Mass Transfer (CLPC20) HUMIDIFICATION B.Tech. (Chemical Engineering) V Semester 2020 — 21 SessionHUMIDIFICATION “Humidity: Definitions + Molal humidity: moles of vapour _ nj Considering ideal gas behaviour : Molal Humidity, Y =—>———___ = + V V moles of dry gas ny, n=?" & py =Pe p p “RT ° RT Molal Humidity, Y =+4 =—4— Pp PP, * Molal humidity at saturation: 5 Molal Humidity at saturation,Y, = Pp 3 “Absolute humidity: ~f4 Absolute Humidity, Y' ama Ms maand me are the weight of the vapour and vapour free gas “Relation between absolute humidity and molal humidity: yatta ta May, Ma Pa Me yp PSM, m, Nn, M, M, P-p, M, “P-P; M BHUMIDIFICATION Definitions “Relative Humidity: Relative Humidity = of x 100% A “Percent Humidity: Percent Humidity = Lata) x100% N4/Ng Deaton Percent Humidity = = x100% «Dew Point: It is the lowest temperature to which a vapour-gas mixture can be cooled at constant pressure without condensation It is the temperature at which the vapour pressure of the liquid and the partial pressure of the vapour in vapour-gas mixture are the same “Dry bulb temperature: The temperature of the gas vapour-mixture that is measured by an ordinary thermometer or other temperature measuring devices placed in the gasHUMIDIFICATION Definitions “Humid Volume: The volume of one kg dry gas and the accompanying vapour V,=V, xi,F assuming ideal gas law Pq V, is the volume occupied by one kg of the dry gas & the accompanying vapour at the standard temperature and pressure y, (pass M, A 1 Y¥'\ 7 V,, =8.314| —+— |x— 29 18) P “Humid Heat: The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kg of dry gas and the accompanying vapour by one degree It represents the heat capacity of the gas-vapour system at constant pressure Cy =C,+Y'C, For the air-water vapour system, specific heat of vapour C, =1.8844J / kgK and specific heat of dry gas C, =1.005K/ / kgK Q=G,C,ATHUMIDIFICATION Definitions “Specific Enthalpy: the heat required for bringing one kg of dry air and Y’ kg of the liquid water from the initial temp. T, to the final state at T at constant Pressure H'=C,(T -T,)+¥ TA, +C,(7 -T)] by applying, C, =C, + Y'C, H'=C,(T—-T)+Y'A,HUMIDIFICATION | Adiabatic Saturation Temperature Water Air, G'skg/h Air, G'skg/h Temperature, T Humidity, Y’ Temperature, T,, Humidity, Y',, Water Temperature, T,, Make-up|water Temperature, T,, >The equilibrium temperature attained by the gas-vapour mixture when it is adiabatically humidified in contact with the liquid is known as the adiabatic saturation temperature, T,, >The humidity attained by the gas under equilibrium is the saturation humidity at adiabatic saturation temperature, Y’,,HUMIDIFICATION Adiabatic Saturation Temperature >The sensible heat removed from the gas stream: G,C,(7-T,,) >The quantity of water vaporized: G;,(¥,,-Y) > The heat required for vaporisation: G,(Y,, -Y)A,, >The heat balance at equilibrium: Sensible heat lost by the gas = heat of vaporization of water GsCs(T -T.) = GsYe, —¥ Vy Rag oy . T,,=T-(a-¥) S(_HUMIDIFICATION } Wet Bulb Temperature Make-up liquid Gas, Humidity, Y’ Gas, Temperature, T Humidity, Y’,, Temperature, T,,HUMIDIFICATION Wet Bulb Temperature > The rate of transfer of sensible heat removed from the gas stream to the film covering the thermometer bulb (Q,): >The rate of transfer from the liquid surrounding the 0, =N,M,AA thermometer bulb to the bulk air due to vaporisation(Qy): “" = * “7°” N,=k, Ow -Y) Y= yap Vmolar humidiy) = V5 Q; =h, AT - Ty) Ny=k, Oy -¥) Q, =k,M Ady (YY) The heat balance at equilibrium: Sensible heat transfer from the gas to the _ Rate of removal of heat from the liquid surrounding the thermometer bulb bulb due to vaporisation h, A(T -Ty) = k,M , Ady (Yy -Y) kM . . hg “4 2,(%y-Y) — Wet-bulb depression = —-2— Psychromettic ratio Ig kM, y (T-T))=Enthalpy, H’ (kJ/kg) Design of Cooling Tower Equilibrium iene (Saturation enthalpy vs temperature) Operating Line Thr Temperature, 7 (K) Air out Water in G's (kg dry air/m’h) —_L’, (kg water/m*h) Toa Th H’, — Sen Y, G,dH =LC,dT, dH L ‘ls a, dz G r 1 y 1 = Air in > G) (ka dry air/mh) Water out To) L’, (kg water/m?h) HW, T,, Y’,Design of Cooling Tower Minimum Air Flow Equilibrjam Curve Limiting Operating Line Slope = & z 3 < we fg Perating Line Slope = L’C/Gs H, |< Tht Ty2 Temperature >The actual air circulation rate would be 1.3 to 1.5 times the minimumDesign of Cooling Tower Air out Water in Height of the tower G's (kg dry air/m’h) LL’, (kg water/m’h) > The sensible HT from the interface to the bulk air T;> H’, Y’, dz Air in G, (kg dry air/m’h) Water out Tor L’, (kg water/mh) A’, Thy Y’, leads to the increase in temp. of air. G,C,dT, =h,a(T, -T,)dz > Applying Lewis relation, C, = —& Pplying s kM, G,CydT,, =k,aM ,C,(T, - T, dz >The mass transfer from the interface to the air CaF ha MMe yy cl Ged =kaM,(¥/-Y dz YT yp PAPO” A G,dY A, =k,aM ,(¥, -Y )dzA,Design of Cooling Tower Height of the tower GCdT, + GsdY Ay = hgatT, -T,;)dz + k,aM ,(¥, ~Y )dzd, Gy(CsdT, + AY) =k, aM ,[C, (7, -T5)+A,(¥; -Y Yaz > Using the definition of enthalpy H,=C(T,-T)+¥ A, H =C,(Tg-T)+¥ Ay H,-H =C,(T,-Tg)+A(¥,-¥) G,dH =k,aM ,(H, - H')dz > Using Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient G.dH = Kya(H" —H’)dZ Le +—Design of Cooling Tower Height of the tower Equilibrjam Curve Limiting Operating Lins Slope GIG Enthalpy Slope = L’C,/Gg Temperature 1/(H*-) H’ H,’