Iri

Material testing
laboratories
by L. F. Gillemot

unesco
Engineering laboratories 1
Published in 1970 by the
United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization
Place de Fontenoy, 75 Paris-7"
Printed by Imprimerie NICI

0 Unesco 1970 Printed in Belgium SC.68/XXII.l/A

The designations employed and the presentation of

the material in this publication do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the
Unesco Secretariat concerning the legal status of any
country or territory,or of its authorities,or concerning the
delimitations of the frontiers of any country or territory
Preface

Under the United Nations Development Programme type testing laboratories,covering the main branches
Unesco is responsible for several Special Fund and of engineering and many of their sub-divisions.
Technical Assistance projects dealing with the estab- The studies will include descriptions and specific-
lishment of standards and material testing laboaa- ations of typical engineering testing units, and deal
tories. Some of these laboratories are already nearing with many different aspects, such as guide lines for
completion, others are being equipped, and it is planning, layout of buildings, fittings and specialized
expected that Unesco will be associated with further furnishings, and equipment specifications for the
similar projects in developing countries as the need for various types of laboratories.They will also deal with
them arises and countries request assistance from the organizational structure of such testing institutes,
Unesco. their administration,and the service relation between
Although each project is designed to meet the spe- them and engineering departments.
cific requirements of the country concerned,there are The present survey,Material Testing Laboratories,
a number of components and characteristics of these is the first to be published in the series entitled
testing laboratories which are repetitive. To support ‘Engineering laboratories’.It was prepared by Pro-
its operational activities in this field and as part of fessor L. F. Gillemot, Budapest, at the request of
its programme to collect and disseminate information Unesco. It is anticipated that future surveys will deal
that will assist Member States in applying science and with hydraulic engineering, thermodynamics, and
technology to development,Unesco is making studies electricity.
of the basic characteristics and requirements of proto-

5
 Contents

General considerations 9 Testing and research institutesin developing economies

18 Guide lines for planning
10 Bui1dings
11 Stafing
12 Structure of a prototype central testing institute

Departmentsand laboratories of a 13 Classification of departments

central testing institute 15 Seventeen types of constituent laboratories
20 Equipment of laboratories (including central work-
shop)

§ummary and conclusions 31 Organization and equipment

32 General plan of a central testing institute consisting
of nine departments

Appendix 35 Governmental and institutionalorganization of testing

establishments

Bibliography 37
 Genera1 considerations

Experience in Central and Eastern European countries deliveries of government purchases; (c) the quality
of the operation for industry’s benefit of national marking of domestic products, according to local
standards and testing laboratories and of the establish- conditions, and control; and (d) the presentation of
ment and maintenance of standards and the prosecu- official opinions in legal proceedings.
tion of research offers useful examples for study by Scientific research and production engineering
other countries. development are not included in the duties of the
Although each national project should be designed institute. However, so that it may be able to develop
to meet specific requirements which can be drawn up and improve its own test methods and measurement
on the basis of adequate preliminary studies,there are techniques, the institute should have equipment for
many factors in common. Thus it seems reasonable minimum research activity.
to set up central institutes for the testing of materials A description of some governmental and institu-
and products to cover the following range of duties: tional systems of organization and control of testing
(a) material and products testing for companies or establishments that have grown up in Central and
individual customers; (b) the drawing-up of quality Eastern European countries is given in the appendix.
specifications, quality control, and inspection of

Testing and research institutes in developing economies

The question of what kind of testing institution may these are the academy research institutes-makes sense
be needed must be considered. As a starting point, a only when a certain level of economic development
central testing laboratory will be needed for materials has been reached. In earlier phases of development
and products and its scope must be judged according university laboratories offer facilities for fundamental
to the economic and industrial advancement of the research.They serve three purposes:(a) the education
country concerned. In the second phase of develop- and the practical training of university students;
ment only a highly developed branch of industry can (b) fundamental research work; and (c) the carrying
justify the creation for itself of a central industrial out of more or less extensive test procedures to meet
research institute. At this stage the major need will industrial requirements.
be rather for plant laboratories,and these should be However, it does not seem reasonable to rely for
established according to the size and activities of the too long a time on existing university laboratories,
operating plants. especially for test operations of a repetitive character
The setting up of institutions dealing exclusively that tend to overload the university laboratories with
with basic sciences-in the Eastern European countries routine work.

9
Material testing laboratories

Guide lines for planning

In the first phase of industrial development it has 4. Some test methods can be mechanized, but this
been found necessary to establish a central laboratory would be profitabte only if the number of investi-
for the testing of products and materials, wherever gations called for become sufficiently high. For
called for by government or industry. University example, in the examination of ores, metals and
laboratoriescan fairly be used for these purposes where alloys, as long as the quantities to be dealt with
industrial production is not yet high enough to justify are not likely to become very large,classical analy-
the organization of a large central test station. sis techniques and spectroscopy would suffice;
In the light of the experience of the Eastern Euro- but if the quantities are likely to be larger, auto-
pean economies, the development of central research matic spectral analysis might be justified.
institutes for industry or basic sciences is justified only 5. Where one branch or field of industry in a country
in industrially advanced countries, except in very is well advanced and has its o w n laboratories,
special cases. these might well replace the corresponding depart-
In giving the outlines and description of prototype ment of the central institute. Alternatively, where
laboratories in the second part of this report, the a country was not active in a specific industry, the
following considerations have been borne in mind : corresponding laboratory would not be needed in
1. The institute for metrology of the country is the institute.
assumed to be independent of the central institute 6. Although education and research are only suggested
for testing. in this report as an incidental part of the institute’s
2. The general design of the institute must allow for duties, planning may reckon with such activities
decentralization of its individual laboratories where the training and examination of employees
throughout the country as necessary, although they for specialized jobs could be provided for.
would normally be subject to its central control. Central European experience shows, for example, that
In some instances, according to economic circum- skilled welders can conveniently be trained and that
stances, the entire institute would be in one place. they can, if necessary, be re-examined periodically at
3. Although, as suggested above, research would not the institute. These countries often employ industrial
be among the duties of the institute, its location research institutes instead of the central materials
and design should take account of the possibility testing or quality control establishments for the pur-
that at some later phase of development the pose. Western European countries have comparable
institute might prove suitable for some research organizations with the same objective. If a country
activity not calling for a high capital investment. has no suitable body for the task, it may be useful
This consideration applies also to the provision of to consider whether local conditions encourage the
basic equipment: even were it not fully utilized at idea of entrusting the task to the institute. It would
first, double investment might be avoided at a call for only small additions to laboratory facilities.
later date.

Buildings
Relating these requirements to desirable plans for the laboratories may be located separately if the whole
buildings it follows that an institute m a y best be installation is decentralized in a number of cities.
organized in a ‘pavilion’ layout, where individual One feasible and simple example for a central
buildings for separate but generally related purposes laboratory is illustrated in schematic outline in Fi-
can be furnished with easy intercommunication. Or gure 1. This resembles the layout of the buildings of

10
 Genera1 considerations

----a the former Kaiser Wilhelm Institut fur Eisenforschung

I which has been copied by a number of laboratories
1 all over Europe. The main building, A, usually
- -- - 1I accommodates the office premises,library and control
laboratories that use light-weight instruments. The
testing halls marked B have rather large floor areas
----7 and are suitable for heavier measuring equipment-
1 tensile test machines, fatigue test machines and so
I on.
----A An advantage of this layout is that extensions are
simple,(as indicated by the dashed lines in the figure).
Another advantage is the possibility of embedding
---- -E heavier equipment in the fully supported ground floor
1 structure.
I Testing halls for heavy machines and ordinary test
-__- 1 equipment should be designed to a maximum height
FIG.1. General layout of a central laboratory. of 4.5m,unless exceptionally tall equipmentis needed.
A, main building, height 3.5 m per floor. Other laboratories should be not more than 3.5 m in
B, hall, height 4.5 ni. height.

Staffing
No standard international terminology exists for the la establishments equipped for test series perform-
definition of the several grades of personnel needed by ance purposes the ratio between employees with and
the institute. They may be grouped in the following without university qualifications as specified under
categories: (a) management and administration- (b) and (c) might be designed generally to fit into the
director, accountants, typists, stenographers, docu- range of 1 :5 to 1 : 10, according to the type of
mentation staff and librarians,storekeepers; (b) tech- laboratory and its work. If the laboratory also has
nicians at professional level-university graduates, research objectives the ratio may be reduced to
bachelors and masters with three to five years of study; between 1 :2.5 and 1 :5.
(c) technicians at sub-professional level-employees For institutes that have a total engineering staff of
without university qualifications,but having completed between 50 and 300,a floor space of some 40-50m2
two to four years of medium-grade engineering stu- is required for each technical employee engaged. The
dies; and skilled labour; and (d) miscellaneous non- total floor space thus obtained would cover the over-
technical help-unskilled labour,janitors, etc. all floor area of the institute,including accommoda-
The numbers of staffunder (a) and (d) will be much tion for those employees under (a) and (d) who per-
affected by local conditions. For those under (b) and form no direct engineering activity, as well as all the
(c) more informative data can be given (leaving aside service areas.The figures given represent average data
such figures as those given on individual laboratory which vary for different types of laboratories and
staff requirements in the second part of this report). should therefore be used only to give approximations
of what is needed.

11
Material testing laboratories

Structure of a prototype central testing institute

Apart from the management and administrative staffs, performed essentially within a single laboratory. It
the full prototype institute contains the following seems reasonable, therefore, to pool the chemical tasks
departments: 1. Metallurgy; 2. Mechanical engineer- of departments 1-8 within a c o m m o n Department of
ing; 3. Electrical engineering; 4. Building material Chemistry having laboratories subdivided in such a
and construction industry; 5. Timber, paper and manner as to permit installation according to needs.
cellulose industry; 6. Textile industry; 7. Leather, On these grounds, the Department of Chemistry
rubber, and plastics industry; 8. Food chemistry; should have the following laboratories :
9. Chemistry. 1. An ore-testing laboratory to examine rocks, min-
This group of nine departments represents a com- erals, ores, bauxite, sand and slag types, cement and
plete build-up which is required only in exceptional inorganic products. It will thus be able to carry
cases. Each department has several laboratories in- out all the chemical test duties assigned to depart-
dicated by the symbols A, B, C, etc., which are ments 1 and 4.
described in the second part of this report (see also 2. A non-ferrous metals laboratory to test aluminium,
Figure 2). copper, zinc, lead, magnesium, etc., metals and
The second part of this study presents a brief their alloys. It will be capable of performing the
summary of the work of each department. For each chemical analyses of departments 1, 2 and 3.
laboratory nothing but the most essential basic equip- 3. An iron and steel testing chemical laboratory
ment is listed. The average amount of work each capable of carrying out the analyses required by
laboratory is capable of is specified as well as the departments 1, 2 and 3.
number and composition of the staff. These figures 4. A paper, leather, and food-product testing chemical
may, however, vary according to local conditions. laboratory doing chemical analyses for departments
The figures indicating laboratory floor space repre- 5-8.
sent, with some margin, the area required for facilities The Department of Chemistry outlined above must be
of primary and secondary importance (i.e. those further expanded as regards premises and equipment
marked X and XX in the lists of equipment), as well in order to test the products of any other industry of
as for the laboratory staff. The brief laboratory des- a marked chemical character. If the institute has not
criptions include the possible special requirements but set up all the eight departments, the corresponding
omit standard furniture. Similarly, detailed specifi- laboratories may be omitted from the Department of
cation of minor equipment items is omitted. Chemistry.
Each laboratory under departments 1-8 will have Since the daily routine activity of chemical analysis
to perform certain chemical tests. However, the laboratories can hardly be determined in advance,
amount and type of chemical examinations will vary each laboratory is initially provided with only the
widely between the different categories. A high n u m - most indispensable basic equipment and the auxiliary
ber of chemical analyses is required in the metallurgy facilities required for automatization.
of ores and for alloy testing purposes, but in the latter Although the economic and political systems
field the equipment required is the same as that of existing in the countries whose experience has here
the chemical laboratory of department 2. Compara- been drawn upon differ from those of countries in
tively small-sized chemical laboratories are needed by earlier stages of development, this does not affect the
departments 3 and 4 respectively, whereas the che- conclusions which are based on general considera-
mical test procedures of departments 5-8 could be tions.

12
Departments and laboratories of a
central testing institute
Classification of departments

The ten constituent departments which may be re- Mechanical engineering

quired in a fully developed central materials testing Duties of the department include quality and strength
institute of the type described in the first part cover tests of machine components,the detection of internal
the following branches of industry: defects (defectoscopy), control of component dimen-
1. Metallurgy; sions, finish and surface quality, and determination
2. Mechanical engineering; of strength data required for the design of machines.
3. Electrical engineering ; It is recommended to include among the duties of the
4. Building materials; department the training and periodical examination
5. Timber,paper, and cellulose; of skilled welders.
6. Textiles; The department has the following laboratories:
7. Leather,rubber and plastics; A. Mechanical testing (metals);
8. Food and organic chemistry; G.Non-destructivetesting (defectoscopy);
9. Inorganic chemistry; H.Training of welders;
10.Central workshop (as a service department). J. Measuring laboratory.
The types of testing performed and the laboratories
required for each are outlined in the following pages.
Electrical engineering

Metallurgy Experience gained in Central Europe indicates that an

electrical engineering department is generally not
Activities of the Department of Metallurgy include: provided in a central laboratory. The demands of
ore analysis; determination of metal and alloy com- modern electrical industry can only be met by the
ponents by means of chemical and/or physical me- creation of a separate institute, the facilities of which
thods; mechanical testing of steels and other metals; depend, to a great extent, on local conditions. Thus,
metallographic studies;X-raystructure studies; exper- studies of power plant or high-voltage transmission
imental heat treatment of metals and aIloys (not to equipment require large investments and necessitate a
advance the technology of heat treatment but only specialized institute. Similarly, the equipment of a
to perform heat treatment as required by the specifi- laboratory to test the finished products of modern
cations). telecommunications depends a great deal on the gene-
The department has the following laboratories: ral character of the industry. The present department
A. Mechanical testing (metals); is, therefore, intended to perform only fundamental
B. Metallographic; measurements needed to determine the physical
e. Heat treatment; characteristics of certain basic types of materials. For
D. Analytical chemistry of ores and slags; this reason, the electrical engineering department
E. Analytical chemistry of non-ferrousmetals; described is really an auxiliary body of the other
F. Analytical chemistry of iron and steel. departments engaged in metal testing,and is allocated
only one laboratory for the determination of the

13
Material testing laboratories

simplest electric and magnetic properties.The accom- R. Mechanical and physical testing (leather, etc.);
plishment of all other tasks should be assigned to 0.Organic chemistry.
special laboratories operated by individual factories.
The department, therefore, consists only of one Food and organic chemistry
laboratory:
K.Electric and magnetic measurements. The duties of this department include food control
and the performance of chemical tests required by
departments 5, 6 and 7. The department is usually
Building materials divided into two laboratories although, owing to the
Duties of the department include tests on rock, similarity of the tasks involved,one single laboratory
concrete,cement,etc., as well as on steels and metals might suffice.The only reason for dividing the depart-
used by the constructionindustry.The department has ment into two laboratories:
the following laboratories: S. Food chemistry,
L. Mechanical testing (building materials) ; 0.Organic chemistry,
M . Physical testing; is the possibility of having the duties demanded by
D. Analytical chemistry of slags, cement, concrete, departments 5, 6 and 7 accomplished by separate
etc.; laboratories. The facilities of these two laboratories
B. Metallography; overlap considerably,and if a fusion is preferred,this
G.Non-destructivetesting (defectoscopy). can easily be achieved by combining the two equip-
ment lists.
Timber,paper, and cellulose
Inorganic chemistry
Timber, paper, and cellulose tests are preferably
covered by the same department although timber tests This department is entrusted with the duties of in-
could be also included in the activities of the building organic analytic chemical testing for departments 1 ,
materials department. Assuming the existence of 2 and 4.
department 4, only the strength test of small-size The department has the following three labora-
wooden samples would be assigned to department 5. tories:
This department has two laboratories: D. Analytical chemistry of ores and slags;
N. Mechanical and physical testing (timber and E. Analytical chemistry of non-ferrousmetals;
F. Analytical chemistry of iron and steel.
paper) ; These laboratories need additional premises and staff
0.Organic chemistry.
as follows:
One glass technology workshop (floor space 36 m2,
Textiles height 3.5 m), and one or two employees;
One store room for chemicals (60 m2 floor space).
The duties of this department include strength, che- Laboratory premises D,E and F and their equipment
mical and physical studies on textile raw materials as overlap to a considerable extent. Three separate
well as mechanical, chemical, and physical quality laboratories should be established only if they are
tests of finished products. The department has two definitely necessitated by the extensive activities of
laboratories: departments 1, 2 and 4.The equipment required for
P. Mechanical and physical testing (textiles) ; ore, iron, steel, and non-ferrousmetal tests is almost
0.Organic chemistry. identical. Nevertheless,the premises referred to above
are described here as separate laboratories in order
Leather, rubber and plastics to allow for the separate establishment of each, if
necessary. If these three laboratories are united in
The duties of this department include mechanical, one group,a certain amount of repetition in premises
chemical and physical tests of leather, rubber, and and facilities could be avoided.Individuallaboratories
plastic material products. The department has two are generally designed for development in two stages,
laboratories: as automated chemical analysis procedures demand

14
 Departments and laboratories of a central testing institute

relatively expensive investments and therefore deserve devices.The central workshop is equipped to perform
introduction only when the number of samples to be metal cutting, finishing and precision work. Any
tested exceeds a certain limit.Preferably all premises welding job which may be required can be carried
are constructed with a height of 3.5 ni and air tem- out in laboratory H.
perature is maintained at 20"C f 3" C. Premises and staff required are as follows:
Manager's office: floor space 16 1112, height 4.5 m
Central workshop (preferably partitioned off in one corner of the
workshop) ;
Duties of the central workshop include sample pro- Stock room: floor space 60 m2,height 4.5m;
duction for all mechanical and physical test procedures Mechanical workshop: floor space 300 m2, height
with the exception of milling samples for chemical 4.5 m;
analysis, as the cutting machines required for this Precision workshop: floor space 100 m2,height 4.5 m;
purpose are included in the equipmeiit of the chemical No particular sanitary engineering stipulations;
laboratories. Personnel: one shop manager (foreman) ; twelve
Another duty of the central workshop is to provide skilled workers; four mechanics; two unskilled
for the maintenance of the laboratory equipment and workers.
instrumentsas well as to manufacture minor laboratory

Seventeen types of constituent laboratories

In order to bring out clearly the organizationalpattern K. Measurements in electricity and magnetism;
of the structure of a fully fledged central institute for L. Mechanical testing of building materials;
materials testing, the description of the various lab- M.Physical testing of building materials;
oratories has been strictly separated from the descrip- N. Mechanical and physical testing of timber and
tion of the departmentsof the institute.It is important paper;
to note, however, that the laboratories described 0.Organic chemistry;
below may each be used by several departments; P. Mechanical and physical testing of textiles;
for instance, the laboratory for mechanical testing R. Mechanical and physical testing of Ieather,rubber
may be utilized among others by the department of and plastics;
Metallurgy, the Department of Mechanical Engineer- S. Food chemistry.
ing and Department of Building Materials. Seventeen The descriptions of these types of laboratories are
different types of testing laboratories are listed, presented in two sections. In the first, the required
serving the nine different departments forming the floor areas are estimated, specific working conditions
institute as indicated in the organizational chart, (temperature,humidity,etc.) are stated,and personnel
Figure 2. requirementsare given for each laboratory.The second
The constituent laboratories which may be required section contains a specification of the equipment of
in a fully developed central materials testing institute each laboratory. Certain items of equipment, or even
of the type described in the first part of the report entire groups of equipment,may overlap,as the same
cover the following fields: laboratory may serve different departments. The last
A. Mechanical testing of metals; column of these tables indicates which other labora-
B. Metallography; tory equipment could be replaced by these items.
C. Heat treatment; Symbols X,XX and XXX against instruments and
D. Analytical chemistry of ores and slags; items of equipment should be interpreted as follows:
E. Analytical chemistry of non-ferrousmetals; X -basic equipmeiit item most likely to be pur-
F. Analytical chemistry of iron and steel; chased;
6.Non-destructivetesting (defectoscopy); XX -although basic,not necessarily to be purchased
H. Training of welders; in every case;
J. Measurements in mechanical engineering; XXX-the purchase of such itemsis only exceptionally

15
 Material testing laboratories

DIRECTOR

LIBRARY ADMINISTRATION

1 Metallurgy 2 Mechanical 3 Electrical 4 Building 5 Timber and 6 Textiles 7 Leather, 8 Food and 9 lnorgunic
engineering engineering materials Paper rubber and organic chemistry
plastics chemistry

measurements

---_-- --_---
0,Organic 1 01 Organic 1 01 Organic
destructive testing I Chemistry I I chemistry I I chemistry chemistry of
' I I 1 non-ferrous
(defectoscopy) 1 1 I I
I 1 I I

CI Heat I HI Training of I D:~n~y~ica?

I chemistry of
-7
I chemistry of
I ores and iron ond steel
; slags I

n
I I

DF6zGic-ai
I chemistry of
-:I
J Measurements
in mechanical
B:$e~~o&$~
I I
1 ores and I engineering I I
I I
II slags I
I
I
I
I

E ~ ~ a -1~I y ~ c ~ ~ CyG":----7
I chemistry of I destructive I
non-ferrous
I metals
I I testing 1
(defectoscopy) I
I I I I
r------i
FIAnalytical I
chemistry of I
1
I iran and steel I
I I
I I

10 Central workshop

FIG.2. Organization of the institute (departments).

16
 Departments and laboratories of a central testing institute

justified and is to be separately considered, Anal,yticalchemistry of ores and stags

case by case. (also construction materials, about 50 tests per day)
Where a particular supplier is mentioned,this should
be regarded only as an indication of the type of This laboratory serves the departments of metallurgy,
equipment required;it does not mean that no other building materials, and inorganic chemistry.
company could deliver the instrument referred to or Sample preparation and store-room:floor space 25 m2,
that no other equivalent instrument could be used. height 3.5 m.
Scale room: floor space 15 1112, height 3.5 m.
Mechanical testing of metals Wet laboratory: floor space 90 m2 (78 + 12 mz),
height 3.5m,fourcombustionchamberswith exhaust
This laboratory serves the departments of metallurgy installations, air-conditionedto 20" C f 3" C.
and mechanical engineering. Titre test room: floor space 15 m2,height 3.5 m,one
Manager's ofice: floor space 16 m2,height 3.5 m. combustion chamber, air-conditioned to 20" C f
Machine hall: floor space 300 m2,height 4.5 m. 3" c.
Fatigue test machines are preferably enclosed within Photometry and potentiometric titration: floor space
soundproofpartitions. The sound-insulatedarea will 30 m2,height 3.5 m, air-conditioned to 20"C f
house positions 16, 17,18 and 19. 3" c.
Creep test room conditioned to 20"C f 1" C tem- Electro-analytics:floor space 20 m2,height 3.5 m.
perature: floor space 30 m2,height 3.5 m.Required Personnel: laboratory manager; nine technical as-
only for position 20. sistants; two unskilled workers.
Personnel: laboratory manager ; assistant, university
graduate; four technician assistants; two unskilled Laboratory expansion (for testing up to 250 samples
workers. daily). The essential feature of the expansion is repre-
sented by a quantometer suitablefor the determination
Metaltography of twelve components.The expansion project requires:
Chemical preparatory accommodation with a com-
This laboratory serves the departments of metallurgy bustion chamber.
and building materials. Mechanical preparatory accommodation with a floor
Manager's ofice: floor space 16 mz,height 3.5 m. space of 16 m2,and a height of 3.5 m.
Grinding, polishing, and etching room: floor space Quantometer room: floor space 30 m2,height 3.5 m.
25 m2,height 3.5 m,equipped with standard hood. Personnel: assistant, university graduate; two tech-
Microscope room: floor space 25 m2,height 3.5 m. nician assistants;one unskilled worker.
Black-out facilities recommended.
X-ray structure test room: floor space 30 m2,height Analytical chemistry of non-ferrous metals
3.5 m.Barite insulated walls,black-outfacilities. (about 50 samples per day)
Dark room: floor space 25 m2,height 3.5 m. Laby-
rinth entrance without door, black tile wall cover This laboratory serves the metallurgy and inorganic
up to a height of 2 m,with the walls painted black chemistry departments.
above. Office of the laboratory manager: floor space 16 m2,
Personnel: laboratory manager; two technical as- height 3.5 m.
sistants. Sample preparation and store-room:floor space 25 m2,
height 3.5 m.
Heat treatment Scale room: floor space 15 m2,height 3.5 m.
W e t laboratory:floor space 75 m3,height 3.5 m,three
This laboratory serves the metallurgy department. hoods.
Floor space 40 m2,height 4.5 m,equipped with air- Titre test and polarograph laboratory: floor space
exhaust installation. 30 m2,height 3.5 m,one combustion chamber.
Personnel:manager with an engineering qualification Spectral preparation laboratory: floor space 16 m2,
(preferably the person who also manages the metal- height 3.5 m.
lographic laboratory), and technical assistant. Photometry: floor space 30 m2,height 3.5 m.

17
Material testing laboratories

Electro-analytics:floor space 12 m2,height 3.5 m . X-ray and isotope laboratory: floor space 104 m2,
Spectrum evaluation and spectrum photography height 4.5 m . Barite insulated walls for protection
accommodation: floor space 12 + 12 = 24 m2, against secondary radiation. Flush 2 m3 concrete
height 3.5 m . O n e of the two rooms furnished for basin of standard wall thickness for isotope storage.
dark room purposes. Dark room : for radiograph development purposes.
Spectral analysis room: floor space 25 m2,height 3.5 m . Floor space 25 m2,height 3.5 m.Labyrinth entrance
Personnel: laboratory manager; assistant, university without door, black tile wall cover up to a height
graduate; ten technician assistants; three unskilled of 2 m, with walls painted black above. If the
workers. metallurgy department has a dark room, a separate
room is not essential here, but the equipment of the
Laboratory expansion (for testing up to 250 samples former should be completed by the addition of
per day). Expansion requires only one quantometer development bath tanks of adequate dimensions to
room of 30 m2floor space as the preparatory accom- permit radiograph development.
modations referred to above are suitable also for this Measuring room: for instruments not operating with
purpose. radiation, floor space 20 m2,height 3.5 m .
Surplus personnel: two technical assistants. Personnel : laboratory manager (engineering qualifica-
tion); two technical assistants; one unskilled worker.
Analytical chemistry of iron and steel
(for about 50 sample tests per day) Training of welders

This laboratory serves the metallurgy and inorganic This welding shop is in the mechanical engineering
chemistry departments. department.
Manager's office:floor space 16 m2,height 3.5 m . Floor space 60 m2,height 4.5 m . Airexhaust system
Sample preparation and store-room:floor space 20 mz, and dark-coloured partitions of 3 m minimum
height 3.5 m . height between welding sites: dark curtains may be
Scale room: floor space 15 mz, height 3.5 m . used instead of partitions.
Wet laboratory: floor space 80 m2,height 3.5 m, four Personnel : shop manager (university graduate) res-
combustion chambers. ponsible for training and examinations ; four pro-
Preparatory accommodation for physical measure- fessional skilled welders ; one unskilled worker.
ments: floor space 30 m2, height 3.5 m, one com-
bustion chamber. Measurements in mechanical engineering
Photometry, potentiometry :floor space 40 m2,height
3.5 m . This laboratory serves the mechanical engineering
Electro-analytics: floor space 12 m2, height 3.5 m. department.
Manager's office: floor space 16 m2, height 3.5 m.
Laboratory expansion (for testing up to 250 samples Measuring room: floor space 50 m2, height 3.5 m y
per day). temperature controlled to 20"C 42" Cyvibration-
Chemical preparations: floor space 16 m2, height proof foundation.
3.5 m yone combustion chamber. Personnel : laboratory manager ; three technical as-
Mechanical preparations : floor space 16 m2, height sistants.
3.5 m .
Quantometer room: floor space 30 m2,height 3.5 m . Electric and magnetic measurements
Surplus personnel :assistant, university graduate ; two
technician assistants. This laboratory is intended to perform only the
simplest fundamental measurements of electric and
Non-destructive testing (defectoscopy) magnetic properties, for reasons given in the descrip-
tion of the electrical engineering department. It is the
This laboratory serves the departments of mechanical only laboratory of this department.
engineering and building materials. Measuring room: floor space 40 mz,height 3.5 m.
Manager's office: floor space 16 m2, height 3.5 m . Instrument store-room:floor space 16 mz,height3.5 m.

18
 Departments and laboratories of a central testing institute

Manager's ofice: floor space 16 m2,height 3.5 in. able, shared with food-chemistrylaboratory S.
Personnel:laboratory manager (bachelor's or master's Samplepreparation and store-room:floor space 20 m2,
degrec); four assistants. height 3.5 m.
Three laboratories of 28 m2 floor space each, or one
Mechanical testing of building materials of 75 m2, with three combustion chambers; tempera-
ture controlled to 20"C f 3" C.
Facilities for this laboratory include equipment for Personnel:laboratorymanager;sixtechnical assistants;
testing hardware used in the building industry. A two unskilled workers.
number of item are identical with those of laboratory
A in the metallurgy department.These items are noted
in the last column of the equipment schedules and can Mechanical and physical testing of textiles
be omitted if the institute is to have a metal!urgy
Manager's ofice: floor space 16 m2,height 3.5 m.
department as well. The laboratory premises are: Test laboratory: floor space 140 m2 possibly divided
Manager's ofice: floor space 16 m2,height 3.5 m.
into a number of sections,relative humidity 65 per
Preparatory accommodation for rock crushing:floor
cent, air-conditionedto 20" C.
space 60 m2,height 4.5 m,air-exhaustinstallation.
Personnel:laboratory manager;sixtechnicalassistants;
General preparatory accommodation: floor space
one unskilled worker.
60 mz, height 3.5 m.
Furnace room: floor space 50 m2,height 4.5 ni.
Mechanical test laboratory: floor space 260 m?, Mechanical and physical testing of leather,
height 4.5m. rubber and plastics
Personnel: laboratory manager; assistant, university
graduate; six technician assistants; two unskilled Manager's ofice: floor space 16 m2,height 3.5 m.
workers. Test laboratory:floor space 120 m2,height 3.5 m.
Personnel: laboratory manager; four technical as-
sistants; one unskilled worker.
Physical testing of building materials

Separate manager's office not required. Food chemistry

Floor space 180 m2 including a 16 m2 sound-proof
compartment for acoustic measurements. Height Manager's office: floor space 16 m2,height 3.5 m.
3.5-4.5 m. Samplepreparation and store-room:floor space 25 in2,
Personnel:laboratory manager; three technical assist- height 3.5 m.
ants;one unskilled worker. Scale room: floor space 15 m2,height 3.5 m.
Wet laboratory: floor space 50 m2, height 3.5 m.
Mechanical and physical testing of timber and paper Three standard combustion chambers with the
necessary ventilation system.Temperature controlled
Manager's office: floor space 16 m2,height 3.5 m. to 20"c &3" c.
Laboratory: floor space 100 m2,possibly divided into Polarographic and photometriclaboratory:floor space
two,height 3.5 m or 4.5 m. 30 m2,height 3.5 m possibly divided into two,with
Personnel: laboratory manager; four technical as- two standard compartments and temperature con-
sistants;one unskilled worker. trolled to 20"C &3" C.
Vitamin and enzyme laboratory: floor space 20 m2,
Organic chemistry height 3.5 m. Temperature controlled to 20"C - l
3" c.
It is preferable to equip this laboratory to serve also Laboratory for measurement of the radioactivecontent
the three departments of timber,paper, and cellulose; of foodstuffs:floor space 20 m2,height 3.5 m. Air-
textiles; and leather, rubber and plastics. exhaust installation.
Manager's office;floor space 16 mz,height 3.5 m. Personnel: laboratory manager; six technical assist-
Scale room:floor space 15 m2,height 3.5 m (if practic- ants; two unskilled workers.

19
Material testing laboratories

Equipment of laboratories (including central workshop)

Position SetOr Specification Order of

no. piece importance

A. Mechanical testing of metals

1 1 Universal tensile testing machine for tensile, compression and X L,no. 20
bending, maximum load 50 tons
2 1 Universal tensile testing machine, maximum load 10 tons xx
3 1 Universal tensile testing machine, maximum load 5 tons, with X L,no. 21
electronic loading cells, e.g. Instron
4 6 Mechanical tensometer, e.g. Huggenberger X
5 1 Electroinductive strain recorder, e.g. Hottinger X
6 1 (a) Strain gauge apparatus with oscilloscope and graphic recording X L,no. 26
(b) Checking equipment
7 1 (a) Automatic selector to no. 6 XX L,no. 27
(b) Level-recorderto no. 6
8 1 Impact bend-testing machine, Charpy or Izod 10 m k p X
9 1 As no. 8, but for impact bending and tensile testing with electronic xx
stress and strain recorder
10 1 Test-piece dividing machine for round and flat bars X
11 1 Universal hardness tester for Brinell and Vickers testing X L,no. 12
12 1 Hardness tester for automatic determination of Rockwell hardness X
13 1 Hardness standard instrument for checking the hardness testers xx
14 1 Ring-force contact arm for checking the tensile machines, with xx L,no. 29
optical reading. For tension up to 100 tons for compression up to
300 tons
15 1 Micro-tensile testing machine for test pieces 1-4m m diameter, e.g. xx
Chevenard
16 1 Torsion testing machine, 10 tm xx
17 4 Rotating-beam testing machine, up to 15 m m diameter test pieces X
18 2 Tensile and compression testing machine with pulsator, maximum XX If this, A, no. 2
load 10 tons superfluous
19 1 Tensile and compression testing machine, maximum load 100 tons xxx
20 8 Long-time creep testing machine, with automatic temperature con- xx
trol up to 900" Cymaximum load 3,000 kp
21 1 Universal deep-drawing tester. Range of drawing-force 100-2,000 X
and 100-8,OOOkp
22 1 Tensile testing machine, horizontal type, for testing chains, ropes, xxx
etc., maximum load 250 tons
23 1 Wire forward and backward bending tester,according to the related X
standards
24 1 Dynamic indentation tester, Shore xx
25 2 Relaxation machine, maximum load 5,OOO kp xx L,no. 23
26 2 Precision extensometer, measuring length 100 mm, accuracy xx L,no. 28
0.005 m m

B. Metallography
1 1 Metal microscope, magnification up to 2,000x X
2 1 Heating and vacuum chamber to no. 1 XXX

20
 Departments and laboratories of a central testing institute

Position Order of
no. Set Or
piece
Specification importance

3 1 Polishing machine,with two disks X

4 1 Grinding (sliding) machine with four disks X
5 1 Automatic grinding and polishing machine with two disks X
6 1 Electrolytical polishing machine xx
7 1 Microhardness tester,for no. 1 xxx
8 1 X-rayequipment for Debye-Scherrerand back-reflexmethods xx
9 1 Electron microscope magnification 100,000x xxx
10 1 Dilatometer,e.g. Chevenard or Bollenrath xx
11 2 Laboratory furnace up to 1,000"C,100-200cm3 capacity X
12 1 Dark room outfit,for microphotographs X

C. Heat treatment
1 1 Heat-treating furnace, salt-bath type, maximum temperature X
1,350"C,capacity 2,000 cm3
2 1 Preheating furnace,metal or salt bath type, to no. 1, maximum X
temperature 900"C, capacity 2,000 cm3
3 1 Universal heat-treatingfurnace,for quenching,surface hardening, X With automatic
etc.,maximum temperature 1,200"C,capacity 5,000 cm3 temperature
4 1 Salt-bathtype furnace up to 700"C for heat treating of non-ferrous X control
metals, accuracy of temperature i 5"C,capacity 3,000 cm3
5 1 Furnace up to 200"C for precipitation hardening of non-ferrous X
alloys, accuracy f 2" C
6 5 Cooling vessel for quenching media about 10,000 cm3 capacity X
7 5 sets Thermo-elementswith galvanometers X
8 2 Optical pyrometer X
~~ ~-

D. Analytical chemistry of ores and slags

For 50 tests per day
1 2 Hammer-mill,for 200 g samples X E,F,no. 1
2 1 Ball mill,for 200 g samples X E,F,no. 2
3 2 Analytic sieve set,with shaking apparatus X
4 3 Analytical balance, up to 100 or 200 g X E,F,no. 4
5 1 Balance,up to 1,000g X
6 1 Work bench (wetlaboratory), with 8 working positions X Similar to
E,F,no. 5
7 Standard combustion chamber (wet laboratory), with ventilation X SimiIar to
system E,F,no. 6
8 Heating furnace,for 10 crucibles up to 1,000"C X E,F,no. 7
9 Heating furnace,for 10 crucibles up to 1,300" C X E,F,no. 8
10 Sulphur burning apparatus (System Marsh) X E,F,no. 9
11 Fluor distillation apparatus X
12 Automatic titration equipment,with 4 working places X E,F,no. 1 1
13 Spectrophotometer, in ultra-violet and visible spectra (186 mp- X E,F,no. 13
3.6 p), recording type
14 Flame photometer, with oxy-acetyleneburner,recording type X E, F,no. 14
15 Potentiometric titration equipment X

21
Material testing laboratories

Position Set or Specification Order of

DO. piece importance Notes
~

16 4 Electroanalyser, with turning anode X E,F, no. 15

17 1 Water-distillation apparatus or ion exchanger for distilled water X E, no. 20,
F,no. 22
18 2 Drying chamber X E,F,no. 10
Expansion for 230 tests per day
19 1 Work bench, with two working positions xx E,no. 21
F,no. 23
20 1 Combustion chamber, with exhaust xx E,no. 22
F,no. 24
21 1 Carbon cutter xx E,no. 23
F, no. 25
22 1 Turning lathe for carbon xx
23 1 Automatic spectrophotometer, with recording apparatus (Quanto- xx E,no. 25
meter) F,no. 27

E. Analytical chemistry of non-ferrous metals

For 50 tests per day
1 1 Hammer mill X D , no. 1
2 1 Ball mill X D,no. 2
3 1 Turning, boring and cutting off machine for preparation of metal X
samples
4 3 Analytical balance, up to 100 or 200 g X D,no. 4
5 1 Work bench (wet laboratory), with 6 working positions X Similar to
D,no. 6
6 3 Standard combustion chamber (wet laboratory), with ventilation X Similar to
system D,no. 7
7 2 Heating furnace,for 10 crucibles, up to 1,OOO" C X D,no. 8
8 2 Heating furnace,for 10 crucibles, up to 1,300" C X D,no. 9
9 1 Sulphur determination apparatus (System Marsh) X D,no. 10
10 5 Drying chamber X D, no. 18
11 1 Automatic titration equipment X D,no. 12
12 1 Polarograph P.0.4 X
13 1 Spectrophotometer,recording type in range 186 mp3.6 p X D, no. 13
14 1 Flame photometer, recording type X D,no. 14
15 2 Electroanalyser, with turning anode X D, no. 16
16 1 Metal enriching equipment with Hg-cathode X
17 1 Recording microphotometer X
18 1 Dark room outfit X
19 1 Spectrophotometer,with arc exciter X
20 1 Water-distillationapparatus X D,no. 17
Expansion for 250 tests per day
21 1 Work bench, with 2 working positions xx D,no. 19
22 1 Standard combustion chamber, with exhaust xx D,no. 20
23 1 Carbon cutter xx D,no. 21
24 1 Turning, boring, and cutting offmachine xx F,no. 3

22
 Departments and laboratories of a central testing institute

~ ~~ -___. ~ ~ - ~ _ _ _ _ _ ~ _ _ _ _-

Position
no. r:c:F: ~pecification Order of
importdnce No'es
~ ~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~ ~ - ~~~ -~ ~~~

25 1 Automatic spectrophotometer,with recording apparatus xx D,no. 23

(Quantometer)
~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ _ _ _ _ _ ~
~~ ~ ~ ~ _ _ _ _ _ ~ ~

F. Analytical chemistry of iron and steel

For 50 tests per day
1 1 Hammer mill X D,no. 1
2 1 Ball mill X D,no. 2
3 1 Turning, boring, and cutting off machine, for preparation of metal X
samples
4 3 Analytical balance, up to 100 or 200 g X D,no. 4
5 1 Work bench (wet laboratory), with 6 working positions X Similar to
D,no. 6
6 3 Standard combustion chamber, (wet laboratory), with ventilation X Similar to
system D,no. 7
7 2 Heating furnace,for 10 crucibles, up to 1,000"C X D,no. 8
8 2 Heating furnace,for 10 crucibles, up to 1,300" C X D , no. 9
9 1 Sulphur determination apparatus (System Marsh) X D , no. 10
10 5 Drying chamber X D,no. 18
11 1 Automatic titration equipment, with 4 working places X D,no. 12
12 1 Polarograph P.0.4 X
13 1 Spectrophotometer,recording type in range 186 mp-3.6 p X D,no. 13
14 1 Flame photometer, recording type x D , no. 14
15 2 Electroanalyser,with turning anode X D,no. 16
16 I Metal enriching equipment with Hg-cathode X
17 1 Recording microphotometer X
18 1 Dark room outfit X
19 1 Spectrophotometer,with arc exciter X
20 1 Strohlein apparatus, for C determination X
21 2 Rapid photometer, in range 360-1,000mp X
22 1 Water-distillation apparatus X D,no. 17
Expansion for 250 tests per day
23 1 Work bench, with 2 working positions xx D,no. 19
24 1 Standard combustion chamber,with exhaust xx D,no. 20
25 1 Carbon cutter xx D,no. 21
26 1 Turning,boring, and cutting off machine xx E,no. 3
27 1 Automatic spectrophotometer,with recording apparatus (Quanto- XX D,no. 23
meter)

G. Non-destructive testing (defectoscopy)

1 1 Portable X-ray apparatus,maximum voltage 180 k V X
2 1 Portable X-ray apparatus, maximum voltage 120 kV xx Necessary only for
thin (1-2mm)
plates
3 1 Portable isotope container for C060 isotopes, with 1 Ci intensity X
4 1 Portable isotope container for Ir192 isotopes, with 20 Ci intensity X

23
Material testing laboratories

Position Order of
Set Or Specification importance Notes
no. piece

5 1 set Dark room outfit for X-ray photographs X

6 1 Portable ultrasonic testing equipment X
7 1 Magnetic crack-testingapparatus X
8 1 A s no. 7,portable system xx
9 1 Magnetic sorting bridge X

H. Training of welders
6 Arc welding apparatus (dynamo), maximum 350 A X
4 Apparatus for oxy-acetylenewelding X
2 Apparatus for oxy-acetylenecutting X
10 Welding-desk,for nos. 1, 2, and 3 X
1 Submerged arc-weldingapparatus,maximum 1 ,OOO A X
2 Shielded inert-gaswelding apparatus, maximum 500 A X
1 Slag-welding apparatus,maximum 2,000A xxx
1 Drying chamber, minimum 60 x 60 x 30 cm, temperature up to X
150" Cyfor drying of low-hydrogen type electrodes

J. Measurements in mechanical engineering

1 1 Measuring stand X
2 1 Universal length-measuring machine, e.g. Zeiss, gauge length X
500 m m
3 A s no. 2, gauge length 1,000m m xx
4 Universal measuring microscope, e.g. Zeiss X
5 Profile projector, e.g. Zeiss or Hauser X
6 Simple callipers,170 mm, 500 mm, 1,000m m X
7 Micrometer series,gauge length 0-500mm,accuracy 0.01 m m X
8 Micrometer series,accuracy 0.01 mm X
9 Thread-measuringmicrometer, with wire series X
10 Equipment for determination of eccentricityup to 500 mm (Run-out X
measuring equipment)
11 1 set Gauge block series,in range 0.001 m m , 0.01 mm,0.1 mm and 1 m m X
up to 100 m m
12 1 set Gauge block series,up to 1,500 m m X
13 1 Gauge block clamping device, for checking of the hole-measuring X
instruments
14 1 Micrometer, for measuring of holes X
15 1 Ultraoptimeter, for length measurement xx
16 1 Surface-roughnesstester, with recording apparatus X
17 1 Universal gear testing machine, e.g. Zeiss or Klingelnberg X
18 1 Centre-distancemeasuring equipment X
19 1 Portable precision sound-levelmeter xx M yno. 15
20 1 Frequency analyser,for the range 20-20,OOO c/s xx M,no. 16
21 3 Precision thermometer, accuracy 0.1O C X
22 1 Binocular microscope, magnification up to 50 X X
23 2 Dynamometer: (a) up to 50 g; (b) up to 1,OOO g X

24
 Departments and laboratories of a central testing institute

Position Set Or Specification

Order of
no. piece importance Notes
. .. .
- ~ ~

K. Electric and magnetic measurements

1 1 Wheatstone bridge,with galvanometer X
2 1 Thompson bridge, with galvanometer X
3 1 Ultrathermostat, for the determination of temperature coefficient xx
of electrical resistance
4 1 Portable equipment for electrical resistance measurement, e.g. X
Sigma test Type 2063, Inst. Dr. Forster, 0-0.5MR; 5-60MR;
20-30M Q
5 1 Universal equipment for testing of magnetic properties: (a) Hyste- X
resislosses;(b) Magnetic induction;(c) Coercitive force;e.g. Ferro-
graph Type 1032,Inst. Dr. FGrster
6 1 Eppstein apparatus for determination of hysteresis losses X
7 2 Apparatus for determination of coercitive force: (a) 0.1-100oer- X
sted; (b) for magnetic hard materials 0-500oersted
8 1 Equipment for magnetic inductance measurement, 10,000-20,000 X
oersted
9 1 lnductance and capacitance meter inductance 0-300mH in six sub- X
ranges,capacitance 0-30,008ppLF in three subranges
10 1 Vacuum-tube voltmeter, d.c. voltages 1-1,000V in six subranges, X
a.c.voltages 1-300V in six subranges
11 1 Vacuum-tubevoltmeter,high sensitivity amplifier type,3-1,000rnV X
in six ranges
12 1 Megohmmeter, range 1-losMQ X
13 1 Impedance-meter,1 R to 1.1 Ma,25 cps to 1 M c frequency range X
14 2 Spot-galvanometer,for measuring millivolts and microamps X
15 4 Simple volt and ampere meter, not exactly specified,for common X
measurements
16 2 Precision wattmeter,(a) single-phasemodel, (b) three-phasemodel x
17 1 set Variable standard resistors X
18 1 set Standard capacitors X
~ ~-.-

L. Mechanical testing of building materials

1 1 Stone saw with disk X
2 I Stone frame saw X
3 4 Concrete cube and concrete joist moulds, X
10 x 10 x 10 1
2o 2o 2o
30 x 30 x 30
} c m of edge length
70 x 15 x 10 J
4 1 set Tamping appliances or tamping machine X
5 1 Moulding equipment for bars (160 x 40 x 40 cm) X
6 2 sets Test sieve set, (a) for concrete aggregates,(b) for sand,gravel and X
crushed materials
7 1 Drying chamber,net volume c. 1 m3 X
8 1 Freezing chamber to 28" C,net volume c. 1 m3 X
9 1 Steam-heated furnace X
10 1 Universal tension and bending strength tester, maximum load X
1,000kp

25
Material testing laboratories

Position Set or Specification Order of Notes

no. piece importance

11 1 Universal hardness tester for ball pressure and ball indentation X

test, maximum load 52.5 kp
12 1 Universal hardness tester for metals X A, no. 11
13 1 Mortar mixer X
14 1 Bulk-weight measuring instrument with litre vessel and top vibrator X
15 4 Shrinkage measuring instrument X
16 1 set Impact hardness tester (according to Smith) X
17 1 Compression press, 60 tons X
18 1 Compression and bending press, maximum load 300 tons X
19 1 Compression and bending press, maximum load 500 tons; trans- xx
verse beam for width between supports from 500 to 4,000 m m ;
head clearance between the compression plates adjustable from
0 to 3,500m m
20 1 Universal tensile testing machine, maximum load 50 tons X A, no. 1
21 1 Universal tensile testing machine, maximum load 5 tons A, no. 3
22 1 Testing cylinder equipment for static testing of structural parts, xx
about 6 m length; 4 cylinders, 20 tons maximum load each
23 2 Relaxation machine, maximum load 5,000kp xx A,no. 25
24 1 Abrasion testing machine X
25 2 Balance, (a) for 1,000 g; (b) for 2,000g X
26 1 (a) Strain gauge apparatus with oscilloscope and graphic recording, X A,no. 6
25 strain sensitivity, (b) Checking equipment
21 1 (a) Automatic selector to no. 26;(b) Level recorder to no. 26, e.g. xx A, no. 7
Bruel and Kjaer
28 2 Precision extensometer X A,no. 26
29 1 Ring-forcecontact arm for checking the testing machines xx A,no. 14
-

M. Physical testing of building materials

1 1 High-pressureautoclave for testing the constancy of volume, maxi- X
m u m pressure 25 atm, c. 160 m m diameter x 380 c m 3 volume
2 2 Air-content tester: (a) for concrete, 8 litre volume, (b) for mortar, X
1 litre volume
3 1 Water-proof tester X
4 1 Flow-table,e.g. according to DIN 1164 X
5 1 Slump table, e.g. according to DIN 1048
6 1 Needle or setting-timeapparatus for cement
7 1 Plastometer for testing the plasticity of clay and loam X
8 1 Specific heat tester
9 3 Climate apparatus,temperature 0-100"C,humidity contents of air X
lO-l00%
10 1 set Thermo-elementswith galvanometer X
11 1 set Temperature measurement apparatus with thermistors X
12 1 Apparatus for testing the heat conductivity X
13 1 Differential dilatometer, temperature range 0-900"C
14 1 Standing wave apparatus for measurements of absorption coeffi- xx
cients and specific acoustic impedance
15 1 Precision sound-level meter (portable) ML J, no. 19
16 1 Frequency analyser for the range 20-20,000CIS xx J, no. 20
17 1 Random noise generator xx

26
 Departments and laboratories of a central testing institute

~~ _____~ ________ ~~~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~

Pos1t1on SetOr ~pecification Order of

no. piece importance Notes
~ . _ _ _ _ _ . ~- _ _ - ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~
~~ . ~ ~ _ _

N. Mechanical and physical testing of timber and paper

1 1 Strength tester for load 5-50kp X P, no. 1
2 1 Strength tester for load 100-5,000 kp X A,no. 3
3 I Printability tester xxx
4 1 Paper-sizingdegree tester X
5 1 Paper-smoothnesstester,testing surface 10 cm2 xx
6 1 Folding tester,for determining the folding endurance of paper X
7 1 Fatigue bend-testing machine, for testing strips of paper, leather, X
plastics and metal foils
8 1 Freeness degree tester, for the determination of the rate of de- X
watering of paper pulps, wood pulps and lignin
9 1 Paper-sheet former and dryer, for sieve fractionation, the deter- X
mination of the behaviour to dehydration and the manufacture of
the paper sheet in one working process
10 1 Stuff grinding and dispersing machine, volume about 10 litres, X
propeller speeds 1,OOO-3,000r.p.m.
11 1 Densometer, test area about 10 cm3, partial vacuum variable X
between 0-100mm W.G.
12 1 Bursting strength tester for paper, pressure gauge 0-10kp/cm3 x
13 2 Thickness gauge: (a) 0-10mm;(b) 0-2mm X
14 1 Drying chamber 0-100"C X
15 2 Balance,0-100g (analytical), 0-1,000g (0.1g sensitivity)
16 2 Mechanical extensometer,accuracy 0.1-0.01m m , for measuring the X
deformation of wood
17 1 Microtome X
18 1 Microscope,1,000x magnification for wood and paper X
19 I Climate apparatus,temperature 0-100"C,humidity content of air X
10-100%
20 1 Equipment for ultra-violetradiation for paper and wood X If possible,
combined with
no. 19
~ ~~ ~

0.Organic chemistry
1 2 Balance (analytical), 200 g (or 100 g) X
2 1 Balance, up to 1,000 g X
3 1 Work bench (wet laboratory), with 4 working positions X
4 3 Standard combustion (wet laboratory) chamber with ventilation
system
5 1 Heating furnace for crucibles (IO) up to 1,000"C X
6 1 Heating furnace,for 10 crucibles up to 1,300' C X
7 2 Equipment for NZdetermination X
8 2 Burning apparatus,for organic materials X
9 2 Sulphur and arsenic determination apparatus (System Marsh) X
10 5 Drying chamber X
11 1 Polarograph, Type P.0.4
12 1 Rapid photometer,in the range 360-1,000mp

27
Material testing laboratories

Position
no. gz Specification
Order of
importance Notes

13 1 As no. 4,with three working position (for polarographic room)

14 1 Fluorometer,for determination of F content
15 1 Electrolytic analysis equipment, for Cu, Zn,etc.
16 2 Distillation apparatus
17 Different laboratory glass wares, not specified here
18 1 Water-distillation apparatus, or ion exchanger for distilled water

P. Mechanical and physical testing of textiles

1 1 Strength tester for load 5-50kp X N,no. 1
2 1 Strength tester for load 250-1,000kp X
3 1 Strength tester for superfine single fibres, maximum load 100 g; X
magnification for optical reading of elongation 40-50 x
4 1 Thickness gauge X
5 1 Evenness tester X
6 1 Roving measuring equipment X
7 1 Twist counter, for threads and twines X
8 1 Abrasion tester xx
9 1 Balance for 100 g X
10 1 Balance for 500 g X
11 3 Torsion balance, for 10 mg; 50 m g ; 1,OOO m g X
12 1 Climate apparatus X N,no. 19
13 2 Drying chamber X N,no. 14
14 1 Microscope, magnification 1,OOO % X N,no. 18
15 1 Microtome xx N,no. 17
16 1 Balance for determination of weight/m2cloth X
17 1 Semi-automaticlength tester for wood and cotton X
18 1 Apparatus for testing the elasticity of cloth X
19 1 Endurance tester xx
20 1 Equipment for ultra-violet radiation for textile materials xx N,no. 20

R. Mechanical and physical testing of leather, rubber and plastics

1 1 Ring-punchingmachine, in order to make rubber test rings X
2 1 Strength tester for maximum load 50 kp X N,no. 1
3 1 Strength tester for 500 kp X if N, no. 2, or A,
no. 3 is an elec-
tronic loading cell
type, it is applic-
able instead of this
4 1 Plastometer (Mooney), shear disk type X
5 1 Hardness tester, initial load 50 g, main load 1,000 g; die: ball X
6 1 Indentation hardness tester, for the determination of Shore A X
hardness of rubber and rubber-like plastics; die: cone
7 1 Pendulum impact tester, maximum impact energy 400 kgcm X
8 1 Pendulum impact tester, maximum impact energy 20 kgcm X
9 1 Vicat needle apparatus X

28
 Departments and laboratories of a central testing institute

- ~~

Position SFt or Order of

no. piece Specification importance Notes
~ - -~

10 I Equipment for the determination of glow resistance of plastic xx

insulating materials
11 1 Martens dimensional stability tester under heat (for plastics) x
12 I Shock elasticity tester X
13 2 Fatigue bend testing machine X
14 1 Abrasion tester,for rubber and rubber-likematerials xx
15 1 Adhesiveness tester
16 1 Plasticity tester, according to DIN 53514, for cylindrical test
specimens, 10 mm diameter

S. Food chemistry
1 1 Equipment for welding of plastics X
2 1 Cutting equipment,not specified X
3 1 Vacuum safe-lockingequipment X
4 2 Balance (analytical), 200 g (or 100 g)
5 1 Balance,up to 1,000 g X
6 1 Work bench (wet laboratory), with 4 working positions x
7 3 Standard combustion (wet laboratory) chamber with ventilation
system
8 1 Heating furnace,for crucibles (10)up to 1,000"C X
9 1 Heating furnace,for 10 crucibles up to 1,300"C x
10 2 Equipment for Nzdetermination X
11 2 Burning apparatus,for organic materials X
12 7- Sulphur and arsenic determination apparatus (System Marsh) X
13 5 Drying chamber X
14 1 Polarograph, type P.0.4
15 2 Rapid photometer, in the range 360-1,000mp
16 1 Ultra-violetspectroscope,for absorption spectra
17 1 As no. 7 (polarographic and photometric room)
18 1 As no. 6 (polarographic with 3 working positions)
19 1 As no. 6 (vitamin and enzyme room) with 2 working positions
20 1 Fluorometer,for determination of F content
21 1 Electrolytic analysis equipment,for Cu,Zn, etc.
22 1 Scaler,for determination of radiation matter content
23 2 Distillation apparatus
24 Different laboratory glass wares, not specified here
25 1 Water-distillationapparatus, or ion exchanger for distilled water

Note. The total number of working positions is greater than the number of employees but the possibility of enlargement was taken
into account.
-~

Central workshop
1 3 Lathe, height of centres 200 m m , length between centres 500 mm
2 4 Lathe, height of centres 100 mm,length between centres 300 mm
3 1 Lathe,height of centres 200 m m , length between centres 1,OOO mm
4 2 Universal drilling machine,medium size

29
Material testing laboratories

Position
no. izc2 Specitication
Order of
importance Notes

5 1 Horizontal shaping machine, medium size

6 1 Vertical shaping machine, medium size
7 1 Grinding machine, for test pieces up to 50 m m diameter
8 1 Tool grinding machine
9 10 sets Callipers, up to 200 m m
10 10 sets Micrometer, accuracy 0.01 mm
11 2 sets Micrometer,accuracy 0.001 m m
12 1 Drilling machine
13 1 Simple shaying machine
14 12 sets Hand tools,not specified here
15 2 sets Soldering bit
Note. It is assumed that the welding equipment is installed in laboratory H,precision measurement of test pieces or machine parts
will be made in laboratory J, and electrical measurements will be made in laboratory K.

30
 Summary and conclusions

Organization and equipment

1. As illustrated in Figure 2, the institute as a whole instruments and stations provided rather than in the
is equipped to test ores, iron and other metals, ma- types. Evidently, where the number of iron and steel
chine components, welded structures, building ma- samples is predominant, it is reasonable to build
terials, timber, paper, and textile materialls, eather, laboratory F instead of D,whereas with a preponder-
rubber and plastics materials and food items,including ance of non-ferrous metal samples the laboratory
their mechanical,physical,and chemical examination. project E should be preferred.Only where the number
For chemical investigations,the metallurgy depart- of samples to be tested amounts to 750 per day, or
ment, mechanical engineering department,and build- more,should all three types be established together.
ing materials department require approximately the The other independent institute may include the
same analytical facilities.Similarly,identical analytical following departments: timber and paper, textile
equipment is required by the timber and paper depart- industry,leather, rubber and plastics, and food and
ment, textile industry department, and the leather, organic chemistry.
rubber and plastics department, and this equipment The chemical analysis requirements of these four
is essentially identical to that of the food and organic departments are fundamentally identical; they may
chemistry department as well. therefore be conveniently combined to form a single
Consequently,the institute may be developed as a institute.
single institution containing all nine departments,or Accordingly, the two following variations may be
it may be divided into two independent institutions. suggested,each of which represents an economic solu-
In the latter case, it seems reasonable to group the tion: (a) a single institute comprising all nine depart-
following departments in one of the two independent ments, or (b) two separate institutions (any part of
institutions:metallurgy, mechanical engineering,elec- which may be omitted to conform to local conditions).
trical engineering, building materials, and inorganic 2.Wherever it is feasible,identical instrumenttypes
chemistry,Laboratories A,B,C,G,H,J, K,L,and are specified for the different laboratories.A twofold
M will also be included in this institute. purpose is served by the provision of interchangeable
The equipment of the analytical laboratory should equipment. First,only one department need be fully
be chosen in accordance with the number of tests to equipped until the increased activity of the institute
be carried out. If the total number of samples to be justifies expansion (e.g.equipmentitem A,1 is identic-
analysed does not exceed 50 per day, laboratory-type al to L,20, etc.). Projected overlaps exist, primarily,
D will suffice. Tf, however, the total approaches 250 among departments 1, 2, 4,and 5, 6,7. respectively,
per day,laboratory D should be constructed with the making the classification under paragraph 1 most
extension as projected. Either laboratory E or F is economical.
necessary if the number of samples is between 250 The other reason for preferably installing identical
and 500, and both are required if the total is between instrument types wherever possible is that the indivi-
500 and 750. As indicated by the equipment specific- dual departments will be able to assist each other in
ation of the chemicallaboratories,the instrumentation case of break-down; and in addition, repair and
of laboratories D,E and F is very similar;the differ- maintenance will be easier.
ence between these laboratories lies in the number of 3. Individual departments may be established inde-

31
Material testing laboratories

pendently. It is possible, for example, to establish project is to consist of two separate institutes as
a metallurgy department entirely on its own, but its indicated in paragraph 1, the personnel of the central
facilities will not be so well utilized as with either of workshop is distributed, approximately, in the follow-
the two variations suggested in paragraph 1. ing proportions: 75 per cent for the institute consisting
According to experience gained in Central and of departments 1-4, and 25 per cent for the institute
Eastern Europe, the optimum number of staff for consisting of departments 5-8.
such central testing institutes is between 100 and 200. 6. Storage spaces are projected only for the chemical
The co-ordinated control of organizations exceeding laboratory and for the central workshop. The dimen-
this size would be difficult, and the ratio of adminis- sions of the eventual central storage of the institute
trative personnel to technical staff might prove dis- depend on the legal stipulation of h o w long the samples
advantageous. Experience shows that the number of must be kept after they have been tested. In line with
personnel w h o are only indirectly engaged in labora- the previous assumption that the institute would test
tory work (management, accounting, correspondence, samples submitted by customers, the only material to
guards, material handling, etc.) amount to 18-30 per be stored will be the material for consumption by the
cent of the total number of actively engaged laboratory chemical section and by the central workshop. This
staff (university graduates, technical assistants, skilled is why storage space is projected for these two facili-
and unskilled workers). ties only.
4. The floor space requirements specified in the 7. O f the various types of equipment needed by the
individual laboratory descriptions represent the net individual laboratories, only the most important items
laboratory area. T o this must be added the floor space have been specified, that is, the most expensive equip-
required for management, administration and library ment and also certain minor instruments which are
premises, depending on the dimensions of the institute. indispensable.
The area thus obtained must be further increased by In calculating investment costs, the specified and
an allowance of 30-40 per cent for corridors, stair- itemized instrument prices for the individual labora-
cases, lavatories, wardrobes, storage of files, etc., tories may be reckoned to cover about 75-80per cent
depending on design conditions and local circum- of the total investment for instrumentation. This means
stances. that the total expenditure required for instrument
5. The central workshop specified in the second equipment will exceed the amount indicated by the
part of this report is designed on the assumption that specifications by a factor of 1.33 to 1.25.
all nine departments are to be established. If the

General plan of a central testing institute consisting of

nine departments

On the assumption that all nine departments are to Summarized data for the complete institute, includ-
be established in the central testing institute, and that ing all the nine specialized departments, are listed in
the number of ore, metal and building material Table 1.
samples will not exceed a total of 250 per day, it is This table contains the cumulative data on all
sufficient to make provision for the inorganic chemistry necessary laboratories and also indicates the depart-
department laboratory plus extension D. Assuming, ment which each laboratory is to serve. The figures
furthermore, that the number of food industry sam- in brackets in the second column indicate other depart-
ples and the number of paper, leather, rubber and ments whose activities the laboratory will be able to
plastics material samples to be tested each day will assist.
not exceed fifty for each group on the average, the This review confirms that, if necessary, the institute
full-size inorganic laboratories S and 0 will have to may be divided to form two independent institutions
be set up as well. (see paragraph 1 above).

32
 Summary and conclusions

The institute comprising nine departments will Accordingly,the total floor area of the institute is:
require the following administrative personnel and
additional floor space: Clear height 3.5 rn: 1,393 + 392 1 785 rn2
Clear height 4.5 m: 1 530 m2
Personnel Floor area
(ma)
3 315 m2
1 manager 36 Service area, according to paragraph 4,
1 secretary 16 calculated on an average of 35 per cent 1 120 m2
10 administrativeemployees (accounting,
purchasing,correspondence) 80 Total Aoor area of the institute 4 435 m2
2 library employees 260
10 miscellaneous (guards, charwomen,etc.) The total number of the engineering staff engaged in
- - the laboratories (university graduates, technical as-
24 392 sistants, skilled workers) is: 19 + 82 = 101; Floor
space per technical employee: 4,435 + 101 = 44m2,
The administrative offices should preferably be which is in good agreement with the empirical data
located in premises with a height of 3.5 m. given under the first part, ‘Generalconsiderations’.

1. Laboratories of complete institute of nine departments (according to Figure 2)

TABLE

Personnel
Floor space (mz)
Lahoratory Department - Technical
served Heiaht Heinht Universitv Assistants Unskilled
3.5-m 4.5-rn graduates Sr skilled workers
workers
~~ ~

A Mechanical testing (metals) 1, 2 46 2 4 2

B Metallography 1, 4 121 1 2 -
C Heat-treatment 1 - 1 1 -
D Analytical chemistry, 9
50 samplesper day 195 1 9 2
Expansion of D for
250 samples per day 46
Only if samples
9 (1, 4)
- -
1
-
2
-1
3
G exceed 250 per day
Defectoscopy
9
9
2, 4
-

-
61
-
1
-
2
-
1
H Training of welders 2 1 4 1
J Engineering measurements 2 66 1 3 -
K Electrical measurements 3 72 1 4 -
L Mechanical testing (building) 4 76 2 6 2
M Physical testing (building) 4 - I 3 1
N Timber testing 5 116 1 4 1
0 Organic chemistry 8 (5, 6, 7) 126 1 6 2
P Textile testing 6 156 1 6 1
R Leather testing 7 136 1 4 1
S Food chemistry 8 176 1 6 2
Central workshop 10 (all other - 1 16 2
departments)
-__ -~
TOTAL 1393 1530 19 82 19

33
Material testing laboratories

The total number of technical assistants,skilled and Personnel

unskilled workers assigned to laboratorywork amounts Management, library, administration, and
to 82 + 19 = 101. The ratio of this figure to the total non-laboratory auxiliary staff 24
number of university graduates (19) gives 101 :19 = University graduate Iaboratory staff 19
5.3 which closely approximates the 1 :5 lower limit Technical assistants 82
specified in the first part. Both indices,the floor space Unskilled workers 19
per technical employee, and the ratio of the number -
of university graduates to that of other laboratory Total number of employees 144
personnel, reveal that the total number of technical
assistants and unskilled workers may be increased by,
say, 10-20per cent, without requiring any change in The ratio of those indirectly engaged in laboratory
the floor area provided. work to those assigned to direct laboratory activities
The cumulative data of the institute composed of amounts to 24 : 120 = 20 per cent, representing a

-
nine departments are as follows:
Total floor area 4 435 m2
reasonable figure.
Dividing the testing institutes into two institutions
as described in paragraph 1 will result in somewhat
Building volume : less favourable performance indices. The total con-
Clear height 3.5 m 6 250 m3 struction costs of the divided institute would be only
N 35 per cent (for service area) 2 220 m3 about 5-10per cent greater than that for the combined
and unified institute. On the other hand, if single
8470 1113 departments are established as independent and
Clear height 4.5 m 6 850 m3 separate units, this would considerably increase the
+ 35 per cent (for service area) 2 400 m3 total costs of construction and instrumentation alike.

9 250 m3

Total building volume 17 720 m3

34
 Appendix

Governmental and institutional organization of testing establishments

Industrial research and testing institutes in the Central Scientific research activities were conducted mainly in
and Eastern European countries, as developed since the university and plant laboratories. University laboratories
war, can be divided into four categories: made inspections also if commissioned.
1. Institutes primarily intended to deal with the basic Industrialor professional research institutes-the general
sciences,including (a) institutes under the supervision description covers a wide variety of establishments-have
of an academy of sciences;and (b) university laboratories been developed at a very rapid rate in the Eastern European
working either under an academy or some appropriate countries since the war. They all have in common that they
ministry. undertake the scientific research work called for by indi-
2. Industrial research institutes concerned with the devel- vidual branches of industry.Thus their specializationsvary
opment of a branch of industryand working either under considerably from country to country, according to the
the supervisory authority of a ministry or of an authority degree of industrial advancement or other local consider-
representing the central laboratories of major trusts or ations.
undertakings. There is, for example, in the German Democratic Re-
3. Plant laboratories undertaking only routine test work public a separate Central Institute of Welding-Zentral-
or the development of the product and production tech- institut fur Schweisstechnik. In other countries, e.g.
nology in individual plants. Czechoslovakia,with its Vyskumny Ustav Svarky,welding
4.Central test laboratories which do not undertake re- research is carried out in institutes that cover other special-
search or development but are employed on product and ities as well,Generally, these industrial research institutes
material control.They deal with measurements and tests deal with the development targets of the appropriate
officially required but take on also commissionsfor fees. branches of industry and their costs are met by the govern-
All four types are financed by government through the ment and by allocations from the industries concerned.
ministries or trusts to which they are responsible,but the They may, however, take on also other work for com-
expenditure on plant laboratories is taken care of by the panies and meet requeststo develop technologicalprocesses
operating companies. or individual products.
The end of the Second World War marked a stage in In the U.S.S.R.the history of industrial research insti-
the development of the laboratory network of the Eastern tutes is generally longer. They have been developed
European countries. Before the war there were generally gradually since the early 1930s. In type, and in the scope
only two types of laboratory.Most belonged to individual of activity they engage in,these establishments-represent-
factories and worked on research and development and ing central research institutes of the several industries-
testing. Hardly any State-supported central laboratories carry out the same kinds of work as do the comparable
existed save those working in fields of little or no direct institutes in the other socialist countries.In addition, they
industrial interest-meteorological or geological institutes, set up their network of academy research institutes for the
for example. development of basic sciences.Essentially the same object-
However, nearly all those countries had central testing ive is served by the university laboratories established in
laboratories supported to a certain extent by the govern- the first place for educational purposes. Factory labora-
ment but with the rest of their costs covered by charges for tories are there to carry out the test and development work
services to private industry. Their duties included the for the plants with which they are immediately associated,
inspection of industrial products made to government but the duties and significance of the State-sponsoredtest
order,and they also worked for factorieswhich,not having laboratories have been modified to a considerable extent.
their own laboratory facilities,paid for this service accord- The whole range of research institutions can thus be
ing to fixed tariffs.

35
Material testing laboratories

classified under the four headings set out at the beginning Prototype tests. No product may be marketed until
of this appendix. prototypes have been tested by the institute and judged
While all the Central European countries have their suitable for consumer use. This applies alike to domestic
central testing stations, there is a good deal of variety in and foreign manufactures. Identical control examinations
their organization. In Hungary, for instance, all testing are required for commodities whose materials or produc-
laboratories are accommodated in a single building. In the tion technology have been modified since the introduction
German Democratic Republic, on the other hand, thers is of the original prototype.
a much more complex organization spread over the whole The institute performs random sampling of products
country, the Deutsches Amt fur Material und Waren- already on the market and reports changes in quality to
priifung. This body is divided into nine departments dealing the government authority concerned.
with metallurgy, mechanical and electrical engineering, At the order or request of the ministries concerned, the
technical chemistry,architecture,the textile,leather,timber institute carries out laboratory tests of certain products or
and food industries. In these nine departments there are materials and, if required, presents official comments on
sixty-two laboratories or testing stations, forty-three of the results.
them are under the authority of the institute and nineteen O n request, the institute renders professional advisory
belong to other institutions, though professional super- services to companies on the quality specification of pro-
vision for them comes under the central body. The labora- ducts.
tories are located in twenty-two cities. The institute assists in deciding disputes concerning the
In Hungary, where pre-war industry was largely con- quality of products. In cases of dispute between domestic
centrated around Budapest, the Hungarian Commercial commercial organizations, the official opinion of the
Quality Control Institute, in its single building and de- institute is decisive as to quality.
pendent on other organizations only in a few professional Commodities forming the subject of complaint by
fields, has departments dealing with :(a) machines, metals, private purchasers will be tested by the institute if the
precision mechanics and the vehicle industry ; (b) the complaint can be settled only by laboratory tests. The
rubber, plastics, leather and shoe industries; (c) the textile, professional opinion of the institute must be accepted as
paper and furniture industries; (d) agriculture; and also binding by all parties concerned.
a physiochemical laboratory; and economy and manage- The institute maintains the register of marks and is
ment. There are further sub-divisionsof laboratories inside responsible for the continuous quality control of trade-
this framework. marked products.
Finally, the institute co-operates and uses its expert
Duties of central test stations facilities in setting up standards where standardization of
products for the market is to be carried out.
The duties assigned to the central testing stations vary a
great deal from country to country. A n institute of the
widest range would have the tasks described below.

36
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38