wishes

I/ Complete these sentences ( wishes) by putting the verbs into the correct form either past or past perfct

1.I wish we …………………….................. (not have) a test today.

2.I wish these exercises …………………………..…(not be) so difficult.

3.I wish we …………………………………….….. (live) near the beach.

4.I wish I ………………………………….(be) better at maths.

5.I wish you …………………………….………(stop) watching television while I am talking to you.

6.I’m always so busy. I wish that I……………………………..…… (have) more free time.
7. I wish I…………………………………….….. (be) taller so that I could be in the basketball team.

8. I wish you………………………………………..…. (bring) me a glass of water. I am very thirsty.

9. I wish I …………………………………….…. (not speak) so loudly. My baby brother woke up.

10. my father wishes he …………………………………..………(not forget) to take the camera wiith him. The
view was wonderful.

Conditional tpe 3
II/Complete the Conditional Sentences (Type III) by putting the verbs into the correct form.

If you (study) had studied for the test, you (pass) would have passed it.

1. If you (ask)…………………………………. me, I (help)………………………………… you.

2. If we (go)………………………….… to the cinema, we (see) ………………….………… my friend Jacob.
3. If you (speak)………………………………. English, she (understand)……………………………………….
4. If they (listen)…………………………………..to me, we (be)………………………………….. home earlier.
5. I (write)……………….…………… you a postcard if I (have)…………………………………….. your address.
6. If I (not/break)……………………..……….. my leg, I (take/part) …………………………..in the contest.
7. If it (not/start)…………………… to rain, we (walk)…………………………..………. to the museum.
8. We (swim)……………………….…… in the sea if there (not/be)…………..………….. so many sharks there.
9. If she (take)…………………….………. the bus, she (not/arrive)………………….…………… on time.

III/ Fill in the correct form of the verb.

1. If you -----------------------------------a taxi, you would have caught the train. (take)

2. I would have come if I ------------------------------------------ nothing to do. (have)

3. The pupils ------------------------------------------ the bus if they hadn´t left early. (miss)

4. If the friends ------------------------------to the cafe, they would have eaten pizzas. (go)

5. If I ------------------------------------- enough money, I would have bought that mobile. (have)

 >Mixed Exercise on Passive Voice

Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.

1. John collects money. -----------------------------------------------------------

2. Anna opened the window. --------------------------------------------------------
3. We have done our homework. ----------------------------------------------------------
4. I will ask a question. ------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. He can cut out the picture. ----------------------------------------------------------------
6. The sheep ate a lot. -----------------------------------------------------------------------
7. We do not clean our rooms. -------------------------------------------------------------
8. William will not repair the car. -------------------------------------------------
9. Did Sue draw this circle? --------------------------------------------------------------------
10. Could you feed the dog? ---------------------------------------------------------------------

Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.

1. John collects money. - Money is collected by John.

2. Anna opened the window. - The window was opened by Anna.
3. We have done our homework. - Our homework has been done by us.
4. I will ask a question. - A question will be asked by me.
5. He can cut out the picture. - The picture can be cut out by him.
6. The sheep ate a lot. - A lot was eaten by the sheep.
7. We do not clean our rooms. - Our rooms are not cleaned by us.
8. William will not repair the car. - The car will not be repaired by William.
9. Did Sue draw this circle? - Was this circle drawn by Sue?
10. Could you feed the dog? - Could the dog be fed by you?

Exercise on Passive Voice - Simple Present

Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.

1. He opens the door-------------------------------------------------------

2. We set the table. -------------------------------------------------------
3. She pays a lot of money. -------------------------------------------------------
4. I draw a picture. -------------------------------------------------------
5. They wear blue shoes. -------------------------------------------------------
6. They don't help you. -------------------------------------------------------
7. He doesn't open the book. -------------------------------------------------------
8. You do not write the letter. -------------------------------------------------------
9. Does your mum pick you up? -------------------------------------------------------
10. Does the police officer catch the thief? -------------------------------------------------------
11. He opens the door. - The door is opened by him.
12. We set the table. - The table is set by us.
13. She pays a lot of money. - A lot of money is paid by her.
 14. I draw a picture. - A picture is drawn by me.
15. They wear blue shoes. - Blue shoes are worn by them.
16. They don't help you. - You are not helped by them.
17. He doesn't open the book. - The book is not opened by him.
18. You do not write the letter. - The letter is not written by you.
19. Does your mum pick you up? - Are you picked up by your mum?
20. Does the police officer catch the thief? - Is the thief caught by the police officer?

Concession linking words

Concession linking words are used to express opposition between two ideas. They include
various items such as : However, Although, Though, Despite, In spite of, .. and so on .

In spite of" , " despite" have similar meaning to "although" or "even though". BUT they
don't introduce clauses. They have different syntax. They are followed
by nouns or gerunds (verb+ing.) They don't introduce a clause (subject + verb.)

Remember:
1. Although, even though + subject + verb (Concessive clause)

3. In spite of, despite + noun or verb+ing (Not a concessive clause)

2. There are structural similarities between:

 "in spite of", "despite" and "although", "even though"

 "because of", "due to", "owing to", "thanks to" and "because", "since ,"as", "for". (Expressing cause and effect)

In spite of + noun
Despite

Because of
Due to
owing to
Thanks to

Although + verb
Even though

Because
Since
For
As

1.She doesn’t like him. However, she helps him if he needs it.

2.Although he is poor in English, he does not work hard.

3.Even though / Although you dislike Sanya, you should try to be nice to her.

4.Though / Although I liked the sweater, I decided not to buy it.

5.Despite the pain in his leg he completed the marathon.

.Despite spending much time at work, working women are able to perfectly manage their
households.

6.In spite of the fact that it was raining, we went out.

.In spite of all our careful plans, a lot of things went wrong.

.In spite of being illiterate, some women use the magazine’s pictures as resources for
dressmaking.

7.He is very rich; nonetheless he is miserly.

8.Brain drain has terrible consequences on the developing countries. Nevertheless, nothing has
been done to solve the problem or at least reduce its negative effects.

9.The weather was awful all week. Still, we had a nice rest.

1.The sun was shining and there was no wind, yet it was cold.

Rewrite the following using the given linking words

1. The marks are high. The students level is low.

Although…………………………………………………………………………………
2. It was dark. He managed to find the keys.
Despite…………………………………………………………………………………..
3. He got up early. He arrived late to school.
………………………………. . However, …………………………………………….
4. Tim is in good shape. He doesn’t get much exercise.
……………………………………… . Nevertheless,………………………………….
5. Samira was sad. She kept smiling and having fun.
…………………………………….in spite of………………………………………….
6. She loves him. He treats her badly.
………………………………………….even though………………………………….
7. He didn’t work hard. He passed the baccalaureat exam .
Despite the fact that………………………………………, …………………………….

1. Although the marks are high, the students' level is low.

2. Despite the fact that it was dark, he managed to find the keys.

3. He got up early. However, he arrived late to school.

4. Tim is in good shape. Nevertheless, he doesn't get much exercise.

 5. Samira kept smiling and having fun in spite of her sadness.

6. She loves him even though he treats her badly.

7. Despite the fact that he didn't work hard, he passed the baccalaureat exam.

Relative pronouns , adverbs and clauses

What is a relative pronoun?
A relative pronoun is one which is used to refer to nouns mentioned previously,
whether they are people, places, things, animals, or ideas. Relative pronouns can be used
to join two sentences.

The relative pronouns are:

Subject Object Possessive

who/
who whose
whom

which which whose

that that -

We use relative pronouns to introduce relative clauses. Relative clauses tell us more
about people and things:
Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just retired.
This is the house which Jack built.
Marie Curie is the woman that discovered radium.
We use:

 who and whom for people

 which for things

 that for people or things.

Two kinds of relative clause defining or restrictive and non defining

There are two kinds of relative clause:

1. We use relative clauses to make clear which person or thing we are talking about:
defining or restrictive relative clause
Marie Curie is the woman who discovered radium.
This is the house which Jack built.
In this kind of relative clause, we can use that instead of who or which:
Marie Curie is the woman that discovered radium.
This is the house that Jack built.
We can leave out the pronoun if it is the object of the relative clause:
This is the house that Jack built. (that is the object of built)

Be careful!

The relative pronoun is the subject/object of the relative clause, so we do not

repeat the subject/object:
Marie Curie is the woman who she discovered radium.
(who is the subject of discovered, so we don't need she)
This is the house that Jack built it.
(that is the object of built, so we don't need it)

2. We also use relative clauses to give more information about a person, thing or
situation: non defining / non restrictive
Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just retired.
We had fish and chips, which I always enjoy.
I met Rebecca in town yesterday, which was a nice surprise.
With this kind of relative clause, we use commas (,) to separate it from the rest of the
sentence.

Be careful!

In this kind of relative clause, we cannot use that:

Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just retired.
(NOT Lord Thompson, that is 76, has just retired.)
and we cannot leave out the pronoun:
We had fish and chips, which I always enjoy.
(NOT We had fish and chips, I always enjoy.)

whose and whom

We use whose as the possessive form of who:

This is George, whose brother went to school with me.
We sometimes use whom as the object of a verb or preposition:
 This is George, whom you met at our house last year.
(whom is the object of met)
This is George’s brother, with whom I went to school.
(whom is the object of with)

when and where

We can use when with times and where with places to make it clear which time or
place we are talking about:
England won the World Cup in 1966. It was the year when we got married.
I remember my twentieth birthday. It was the day when the tsunami happened.
Do you remember the place where we caught the train?
Stratford-upon-Avon is the town where Shakespeare was born.

Relative Pronouns Exercises

Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

1. The festival, ______________ lasted all day, ended with a banquet.

A. That
B. Who
C. Which
D. What
2. I am looking for someone __________ can watch my dog while I go on vacation.
A. Which
B. Who
C. Whom
D. Whoever
3. The police needed details _____________ could help identify the robber.
A. Who
B. Whatever
C. That
D. What
4. I’d like to take you to a café _______________ serves excellent coffee.
A. What
B. Whatever
C. Which
D. Whichever
5. The clubhouse, in __________ the dance was held, housed about 200 people.
A. Which
B. Where
C. That
D. Whom
6. You can choose one person, __________ you like, to share the cruise with you.
A. Whomever
B. That
C. Which
D. Whom
7. I saw the shoes __________ you bought last week on sale for less this week.
A. When
B. That
C. Who
D. Whom
8. The winners, __________ known, will receive money and other prizes.
A. Whoever
B. Who
C. When
D. That
9. This is the place __________ we met.
A. When
B. Where
C. Who
D. That
10. The baby, ________ nap had been interrupted, wailed loudly.
A. Whose
B. Whomever
C. Whom
D. Who

Answers

1. C – The festival, which lasted all day, ended with a banquet.

2. B – I am looking for someone who can watch my dog while I go on vacation.
3. C – The police needed details that could help identify the robber.
4. C – I’d like to take you to a café which serves excellent coffee.
5. A – The clubhouse, in which the dance was held, housed about 200 people.
6. A – You can choose one person, whomever you like, to share the cruise with you.
7. B – I saw the shoes that you bought last week on sale for less this week.
8. C – The winners, when known, will receive money and other prizes.
9. B – This is the place where we met.
10. A – The baby, whose nap had been interrupted, wailed loudly.

Relative clauses - defining or non-defining?

Study the situations and then decide whether the following relative clauses are defining or non-defining.

defining – no commas
non-defining – commas

1. I have three brothers.

My brother who lives in Sidney came to see me last month.

My brother, who lives in Sidney, came to see me last month.

2. I have one sister.

My sister who is 25 years old spent her holiday in France.

My sister, who is 25 years old, spent her holiday in France.

3. Bob's mum has lost her keys.

Bob's mum who is a musician has lost her car keys.

Bob's mum, who is a musician, has lost her car keys.

4. My friend Jane moved to Canada.

My friend Jane whose husband is Canadian moved to Canada last week.

My friend Jane, whose husband is Canadian, moved to Canada last week.

5. I am a shoe fanatic.

The shoes which I bought yesterday are very comfortable.

The shoes, which I bought yesterday, are very comfortable.

6. Mr Robinson is very famous.

Mr Robinson whom I met at the trade fair is a famous inventor.

Mr Robinson, whom I met at the trade fair, is a famous inventor.

7. Tamara has two cats. Both of them are black.

Tamara's two cats which can play outside are black.

Tamara's two cats, which can play outside, are black.

8. Kevin has four cats. Two of them are black.

Kevin's two cats which are black can play outside.

Kevin's two cats, which are black, can play outside.

9. We are on holiday. Yesterday we visited a church.

The church which we visited yesterday is very old.

The church, which we visited yesterday, is very old.

10. We are on holiday. Yesterday we visited a church.

St. Mary's Church which we visited yesterday is very old.

St. Mary's Church, which we visited yesterday, is very old.

Write relative clauses without using the relative pronoun.

1. I gave you a book. It had many pictures.

→ The book-----------------------------------------------------------
2. I am reading a book at the moment. It is very interesting.
→ The book -----------------------------------------------------------
3. You live in a town. The town is very old.
→ The town-----------------------------------------------------------
4. The sweets are delicious. I bought them yesterday.
→ The sweets-----------------------------------------------------------
5. The football match was very exciting. My friend played in it.
→ The football match-----------------------------------------------------------
6. The letter hasn't arrived yet. I posted it three days ago.
→ The letter-----------------------------------------------------------
7. He lives in a house. The house is not very big.
→ The house-----------------------------------------------------------
8. They are playing a song on the radio. Do you like it?
→ Do you like -----------------------------------------------------------
9. Jane wore a beautiful shirt yesterday. Did you see it?
→ Did you see-----------------------------------------------------------
10. Sue is going out with a boy. I don't like him.
→ I don't like -----------------------------------------------------------

Write relative clauses without using the relative pronoun.

1. I gave you a book. It had many pictures.

→ The book I gave you had many pictures.
2. I am reading a book at the moment. It is very interesting.
→ The book I am reading at the moment is very interesting.
3. You live in a town. The town is very old.
→ The town you live in is very old.
4. The sweets are delicious. I bought them yesterday.
→ The sweets I bought yesterday are delicious.
5. The football match was very exciting. My friend played in it.
→ The football match my friend played in was very exciting.
6. The letter hasn't arrived yet. I posted it three days ago.
→ The letter In both sentences we find information about the letter. The sentence where 'letter' is the
subject (first sentence) is the main information. The additional information ('I posted three days ago') is
placed after the subject. The object 'it' from the second sentence is dropped.
7. He lives in a house. The house is not very big.
→ The house he lives in is not very big.
8. They are playing a song on the radio. Do you like it?
→ Do you like the song they are playing on the radio?
9. Jane wore a beautiful shirt yesterday. Did you see it?
→ Did you see the beautiful shirt Jane wore yesterday?
10. Sue is going out with a boy. I don't like him.
→ I don't like the boy Sue is going out with.

Subject Pronouns or Object Pronouns?

Decide whether the relative pronoun is a subject pronoun or an object pronoun.

1. Do you know the girl who I danced with? ------------------------------

2. Do you know the girl who danced with me? ------------------------------
3. The apples that are lying on the table are bad. ------------------------------
4. The apples that we bought in the shop are bad. ------------------------------
5. We will stay at a hotel which is not far from the beach. ------------------------------
6. We will stay at a hotel which my friend has recommended to us. ------------------------------
7. That is a museum which I like very much. ------------------------------
8. That is a museum which lies in the heart of the town. ------------------------------
9. This is the man who Barbara visited in Scotland. ------------------------------
10. This is the man who lives in Scotland. ------------------------------

Decide whether the relative pronoun is a subject pronoun or an object pronoun.

1. Do you know the girl who I danced with? - object pronoun

2. Do you know the girl who danced with me? - subject pronoun
3. The apples that are lying on the table are bad. - subject pronoun
4. The apples that we bought in the shop are bad. - object pronoun
5. We will stay at a hotel which is not far from the beach. - subject pronoun
6. We will stay at a hotel which my friend has recommended to us. object pronoun
7. That is a museum which I like very much. - object pronoun
8. That is a museum which lies in the heart of the town. subject pronoun
9. This is the man who Barbara visited in Scotland. object pronoun
10. This is the man who lives in Scotland. subject pronoun
English relative pronouns exercises. Fill in the gaps with the right relative pronouns where necessary. If it is not
necessary to use the relative pronoun then fill in x (small x).
 A teacher is a person ------------------helps others learn new things.
Is that the man ---------------------- they arrested?
There’s the dog -----------------------bit me!
There is a woman ---------------------- daughter is an English teacher.
Where is the car ------------------------you stole?
This is the city ------------------------ I was born.
1945 was the year -------------------- the war finished.
This is the reason -------------------- I am so cheerful.
Is that the man ------------------------- they arrested?
Where is the bicycle ---------------------------you stole?

1. ....................................... working hard, he couldn’t pass

the test.
In spite of Although However

2. ....................................... it was late, we decided to go

out.
Although However Despite

3. ............................................. being rich, she is not

happy.
Despite

Although

However

4. ................................................. having a bad teacher,

she passed her test.
In spite of

Although

However
5. ......................................... she lives next door, we rarely
see each other.
However

Although

Despite

6. ............................................... facing many setbacks, he

didn’t lose hope.
Although

However

In spite of

7. ............................................ being a foreigner, she

speaks English remarkably well.
In spite of

However

Although

8. ............................................. she earns a good salary,

she finds it difficult to make both ends meet.
Although

However

Despite

9. .................................................. living close to her office,

she is always late for work.
However

Though

In spite of
10. ................................................ working three jobs in a
day, she makes it a point to spend quality time with her
kids.
Although

However

In spite of

Answers
1. In spite of working hard, he couldn’t pass the test.

2. Although it was late, we decided to go out.

3. Despite being rich, she is not happy.

4. In spite of having a bad teacher, she passed her test.

5. Although she lives next door, we rarely see each other.

6. In spite of facing many setbacks, he didn’t lose hope.

7. In spite of being a foreigner, she speaks English remarkably well.

8. Although she earns a good salary, she finds it difficult to make both ends meet.

9. In spite of living close to her office, she is always late for work.

10. In spite of working three jobs in a day, she makes it a point to spend quality time with her kids.