid the

production of mould over the inside surfaces. Inside elements of
the enclosure that can be degraded, and specially thermal
bridges, must present a maximum monthly average relative
humidity of 80%.

2.- Interstitial condensations must not affect the thermal

performance and expected life of the enclosure elements. The
maximum annually accumulated condensation must be lower
than the maximum evaporation that is possible over the same
period.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 69

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Condensation calculation

Outside conditions:

1.- We will consider the outside monthly average temperature and relative humidity
values according to the location.

2.- For province capitals, the average values will be picked from table G.1. (CTE DB
HE)

3.- For different locations, the average values will be obtained as explained in Appendix
G1.1 (CTE DB HE)

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 70

 CONDITIONING TECHNIQUES
UNIT 02
THERMAL INSULATION + CONDENSATIONS

Condensation calculation
Average outside temperature and relative humidity

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 71

 CONDITIONING TECHNIQUES
UNIT 02
THERMAL INSULATION + CONDENSATIONS

Condensation calculation
Average outside temperature and relative humidity

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 72

 CONDITIONING TECHNIQUES
UNIT 02
THERMAL INSULATION + CONDENSATIONS

Condensation calculation
Average outside temperature and relative humidity

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 73

 CONDITIONING TECHNIQUES
UNIT 02
THERMAL INSULATION + CONDENSATIONS

Condensation calculation
Average outside temperature and relative humidity

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 74

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Climate zones

Different climate zones are determined according to the Winter and summer behavior of
the area.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 75

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Climate zones

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 76

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Condensation calculation

Inside conditions for superficial condensation calculation:

1.- Inside temperature = 20ºC in January.

2.- If the inside relative humidity production rhythm and the air-renovation index are
known, the inside relative humidity in January can be calculated as stated in Appendix
G.3.2.

3.- If the inside relative humidity is known, and if it is constant (for example, if there is
an air-conditioning system), that relative humidity can be used in order to do the
calculations, increasing its value in 0,05/1 (in order to increase security).

Universidad Europea de Madrid Laureate International Universities

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 77
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Condensation calculation
Inside conditions for interstitial condensation calculation:

1.- If there is no precise information, we will consider an inside temperature of 20ºC

during the whole year, and a relative humidity of:

a) 70% for hygrometry class 5

b) 62% for hygrometry class 4
c) 55% for hygrometry class 3 (or lower)

2.- If the inside relative humidity production rhythm and the air-renovation index are
known, the inside relative humidity in January can be calculated as stated in Appendix
G.3.2.

3.- If the inside relative humidity is known, and if it is constant (for example, if there is
an air-conditioning system), that relative humidity can be used in order to do the
calculations, increasing its value in 0,05 (in so much for one; 5%).

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 78

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Superficial condensation calculation

In order to guarantee there are no superficial condensations, the inside temperature
over the enclosure must always be over the minimum calculation temperature

Temperature coefficient of the inside surface of an enclosure element

The temperature coefficient of the inside surface of an enclosure element, fRsi, is

calculated according to its thermal transmittance (U), using the next expression:

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 79

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Superficial condensation calculation

Minimum temperature coefficient of the inside surface of an enclosure element

The MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE temperature coefficient of the inside surface of an enclosure

element fRsi,min is calculated according to the next expression:

Being θe the outside temperature in January [ºC];

And being θsi,min the minimum accepted superficial inside temperature, calculated
according to the next expression:

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 80

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Superficial condensation calculation

Minimum temperature coefficient of the inside surface of an enclosure element

Being Psat the maximum saturation pressure that is accepted, according to the next
expression [Pa]:

Being Pi the inside vapour pressure, obtained from the next formula:

Being i the relative humidity in so much for one.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 81

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Interstitial condensation calculation

In order to calculate the interstitial condensations, it is necessary to calculate the

temperature distribution over the different layers.

With this temperature distribution, we can obtain the vapour pressure distribution.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 82

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Interstitial condensation calculation

The temperature distribution across a multi-layer enclosure element depends on the air
temperatures on both sides of the element, as well as on the inside and outside superficial
thermal resistances (Rsi and Rse) of every single layer, and the thermal resistances of every
single layers (R1, R2, R3, ..., Rn).

In order to calculate the temperature distribution, we must follow the next steps:

a) Calculate the total thermal resistance, considering every single layer:

b) Calculate the outside surface temperature θse :

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 83

 CONDITIONING TECHNIQUES
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Interstitial condensation calculation

Being:

θe the average outside temperature in January [ºC];

θi the inside temperature [ºC];

RT the total termal resistance of the element [m2 K/ W];

Rse the outside superficial thermal resistance [m2 K/W].

The we can calculate the temperature on the different layers that form the element.

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 84

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Interstitial condensation calculation

Being:
θse the outside superficial temperature [ºC];
θe the average outside temperature in January [ºC];
θi the considered inside temperature [ºC];
θ1... θn-1 the temperature on every single layer [ºC].
R1, R2...Rn the thermal resistances of every single layer [m2K/W];
RT the total thermal resistance of the element [m2 K/ W];

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 85

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Interstitial condensation calculation

In the last layer we will consider Rsi instead of Rse:

Once we have calculated the temperatures of every single layer, we will calculate the vapour
pressure distributions using the next expressions:

a) If the temperature is >= 0ºC

b) If the temperature is < 0ºC

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 86

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Interstitial condensation calculation

Once we have calculated the saturation vapour pressure, we can calculate the vapour pressures of
every single layer, according to the next expression:

Being:
Pi the inside air vapour pressure [Pa];
Pe the outside air vapour pressure [Pa];
P1 ...Pn-1 the vapour pressure on every single layer n [Pa];
Sd1 ...Sd(n-1) the equivalent air thickness of every single
layer (against vapour diffusion), calculated according to the
next expression [m];

Being:
the water-vapour diffusion resistance coefficient of every single layer, calculated
according to UNE EN ISO 10 456: 2001 or obtained from recognized documents;
is the thickness of every single layer [m].

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 87

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Interstitial condensation calculation

The vapour pressure distribution across an enclosure element can be expressed graphically (on a
section schema) using straight lines that link Pi and Pe values, and considering the equivalent water
vapour diffussion thicknesses Sdn.

Pi and Pe values can be obtained using the next expressions, knowing the temperatures and
relative humidities:

Being:
Φi the inside relative humidity [in so much for one].
φe the outside relative humidity [in so much for one].

Prof. Francisco J. Avilés Montes, Arquitecto. 88