DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG.

U18EE706 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY

LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

Class: B.Tech. VII Semester EEE
[For the Students admitted under URR-18 regulation]

Academic Year:

Details of the student

Name of the Student :
Roll Number :
Semester/Branch/ Section :

1.
LABORATORY COURSE 2.
FACULTY 3.
4.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Kakatiya Institute of Technology & Science, Warangal – 506015. Page 2
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
KAKATIYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE
(An Autonomous Institute under Kakatiya University)
HANAMKONDA, TELANGANA – 506015

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr./Ms. _________________________________________

with Roll No.________________ of B. Tech in ___________________________________

Semester:__________ has satisfactorily completed the course work in Power Systems

Laboratory (Course code: U18EE706) during AY 2023-2024.

Course Faculty Head of the Department

(Name & Signature) (Signature)
Date:

Examiner-I Examiner-II
(Name & Signature) (Name & Signature)
Date: Date:

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Kakatiya Institute of Technology & Science, Warangal – 506015. Page 3
 PREAMBLE FOR LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

a) A well-defined continuous internal evaluation (CIE) is being followed in this lab. It is

expected to make students active learners, skilled and acquire several competencies
related to the laboratory experiments
b) Hence, students are advised to love learning, follow the stipulated CIE and become
active learners
c) Active learning will ensure students acquire the 21st century skills and competencies to
be successful in a job

1. Lab Manual & Record Book:

 This Laboratory Manual & Record Book contains relevant
information for all experiments
2. Videos on experiments / programs:

 Lab course faculty will post videos on conduction of all experiments

/ programs in the CourseWeb portal
3. Requisite prior knowledge (K) :

a) Student should come prepared with requisite prior knowledge on

the experiment to be performed
b) To gain requisite prior knowledge on the experiment, the student
should
a. watch the videos on lab experiments, posted in CourseWeb portal
by your lab course faculty
b. read the experiment details given in this Lab Manual & Record Book
4. During lab session:

4.1 Before start of experiment

KNOWLEDGE (K): 10 marks
a) Before start of experiment, student will be tested on knowledge (K).
Whether the student has requisite prior knowledge on the experiment
to be performed
b) Lab faculty will ask around 4-5 questions to test the knowledge (K)
levels
c) This component of 10 marks will be awarded based on student’s prior
preparation to perform the lab experiment. To score well, in this
component, students are expected to come prepared with the requisite
knowledge on the experiment to be performed by them, in that lab slot
d) The student will be permitted to do the experiment after the
Knowledge (K) test
e) This Knowledge (K) section is aimed at imparting / enhancing the
following skills for the students
(i) Communication (oral) skills
(ii) Requisite prior knowledge

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 4.2 During experimentation:

PARTICIPATION (P) : 10 marks

(a) Students will be observed by the faculty and tested for their
participation in performing experiment.
(b) How he/she is taking part in performing the experiment as an
individual
and also as a member on team
(c) Hence, while doing experiment, every student should be
proactive in doing experiment to earn 10 marks for participation
(d) This PARTICIPATION (P) section is aimed at imparting / enhancing
thefollowing skills for the students
(i) Observation
(ii) Technical Skills (expertise required to perform specific task using
specifictools & programs)
(iii) Quantifying (ability to measure accurately)
(iv) Experimentation
(v) Proactive participation
(vi) Team work

Note:
i. Student should complete the experiment in first 2 hours of the lab slot
ii. And use the last 30 – 45 minutes of lab time to complete the following works
a) record write up (W:10 marks) and
b) viva-voce (V:10 marks)

4.3 After completion of experiment:

4.3.1 WRITE UP (W) : 10 marks

(a) After completion of the experiment, the student has to complete the
write up for the record in the lab slot itself.
(b) Write up related to objective, diagram, apparatus & purpose, flowchart,
data collection & results is normally common to all students of that
experiment batch, and hence attracts no marks for these items
(c) Evaluation under this Write Up section is purely based on how student
answers the 6 questions under item No. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 & 11 in every
experiment
(d) To score well in this section, prior preparation & lateral thinking is
needed.

(e) Though in a team, every student should focus on writing the record
work in his / her own words for the questions under items numbered
6, 7, 8, 9, 10 & 11.
(f) Student should focus on writing without grammatical errors

(g) Copying from other student’s write up is not allowed and attracts
award of ZERO marks in this section

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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 (h) This WRITE UP (W) section is aimed at imparting / enhancing the
following skills for the students
(i) Communication (written) skills
(ii) Innovation & lateral thinking (ILT) skills
(iii) Research skills (inferring & predicting)
4.3.2 VIVA-VOCE (V) : 10 marks

a) After completing the write up, the student should go for viva-voce
b) To score well in this section, student should
(i) come prepared to do experiment with prior knowledge (K),
(ii) participate (P) actively during the experimentation,
(iii) answer the questions under item No. 6,7,8,9,10 & 11 of write up (W)
inown words without grammatical errors and
(iv) focus on answering the sample questions as given under viva-voce (V)

c) This VIVA-VOCE (V) section is aimed at imparting / enhancing

the following skills for the students
i. Communication (oral) skills
ii. Innovation & lateral thinking (ILT) skills
iii. Research skills (inferring & predicting)
NOTE: FACULTY WILL COMPLETE THE STUDENT EVALUATION IN
THE LAB SLOT ITSELF.
The lab course faculty will assess and evaluate the student in four quadrants
i.e. K, P, W & V during the lab slot itself, and award the marks after conduction
of viva-voce. This evaluation gives scope for the students to improve, in the
upcoming weeks of experimentation, by demonstrating relevant skills and the
competencies in K, P, W & V.

Bottom line:
a) This well-defined continuous internal evaluation (CIE) is being followed in
this lab. It is expected to make students active learners, skilled and acquire
several competencies related to the laboratory experiments
b) Hence, students are advised to love learning, follow the stipulated CIE and
become active learners
c) Active learning will ensure students acquire the 21st century skills and
competencies to be successful in a job
****

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Kakatiya Institute of Technology & Science, Warangal – 506015. Page 6
 INDEX

Institute vision and mission 3

Department vision and mission 3
Program Educational Objectives (PEOs) 4
Program Outcomes (POs) 4
Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs) 5
Course Syllabus 6
Instructions to the students 8
Rubrics for Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE) 9
Make-up laboratory sessions 13
Laboratory experiments Calendar 14
List of experiments to be performed 15

Experiments
Determination of efficiency and voltage regulation of an artificial
E1 16
transmission line
Improvement of voltage profile of an artificial transmission line with
E2 25
reactive power injection
E3 Determination of breakdown strength of transformer oil 33
E4 Determination of operating characteristics of IDMT over current relay 40
E5 Determination of operating characteristics of static differential relay 48
E6 Determination of sequence impedances of three phase transformer 55
E7 Determination of sequence reactances of an alternator 66
Determination of fault current and voltages of an unloaded alternator
E8 77
subjected to LG fault
Determination of fault current and voltages of an unloaded alternator
E9 85
subjected to LL fault
Determination of output voltage, current & power and plotting of I-V
E10 93
and P-V curves of series and parallel combinations of PV modules
Determination of output voltage, current & power of PV module for
E11 different tilt angles and shading conditions and plotting of tilt – power 103
output characteristics
Determination of reactive power shared between two parallel
E12 113
transformers by adjusting voltage magnitude ratios.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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 InstITUTe VISIOn & MISSIOn

Vision of Institute:
 To make our students technologically superior and ethically strong by
providing quality education with the help of our dedicated faculty and staff
and thus improve the quality of human life.

Mission of the Institute:

 To provide latest technical knowledge, analytical and practical skills,
managerial competence and interactive abilities to students, so that their
employability is enhanced.
 To provide a strong human resource base for catering to the changing needs of
the Industry and Commerce.
 To inculcate a sense of brotherhood and national integrity.

DEPARTMent VISION & MISSION

Vision of the department

 To fulfill the needs of the industry and society through excellence in
education and research in electrical engineering
Mission of the department
 To produce globally competent engineers in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering.
 To promote scientific inclination and cultivate professional ethics
 To serve organization and society as adaptable engineers, entrepreneurs or
leaders.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Kakatiya Institute of Technology & Science, Warangal – 506015. Page 8
 Program - B.Tech. Electrical & Electronics Engineering

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

Within first few years after graduation, the ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING graduates will be able to …
PEO1 apply the knowledge of electrical and electronics engineering to develop
solutions for complex problems of electrical power industry and allied
engineering areas
PEO2 demonstrate innovation & creativity in their professional practice, work
effectively as an individual and in a team in multidisciplinary areas towards
sustainable development
PEO3 adapt to a constantly changing field through higher education, professional
development and self-study for contributing to well-being of society

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

Program Outcomes Engineering graduates will be able to

PO1 Engineering Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,
knowledge engineering fundamentals, and an engineering
specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
PO2 Problem analysis Identify, formulate, review research literature, and
analyze complex engineering problems reaching
substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering
sciences.
PO3 Design/development Design solutions for complex engineering problems
of solutions and design system components or processes that meet
the specified needs with appropriate consideration for
the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal,
and
environmental considerations.
PO4 Conduct Use research-based knowledge and research methods
investigations of including design of experiments, analysis and
complex problems interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5 Modern tool usage Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques,
resources, and modern engineering and IT tools
including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an
understanding of the limitations.
PO6 The engineer and Apply reasoning informed by the contextual
society knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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 cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
PO7 Environment and Understand the impact of the professional
sustainability engineering solutions in societal and environmental
contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and
need for sustainable development.
PO8 Ethics Apply ethical principles and commit to professional
ethics and responsibilities and norms of the
engineering practice
PO9 Individual and Function effectively as an individual, and as a
teamwork member or leader in diverse teams, and in
multidisciplinary settings.
PO10 Communication Communicate effectively on complex engineering
activities with the engineering community and with
society at large, such as, being able to comprehend
and write effective reports and design
documentation, make effective presentations, and
give and receive clear instructions.
PO11 Project Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
management and engineering and management principles and apply
finance these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in
a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.
PO12 Life-long learning Recognize the need for, and have the preparation
and ability to engage in independent and life-long
learning in the broadest context of technological
change

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

PSO The Electrical and Electronics Engineering graduates will be able

to
PSO1 apply the fundamental knowledge of electrical and electronics engineering
in providing solutions for modern power industry and multi-disciplinary
areas
PSO2 analyse, design and simulate systems to generate, transmit, distribute,
utilize and control electrical energy to meet societal and environmental
needs using electrical and electronic systems

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

COURSE SYLLABUS
U18EE706 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY
Class: B.Tech. VII – Semester Branch: Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)
Teaching Scheme: Examination Scheme:
L T P C Continuous Internal Evaluation 40 marks
- – 2 1 End Semester Examination 60 marks

Course Learning Objectives:

This laboratory course will develop students’ knowledge in/on
LO1: performance of long transmission lines and measurement of breakdown strength of transformer oil
LO2: characteristics of protective relays and sequence impedances of transformer
LO3: short circuit analysis & sequence reactances of alternator
LO4: characteristics of PV array & reactive power control using tap changing transformers

LIST OF EXPERMENTS
1. Determination of efficiency and voltage regulation of an artificial transmission line
2. Improvement of voltage profile of an artificial transmission line with reactive power
injection
3. Determination of breakdown strength of transformer oil
4. Determination of operating characteristics of IDMT over current relay
5. Determination of operating characteristics of static differential relay
6. Determination of sequence impedances of three phase transformer
7. Determination of sequence reactances of an alternator
8. Determination of fault current and voltages of an unloaded alternator subjected to
LG fault
9. Determination of fault current and voltages of an unloaded alternator subjected to
LL fault
10. Determination of output voltage, current & power and plotting of I-V and P-V
curves of series and parallel combinations of PV modules for different temperature
and radiation levels

11. Determination of output voltage, current & power of PV module for different tilt
angles and shading conditions and plotting of tilt – power output characteristics

12. Determination of reactive power shared between two parallel transformers by

adjusting voltage magnitude ratios.
Additional experiments:
13. Determination of voltage profile of IEEE 33 bus radial distribution system
14. Determination of load flows of Neyveli Thermal Power Station (NTPS)-23 bus test
system
*****
Laboratory Manual:

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

1. Power Systems Laboratory Manual & Record Book, Department of EEE, KITSW.

Reference books:
1. C.L. Wadhwa, Electrical Power Systems,7th ed., New Delhi: New Age International
Pvt. Ltd., 2016.
2. I.J. Nagrath & D.P. Kothari, Modern power system Analysis, 4th ed., New Delhi: Tata
McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt. Ltd., 2012.

Course Learning Outcomes (COs):

On completion of this laboratory course, the students will be able to…
CO1: determine the performance characteristics of a long transmission line & breakdown strength of
transformer oil
CO2: determine the operating characteristics of protective relays & sequence impedances of transformer
CO3: determine the sequence components of alternator and verify the fault currents for short circuit faults
CO4: determine the characteristics of PV arrays & reactive power distribution among parallel connected tap
changing transformers

Course Articulation Matrix: U18EE706 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PSO PSO
CO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2

CO1 U18EE703C.1 2 2 - 2 - - - 1 2 2 - 1 2 2

CO2 U18EE703C.2 2 2 - 2 - - - 1 2 2 - 1 2 2

CO3 U18EE703C.3 2 2 - 2 - - - 1 2 2 - 1 2 2

CO4 U18EE703C.4 2 2 - 2 - - - 1 2 2 - 1 2 2

U18EE703C 2 2 - 2 - - - 1 2 2 - 1 2 2

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

INSTRUCTIONS TO THE STUDENTS

1. This laboratory MANUAL & RECORD BOOK is essential for the student and must be
brought to every laboratory session.
2. Students should read the manual carefully before coming to the laboratory class and be
sure about what is supposed to be done.
3. In every laboratory session, the student -
a. should draw the circuit diagram/ experimental circuit and list the components
required and draw the observation tables (in the RECORD WORK space
provided at the end of each experiment)
b. should collect the apparatus
c. should get the connections checked by the laboratory instructor before
switching ON the supply
d. is advised to not exceed the permissible values of current, voltage and/or
speed of any machine, apparatus, wire, load, etc,.
e. is expected to perform the experiment as per the instructions and do the
specimen calculations independently
f. should not hesitate to approach the faculty in case of difficulty
g. is expected to maintain utmost discipline in the laboratory
h. should return the apparatus in good condition after completion of each lab
session. Any damage to the apparatus causes heavy penalty.
4. After completion of the experiment, the student should complete the Write-up and
attend Viva-voce. The student
a. should perform calculations on the observations and draw necessary graphs
b. should interpret the results and draw reasonable conclusions which are to be
mentioned in the ‘Interpretation of results and discussions’ section in the
RECORD WORK.
c. should answer the questions at the end of RECORD WORK at the end of the
experiment in the space provided.
d. should appear for viva-voce after completing the write-up of RECORD WORK
e. should get their record work evaluated by the teacher before leaving the
laboratory session.

“Students should write their particulars on the cover page with a

permanent marker pen”
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

RUBRICS FOR
CONTINUOUS INTERNAL EVALUATION (CIE)

Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE) for Practical (Laboratory) Course shall carry 40%
weightage. CIE throughout the semester shall consist of the following for each
experiment/lab.
CIE- Assessment for experiments done in every lab Weightage
Knowledge
Experimentation/ Job work/ Coding 10%
(K)
Participation as an individual while doing experiment (5%)
Participation
Participation as a member on team while doing experiment 10%
(P)
(5%)
Write-Up
Write-up for Record Work 10 %
(W)
Viva-voce
Viva-voce 10%
(V)
Every laboratory session is evaluated for a total of 40 marks. The details have been
listed below.

A. Before conduction of experiment

1. K – Knowledge

Student should come prepared to the lab session and shall answer the following, prior to the
start of the experiment (knowledge):
 Aim – what he/she has to perform?
 Procedure – how to perform?
 Expected result – what he/she will obtain at the end of experiment conduction?
A total of 3-5 questions shall be asked on the above three topics and marks shall be awarded
based on his/her performance, as below:
% of questions answered satisfactorily Marks awarded
80-100 : 10
50-80 : 7-9
30-50 : 3-6
0-30 : 0-2

B. During Experiment
2. P- Participation

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

Once the student is allowed to perform the experiment, marks will be awarded based on
his/her participation as an individual and as a member on team while doing the
experiment. Effective completion of experiment will be considered as group activity while
the answering of questions related to procedure and results will be considered as individual
activity. Marks shall be awarded as below:

Marks
After the completion of experiment…
awarded
Completed the experiment effectively as team without the assistance of
faculty and answered all the questions related to conduction of : 10
experiment
Completed the experiment effectively as team with partial assistance of
: 7-9
faculty but able to answer the questions when asked individually
Completed the experiment only with full assistance of faculty and
: 3-6
unable to answer the questions even after cooperation of faculty
Unable to complete the experiment even with assistance from the
: 0-2
faculty

C. Tasks/activities to be completed by student after completion of

experiment: After completion of experiment, student should complete the Write-up

and Viva-voce. The student has to come to viva-voce after completing the write-up of
Record Work
3. W-Write-up

The student should complete the write-up, related to the experiment conducted, in the
manual itself, in the designated space for Record Work. The write-up must be on the
following:

 Experimental circuits/diagrams
 Observations & Data Collection experimental data
 Calculations
 Results
 Interpretation of Results & Discussion
 Suggestions on ALTERNATIVE APPROACH for experiment
 Suggestions on EXTENSION OF EXPERIMENT
Marks shall be awarded as below…

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

Marks
After the completion of experiment…
awarded
Completed the write-up in the laboratory scheduled time without any :
mistakes (grammatical & technical) along with good suggestions on 10
alternative approach to experiment and extension of experiment
Completed the write-up in the laboratory scheduled time with few :
7-9
mistakes but good suggestions provided
Completed the write-up in the laboratory scheduled time with few :
3-6
mistakes but minor suggestions provided
Completed write-up with mistakes and no suggestions provided 0-2

4. V-Viva-voce

After completing the write-up, the student should attend viva-voce to answer the
following:

 What are the observations made in the experiment?

 Interpretation of results
 What conclusions have been drawn from conducting the experiment?

Viva-voce should not be limited to only the sample questions listed in VIVA-VOCE questions at the
end of experiment, but should go beyond to test the student’s involvement in the experiment and also
the technical competency.

i. What did you learn from this experiment based on objectives?

ii. How will you apply knowledge gained, by performing this experiment, in
future?

Student during viva-voce should be asked to comment on suggestions, which he/she recorded in the
write-up, on the following:

iii. Alternative approach: How shall the procedure be modified to enhance his/her
learning experience?
iv. Extension of experiment: How can the experiment be extended to improve
his/her learning?
v. Any other ideas related to the experiment

Marks will be awarded based on student’s performance, as below:

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

Marks
After the completion of experiment…
awarded
Reasonable conclusions drawn with good interpretation of results :
10
and answered 80-100% of the viva-voce questions perfectly
Reasonable conclusions drawn but answered 50-80% of the viva-voce
7-9
questions
Poor conclusions and interpretation of results with only 30-50% of :
3-6
viva-voce questions answered
Conclusions without interpretation of results and answered less than :
0-2
30% of viva-voce questions posed

(Laboratory I/c, PS LAB)

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

MAKE-UP LAB SESSIONS

1. Missing lab sessions due to holidays or unforeseen circumstances / disturbances will

cause a big loss to student learning

2. To compensate for this loss, lab course faculty has to plan and conduct additional lab
sessions, called Make-up Lab Sessions, beyond working hours of the institute (or) on
Saturdays / Sundays, by giving prior information to students

3. The lab course faculty has to ensure that Make-up Lab Sessions are arranged in the
following cases

(i) to compensate for the lab sessions to be lost due to holidays

(ii) to compensate for the lab sessions to be lost due to unforeseen circumstances

4. The dates for Make-up lab sessions for case (i) i.e., for the sessions which are expected
to be lost due to holidays, are to be announced very much at the beginning of semester
itself and printed, in the Lab Experiments Calendar

5. The dates for Make-up lab sessions, for case (ii) i.e., for the sessions which are expected
to be lost due to unforeseen circumstances, are to be announced, conducted and
recorded as and when the lab sessions get disturbed

Important Note:

1. Doing all stipulated experiments is mandatory for the students to appear for
Laboratory End Semester Examination (ESE).

2. It is student’s responsibility to complete all experiments

3. If any student is absent for any laboratory session due to valid/genuine reasons,
he/she must complete the experiment within a week time by seeking permission
from the lab course faculty.

4. Upon completion of the experiments of lab sessions which were missed due to
valid/genuine reasons , student will be evaluated for only 50 % of the maximum
marks of the experiment and the corresponding attendance will not be counted.

5. Student is allowed to perform only one experiment during any laboratory session
beyond working hours.

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS - CALENDER

Week # Date Title of the experiment

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13. END SEMESTER EXAMINATION

14. END SEMESTER EXAMINATION

LAB EXPERIMENTS CALENDAR – MAKE-UP SESSIONS

Make-up Lab
S. No. Time Title of the experiment
on (Date)
Make-up lab sessions - for sessions lost due to holidays

1.

2.

3.

4.

Make-up lab sessions - for sessions lost due to unforeseen circumstances

1.

2.

3.

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

4.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Date of Marks Signature of

Expt
Title of experiment conduction awarded faculty
No.
(40)
Determination of efficiency and voltage
E1.
regulation of an artificial transmission line
Improvement of voltage profile of an
E2. artificial transmission line with reactive
power injection
Determination of breakdown strength of
E3.
transformer oil
Determination of operating characteristics
E4.
of IDMT over current relay
Determination of operating characteristics
E5.
of static differential relay
Determination of sequence impedances of
E6.
three phase transformer
Determination of sequence reactances of
E7.
an alternator
Determination of fault current and
E8. voltages of an unloaded alternator
subjected to LG fault
Determination of fault current and
E9. voltages of an unloaded alternator
subjected to LL fault
Determination of output voltage, current
& power and plotting of I-V and P-V
E10.
curves of series and parallel combinations
of PV modules
Determination of output voltage, current
& power of PV module for different tilt
E11. angles and shading conditions and
plotting of tilt – power output
characteristics
Determination of reactive power shared
E12. between two parallel transformers by
adjusting voltage magnitude ratios.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

Date: ________________
Experiment -1 Time: ________________
E1. DETERMINATION OF EFFICIENCY AND VOLTAGE
REGULATION OF AN ARTIFICIAL TRANSMISSION
LINE

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficiency and voltage regulation of an artificial

transmission line for different types of loads.
APPRATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Item Type Range/Ratings Quantity
1 Artificial Transmission line training system - - 1
2 Voltmeter MI 0-600V 2
3 Ammeter MI 0-5A 2
4 Star connected Resistive Load Bank - 1
5 Wattmeters EDM 5A/600V (lpf) 2
5 3-phase variac - 415V/(0-440V) 1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

DESCRIPTION:
The artificial transmission line, available in the laboratory, is built on a 3-phase using
6 pi-sections per phase. By making suitable connections, 3 T-Networks connected in tandem
can be obtained on this training system.
SPECIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION LINE TRAINING
SYSTEM
SIMULATION PANEL DATA:
Operation Voltage : 0-55-110-220-400-440- line-line
Current Rating : 5 Amps (Maximum)
Impedance Scaling factor : 1:0.25 (one fourth of the value)
Length of line represented : 180 kms
Number of Phases : 3 phase (three)
Length of each pi-section : 30 kms
Total line Inductors : 18
Total line Capacitors : 36
The value of each inductor is equal to 4.5 mH and the value of each capacitor is equal
to 1.5 micro farads.

DESCRIPTION ABOUT PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS:

The study of performance characteristics of a transmission line involves
determination of its voltage regulation and efficiency.
Voltage regulation of the line is defined as the change in voltage at the receiving end
on load, keeping the sending end voltage constant. It is expressed as a fraction or a
percentage of receiving end voltage at full load. It can be expressed as:
Per Unit Regulation = (VRNL-VRFL)/VRFL
Percentage Regulation = (VRNL-VRFL) x 100/VRFL
VRNL =Receiving voltage at no-load
VRFL = Receiving end voltage at full load
The voltage at the sending end is given by
VS=AVR+BIR Ir=0 at no load
VS=AVR Vr=Receiving end voltage at no load
VRNL=VS/A
Per Unit Regulation = ((Vs/A)-VRFL)/VRFL

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit is set up as per the diagram.
2. Any suitable voltage mentioned by the tappings on transmission line training system
is applied at the sending end.
3. The transmission line is gradually loaded and at each load, starting from no load, the
readings of all the meters are noted.
4. It is to be noted that the sending end voltage should the maintained constant
throughout the experiment.
5. The % regulation and % efficiency are to be calculated for each load.

SAMPLE OBSERVATIONS:
S. No To be measured To be calculated
Vs Is Ws VR IR WR % Regulation % Efficiency
1.
2.

CALCULATIONS:
𝑊𝑅
%𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = ∗ 100
𝑊𝑠
𝑉𝑅−𝑁𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 − 𝑉𝑅− 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
% 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∗ 100
𝑉𝑅−𝑁𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

GRAPHS TO BE PLOTTED:
1. Regulation VS Output Power
2. Efficiency VS Output Power

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:

1. Classify the transmission lines based on their length.
2. Compare the transmission and distribution lines based on their construction and
operation.
3. What is surge impedance loading?
4. What is Ferranti effect?
5. Suggest any two methods to improve voltage regulation and efficiency of the
transmission line.

*****

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

RECORD WORK
BLOCK DIAGRAM / CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

COMPONENTS/EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

OBSERVATIONS & DATA COLLECTION:

CALCULATIONS:

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

RESULT:

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:

 What did you learn from this experiment based on the objectives?

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

 How will you apply knowledge gained by performing this experiment, in future?

 What are your suggestions on ALTERNATIVE APPROACH for this experiment?

(How can this experiment be performed in an alternative approach?)

 What are your suggestions on EXTENSION OF EXPERIMENT? (Can this experiment be

extended to improve student’s learning experience)

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

EVALUATION SHEET FOR VIVA-VOCE

K (10) P (10) W (10) V (10) Total (40)

(Signature of the course faculty with date)

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

Date: ________________
Experiment -2 Time: ________________

E2. IMPROVEMENT OF VOLTAGE PROFILE OF

ARTIFICIAL TRANMISSION LINE WITH REACTIVE
POWER INJECTION

OBJECTIVE: To improve the voltage profile of an artificial transmission line by injecting

reactive power through static capacitors
APPRATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Item Type Range/Ratings Quantity

1 Artificial Transmission line training system - - 1
2 Voltmeter MI 0-600V 2
3 Ammeter MI 0-5A 2
4 Star connected Resistive Load Bank - - 1
5 Wattmeter EDN 5A/300V, lpf 2
6 Capacitors - 1 KVAR each 6
7 3-phase variac - 415V/(0-440V) 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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DESCRIPTION:
The artificial transmission line, available in the laboratory, is built on a 3-phase using
6 pi-sections per phase. By making suitable connections, 3 T-Networks connected in tandem
can be obtained on this training system.
SPECIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION LINE TRAINING
SYSTEM
PANEL DATA:
Operation Voltage : 0-55-110-220-400-440- line-line
Current Rating : 5 Amps (Maximum)
Impedance Scaling factor : 1:0.25 (one fourth of the value)
Length of line represented : 180 kms
Number of Phases : 3 phase (three)
Length of each pi-section : 30 kms
Total line Inductors : 18
Total line Capacitors : 36
The value of each inductor is equal to 4.5 mH and the value of each capacitor is equal
to 1.5 μF.

DESCRIPTION ABOUT PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS:

If the transmission system is heavily loaded, shunt capacitors, static VAR control and
synchronous condensers are used to improve
(i) Voltage profile
(ii) Power transfer
(iii) System stability
Shunt capacitors are needed for lagging power factor circuits created by heavy loads.
They supply the requisite reactive power to maintain the receiving end voltage at the
satisfactory level. These shunt capacitors are connected either directly to a bus bar or to the
tertiary winding of a main transformer.
The serious disadvantage of shunt capacitors is that they produce continuous leading
KVAR independent of load variations. Hence, under lightly loaded conditions, the receiving
end voltage exceeds the sending end voltage.
Shunt capacitors are economical when used with individual equipment for
improving the power factor.
PROCEDURE:

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

1. The circuit is set up as per the diagram.

2. Any suitable voltage mentioned on the transmission and training system is applied
at the sending end.
3. The load on the line is gradually increased in steps upto the rated value.
4. Capacitor bank, connected in delta, is connected across the line in steps and the meter
readings are noted for each step. Also, the variation in the VR is observed for each
step.
5. A plot of capacitive VAR VS active power is plotted.
SAMPLE OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No To be measured To be calculated
Vs Is Ws VR IR WR QR PR %
Regulation
1.
2.

CALCULATIONS:
Assuming balanced load,
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝑅 = 3 ∗ 𝑊𝑅
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑆𝑅 = 3 ∗ 𝑉𝑅 ∗ 𝐼𝑅

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑄𝑅 = √𝑆𝑅2 − 𝑃𝑅2

𝑉𝑅−𝑁𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 − 𝑉𝑅− 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

% 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∗ 100
𝑉𝑅−𝑁𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Sending end voltage must be maintained constant throughout the experiment.
2. Care should be taken to see that rated current is not exceeded in the transmission line.
VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. What is the need for reactive power compensation/control?
2. What are the differences between shunt and series capacitive compensation?
3. The capacitance and inductance per unit length of a line operating at 110KV are
0.01uF and 2mH. Determine the surge impedance loading of the line.
4. Suggest any two methods other than static capacitors, to improve the voltage profile
of the transmission line.
5. What is the effect of reactive power injection on the efficiency of the system?

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

RECORD WORK
BLOCK DIAGRAM / CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

COMPONENTS/EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

OBSERVATIONS & DATA COLLECTION:

CALCULATIONS:

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

RESULT:

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:

 What did you learn from this experiment based on the objectives?

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

 How will you apply knowledge gained by performing this experiment, in future?

 What are your suggestions on ALTERNATIVE APPROACH for this experiment?

(How can this experiment be performed in an alternative approach?)

 What are your suggestions on EXTENSION OF EXPERIMENT? (Can this experiment be

extended to improve student’s learning experience)

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

EVALUATION SHEET FOR VIVA-VOCE

K (10) P (10) W (10) V (10) Total (40)

(Signature of the course faculty with date)

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

Date: ________________
Experiment -3 Time: ________________

E3. DETERMINATION OF BREAKDOWN

STRENGTH OF TRANSFORMER OIL

OBJECTIVE: To find the dielectric strength of insulating oils using oil test set.

APPARATUS: Motorized oil test set

THEORY:
The oil test is suited for testing the dielectric strength of insulating oils and liquids such as
transformer oil, switch oil, askeral etc., H.T. transformer is epoxy resin cast on which H.T.
output terminals are provided on top panels. These H.T. electrodes are shaped suitably to
accommodate the test cup easily. It has a capacity of 350 ml. Transparent hood made clear
acrylic material is provided on the top of the test cup, so that when the test is carried out, if
the hood is lifted from its position, the H.T. will be cut off automatically.
PROCEDURE:
1. Adjust the gap between electrodes to 3 mm by the gauge provided with punch mark
for ‘GO’.
2. Clean the test cell by rinsing with test oil before the final filling.
3. Fill the sample oil up to the mark and place the cell in proper place in test set. Close
the lid and switch ‘ON’ the ac mains, the corresponding lamp will glow.
4. Press the HT ON push button and turn the knob for increasing the HT voltage across
the electrodes. Keep the rate of increase of voltage uniform and approximately
2kV/sec. This is the manual method for increasing the voltage. Instead, the voltage
can be directly increased by putting it in forward/reverse motoring mode.
5. If the contractor does not operate, variac Brush arm is not at ZERO position ‘OR’ the
interlock microswitch which acts as a safety precaution is not closed.
6. Record the voltmeter reading.
7. Repeat the experiment 5 to 6 times on the same cell filling and stir oil gently to keep
away carbon particles formed between electrodes.
8. Calculate arithmetic mean of the results which is the dielectric strength of the sample.
SAMPLE OBSERVATION TABLE:

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

To be measured To be calculated
Voltage of breakdown Distance between Dielectric strength
S.No
(kV) electrodes(mm) (kV/cm)
1.
2.

CALCULATIONS:
𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑘𝑉)
𝐷𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ =
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝑐𝑚)
VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. Define breakdown strength of a dielectric.
2. Classify the dielectric materials based on their dielectric strength.
3. What are the factors affecting the breakdown strength of the liquid dielectric
medium?
4. List any four dielectric materials and their applications in electrical engineering.
5. Which materials are used for insulation in transmission lines? Why?

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

RECORD WORK
BLOCK DIAGRAM / CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

COMPONENTS/EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

OBSERVATIONS & DATA COLLECTION:

CALCULATIONS:

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

RESULT:

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:

 What did you learn from this experiment based on the objectives?

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

 How will you apply knowledge gained by performing this experiment, in future?

 What are your suggestions on ALTERNATIVE APPROACH for this experiment?

(How can this experiment be performed in an alternative approach?)

 What are your suggestions on EXTENSION OF EXPERIMENT? (Can this experiment be

extended to improve student’s learning experience)

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

EVALUATION SHEET FOR VIVA-VOCE

K (10) P (10) W (10) V (10) Total (40)

(Signature of the course faculty with date)

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

Date: ________________
Experiment -4 Time: ________________

E4. DETERMINATON OF OPERATING

CHARACTERISTICS OF IDMT STATIC OVER
CURRENT RELAY

OBJECTIVE: To obtain the inverse time characteristics of the given static over current
relay.
APPRATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Item Type Range/Ratings Quantity
1 Current injection set - 10A,230V 1
2 IDMT Static relay test kit - - 1
3 Ammeter MI 0-10A 1
4 Voltmeter MI 0-300V 1
5 1-phase variac - 230V/(0-270V) 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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DESCRIPTION:
A relay is an automatic device which senses an abnormal condition in an electric
circuit and closes its contacts. Inverse Definite minimum time current relay is one in which
the operating time is approximately inversely proportional to the fault current near pick up
value of the relay and becomes substantially constant slightly above the pick-up value of the
relay.
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the power supply and ensure that all the meters and relays are energized
with auxiliary power supply.
2. Switch on the circuit breaker (CB) using the “ON” push button
3. Regulate the current with current regulation to a fault current level of 2A.
4. Now the trip indicator will start blinking as an indication of fault command initiated
on the relay to trip.
5. Keeping the regulator in the same position, switch off the CB.
6. Test the time interval meter for its working condition by keeping the rotary switch in
test mode.
7. Reset the timer to zero.
8. Switch on the CB and time interval meter simultaneously.
9. Now, note down the ammeter and time interval meter readings, after the tripping of
the relay.
10. Switch off the CB and timer and repeat the experiment for different fault current level.
11. Tabulate the meter readings as shown in the tabular column.
OBSERVATIONS:
S.No To be measured
TMS setting=
Fault Current (A) Trip time (sec)
1.
2.

GRAPHS:
1. Fault current vs. Operating time

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PRECAUTIONS
1. Select the current range of current injector whichever is applicable.
2. Reset the timer whenever we use in current.
3. Keep main regulator in minimum position, every time the current is injected in the
circuit.

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. Classify the overcurrent relays based on their current-time characteristics.
2. What are the advantages and limitations of static relays?
3. Why IDMT relay is preferred over inverse relay?
4. What is plug-setting multiplier?
5. Define pick up value of the relay?

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

RECORD WORK
BLOCK DIAGRAM / CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

COMPONENTS/EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

OBSERVATIONS & DATA COLLECTION:

CALCULATIONS:

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

RESULT:

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:

 What did you learn from this experiment based on the objectives?

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

 How will you apply knowledge gained by performing this experiment, in future?

 What are your suggestions on ALTERNATIVE APPROACH for this experiment?

(How can this experiment be performed in an alternative approach?)

 What are your suggestions on EXTENSION OF EXPERIMENT? (Can this experiment be

extended to improve student’s learning experience)

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

EVALUATION SHEET FOR VIVA-VOCE

K (10) P (10) W (10) V (10) Total (40)

(Signature of the course faculty with date)

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

Date: ________________
Experiment -5 Time: ________________
E5. DETERMINATION OF OPERATING
CHARACTERITICS OF STATIC PERCENTAGE
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

OBJECTIVE: To obtain the operating characteristics of a static percentage differential

relay.

APPRATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Item Type Range/Ratings Quantity

1 Percentage differential relay kit - Relay current 5A 1
2 Differential relay current injection set - - 1
3 Ammeters MI 0-10A 2
4 Voltmeter MI 0-300V 1
5 Rheostats - 50Ω /5A 2
6 1-phase variac - 230V/(0-270V) 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

DESCRIPTION:
A relay is an automatic device which senses an abnormal condition in an electric
circuit and closes its contacts. The static percentage differential relay consists of an operating
bridge and a restraining bridge connected in opposition, across an output unit which is an
attached armature relay. The bias setting of the differential relay is adjustable to 10% or 20%
or 30% or 40% or 50% by the taps provided on the front panel. The relay operates when the
differential current exceeds 15% of the relay rated current.
The differential relay is one that operates when the vector difference of two or more
similar electrical quantities exceeds a pre-determined value. A differential relay should have
1. Two or more similar electrical quantities.
2. The quantities should have phase displacement for the operation of the relay.

PROCEDURE:

1. Set up the experiment as shown in the Schematic diagram on front panel of the testing
kit.
2. Adjust % bias of the relay in the front panel to 10% the rheostats R1 and R2 are kept
under maximum position.
3. Switch on the MCB acknowledged by power on indicator and ensure the digital meter
are energized by auxiliary power supply with zero indication in the ammeters and
the time interval meters.
4. Switch on the CB (Circuit Breaker) with on push button keeping the switch in bias
test mode condition.
5. Regulate current through Auto transformer and Rheostat R1 to about 1 amps. Read
by bias current ammeter A1.
6. Regulate R2 by reducing the resistance till the relay operates read by ammeter A2 the
differential current meter.
7. The trip is acknowledged by CB off and trip indicator or buzzer.
8. Note down the Ammeter reading of A1 and A2.
9. Repeat the experiment for different bias current 1,1,5,2,2.5,3,3.5,4,4.5 and 5 amps bias
current.
10. Calculate mean bias current (A1+A2)/2 and tabulate the readings.
11. Plot the bias curve with mean bias current in x-axis and differential current in Y-axis.

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

12. This experiments should be conducted for 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% bias settings with
the same procedure as explained above from 1 to 11.

OBSERVATIONS:
% biasing=
S.No To be measured To be calculated
Bias current, A1 Differential current, A2 Mean Bias current,𝐴1 +
𝐴2
2

1.
2.

GRAPHS:
1. Differential current Vs. Mean current

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Select the current range of current injector whichever is applicable.

2. Keep main regulator in minimum position. Every time the current is injected in
the circuit.

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS:

1. On what factors does the operating speed of relay depend upon?

2. Explain how a differential relay operates.
3. What is the effect of percentage bias on operating time of the relay?
4. What is the range of the percentage bias of a generator protection?
5. Under what circumstances is a percentage differential relay preferred over the
differential relay?

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

RECORD WORK
BLOCK DIAGRAM / CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

COMPONENTS/EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

OBSERVATIONS & DATA COLLECTION:

CALCULATIONS:

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

RESULT:

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:

 What did you learn from this experiment based on the objectives?

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

 How will you apply knowledge gained by performing this experiment, in future?

 What are your suggestions on ALTERNATIVE APPROACH for this experiment?

(How can this experiment be performed in an alternative approach?)

 What are your suggestions on EXTENSION OF EXPERIMENT? (Can this experiment be

extended to improve student’s learning experience)

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

EVALUATION SHEET FOR VIVA-VOCE

K (10) P (10) W (10) V (10) Total (40)

(Signature of the course faculty with date)

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

Date: ________________
Experiment -6 Time: ________________
E6. DETERMINATION OF SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES
OF 3- PHASE TRANSFORMER

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the positive, negative and zero sequence impedances of a given -
phase transformer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl.No item Type Range/Ratings Quantity

1 3-phase Transformer - 230 V/230 V, 1.5 1
KVA
2 Voltmeter MI 0-150V 1
3 Ammeter MI 0-10A 1
4 3-phase variac - 415V/(0-440V) 1
5 1-phase variac - 230V/(0-270V) 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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DESCRIPTION:

The sequence impedance of any power system element can be determined by

injecting voltages of the corresponding sequences into the element and measuring the
resulting currents. The ratio of the voltages to current per phase gives the sequence
impedances per phase.
The positive sequence impedance of a transformer equals the leakage impedance. It
may be obtained by the usual short-circuit test. Since the transformer is a static device, the
leakage impedance does not change, if the phase sequence is altered from RYB to RBY.
Therefore, the negative sequence impedance of transformer is the same as the positive
sequence impedance.
The zero-sequence impedance of the transformer depends on the winding type (star
or delta) and on the type of earth connection.
The positive & negative sequence per unit impedances are independent of whether
the sequence currents are injected into the primary or the secondary. However, the zero
sequence impedances will have different values, depending upon whether the sequence
currents are injected into the primary or the secondary.

PROCEDURE:

A) Determination of positive sequence impedance

1. The circuit is set up as per the circuit diagram.
2. The secondary is short circuited and low voltage is applied to the primary.

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3. Note down the readings of voltameter and ammeter

4. Increase the current and repeat the same till the rated current is reached.
5. Z1 is then calculated from Z1= V1/√3I1ohms/phase for each voltage and
corresponding current values.
B) Determination of negative sequence impedance
1. The circuit is set up as per the circuit diagram.
2. Negative sequence impedance Z2 is determined by inter changing any two
phases of the input supply to the primary and finding the current as before for a
reduced voltage to the primary short circuiting the secondary.
3. Note down the readings of voltameter and ammeter
4. Increase the current and repeat the same till the rated current is reached.
5. Z2 is then calculated from Z2= V2/√3I2 ohms/phase for each voltage and
corresponding current values.

C) Determination of Zero sequence reactance

1. The circuit is set up as per the circuit diagram
2. The zero-sequence reactance, Z0, is determined applying a low single phase voltage.

OBSERVATIONS:

1. Positive sequence reactance:

To be measured To be calculated
S.No
V1 I1 Z1
1.
2.

2. Negative sequence reactance:

To be measured To be calculated
S.No
V2 I2 Z2
1.
2.

3. Zero sequence reactance:

S.No To be measured To be calculated

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V0 I0 Z0
1.
2.

CALCULATIONS:
 Z1= positive sequence reactance= V1/√3 I1
a. V1=Reading of the Voltmeter
b. I1= Reading of the Ammeter
 Z2= negative sequence reactance = V2/√3 I2
a. V2=Reading of the Voltmeter
b. I2=Reading of the Ammeter
 Z0= Zero sequence reactance = 3V0/I0
a. V0=Reading of the Voltmeter
b. I0=Reading of the Ammeter

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Before switching on the supply, Variac should be in the minimum position.
2. Care should be taken so that the current passing through primary does not exceed
the rated value.
3. On completion of the experiment, the position of the Variac should be brought to
minimum position and then the supply is to be switched off.
4. The star point of the primary and secondary must be grounded.

VIVA- VOCE QUESTIONS

1. Define symmetrical components.
2. What is the importance of sequence impedances?
3. Why are the positive and negative sequence impedances equal for a transformer?
4. Draw the zero-sequence impedance network of a star-delta connected transformer.
5. What is the need for tertiary winding in a transformer?

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RECORD WORK
BLOCK DIAGRAM / CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

COMPONENTS/EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

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OBSERVATIONS & DATA COLLECTION:

CALCULATIONS:

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RESULT:

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:

 What did you learn from this experiment based on the objectives?

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

 How will you apply knowledge gained by performing this experiment, in future?

 What are your suggestions on ALTERNATIVE APPROACH for this experiment?

(How can this experiment be performed in an alternative approach?)

 What are your suggestions on EXTENSION OF EXPERIMENT? (Can this experiment be

extended to improve student’s learning experience)

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

EVALUATION SHEET FOR VIVA-VOCE

K (10) P (10) W (10) V (10) Total (40)

(Signature of the course faculty with date)

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Date: ________________
Experiment -7 Time: ________________

E7. DETERMINATION OF SEQUENCE REACTANCES

OF ALTERNATOR

OBJECTIVE: To determine the positive, negative, sub-transient and zero sequence

reactances of alternator.

APPRATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Item Type Range/Ratings Quantity
1 MG set - - 1
2 Voltmeter MI 0-150V 1
3 Ammeter MI 0-10A 1
4 3-phase variac - 415V/(0-440V)
5 1-phase variac - 230V/(0-270V) 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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DESCRIPTION:

The positive sequence impedance of an equipment is the impedance offered by the

equipment to the flow of positive sequence currents. Similarly, the negative sequence and
zero sequence impedances of the equipment are the impedances offered by the equipment
to the flow of corresponding sequence currents.
Procedure for the determination of positive sequence reactance
1. Connections are to be made as per the circuit diagram.
2. The synchronous generator is to be run at rated speed with the help of D.C. shunt
motor coupled to it.
3. The R-Y-B terminals of the alternator are connected to the R-Y-B terminals of variac
i.e., positive sequence supply is fed to the circuit.
4. By injecting voltages in the range of 50-100V, the stator current is measured for each
reading.
5. The positive sequence voltage, X1, is calculated from
X1/Ph=V1/√3I1 ohms/phase.
OBSERVATIONS
S.No To be measured To be calculated
V1 I1 X1
1.

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2.

CALCULATIONS
Positive sequence reactance,
𝑉1
𝑋1 =
√3𝐼1
Procedure for the determination of negative sequence reactance
1. Connections are to be made as per the circuit diagram.
2. The alternator is to be run at rated speed with the help of a D.C. shunt motor which
is the prime mover of alternator.
3. The circuit is to be fed with the supply negative sequence i.e., the R-Y-B terminals of
the supply are to be connected to R-B-Y of variac.
4. By injecting voltages in the range of 100-150V, the stator current is measured for each
reading.
5. Negative sequence reactance can be calculated from
X2=V2/√3I2
Where V2=Reading of the Voltmeter
I2=Reading of the Ammeter
S.No To be measured To be calculated
V2 I2 X2
1.
2.

CALCULATIONS:
Negative sequence reactance,
𝑉2
𝑋2 =
√3𝐼2

SUB-TRANSIENT REACTANCE:
DESCRIPTION:
Sufficient voltage is to be applied across any two terminals except the neutral with
the rotor at rest and short circuited on itself through an Ammeter.
The rotor is rotated by hand and it will be observed that for a fixed voltage applied
the current in the field varies with the position of the rotor.

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When the rotor is in the position of maximum induced field current i.e., the direct
axis position of rotor, one half of the voltage is required to circulate the rated current equal
to direct axis sub-transient reactance Xd 11 in per unit value.
If the rotor is in the position of maximum induced field current, the quadrature axis
sub-transient reactance Xq 11 is obtained.
Procedure for the determination of SUB-TRANSIENT REACTANCE
1. Connections are to be made as per the circuit diagram.
2. With the help of variac voltages are to be injected in the range of 50-75 V into the
stator and the stator current is to be measured for each reading.

OBSERVATIONS:

S.No To be measured To be calculated

V Imin Imax Xd11 Xq11
1.
2.

CALCULATIONS:
The sub transient reactances, Xd11, Xq11 are calculated for each reading
𝑉
𝑋𝑑11 =
2𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑉
𝑋𝑞11 =
2𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥
The pointer of the ammeter swings between minimum and maximum values.
Imin = the stator current at the minimum position of the pointer.
Imax = the current at the maximum position of the pointer.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Before switching on the supply, the variac should be in the minimum output position
and on completion of the experiment, it should be brought to the minimum position
and then, the supply is to be switched off.
2. It should be ensured that the stator current does not exceed the rated value.

ZERO SEQUENCE REACTANCE:

DESCRIPTION:
Zero sequence reactance is the opposition offered to the flow of the zero-sequence
current. This Reactance is quite variable and depends upon the distribution i.e., the pitch

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and the breadth factors. If the windings were uniformly distributed. So that each phase
produced a sinusoidal distribution of the M.M.F., then the superposition of the three phases
with equal instantaneous currents cancel each other and produce zero field and
consequently, zero reactance except for slot and end connections flux. The departure from
this introducing chording and breadth factors determining the zero-sequence reactance.
Zero sequence reactance is much lower than positive and negative sequence reactances.
Procedure for the determination of ZERO SEQUENCE REACTANCE
1. Connections are to be made as per the circuit diagram
2. With the help of variac, inject voltages in the range of 50-75 V into the stator and then,
the stator current is measured for each reading.
OBSERVATIONS
S.No To be measured To be calculated
V0 I0 X0=V0/3I0
1.
2.

CALCULATIONS:
Zero sequence reactance,
𝑉0
𝑋0 =
3𝐼0

PRECAUTIONS:
1. At the time of starting, the rheostat connected in series with armature should be in
maximum position and the field Rheostat should be in minimum position.
2. Before switching on the supply variac should be in minimum position.
3. Care should be taken while injecting voltages so that the current passing through the
stator does not exceed the rated value.

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS
1. Which relation is satisfied by the positive, negative and zero sequence impedances of
a solidly grounded system?
2. For which fault, the negative sequence component of voltage is zero at the point of
fault.

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3. Why zero sequence impedance is much smaller than positive and negative sequence
impedances of alternators?
4. Why do sequences have no significance for static devices?
5. In the case of zero sequence impedance calculations, the machine should be star
connected. Why?

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

RECORD WORK
BLOCK DIAGRAM / CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

COMPONENTS/EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

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OBSERVATIONS & DATA COLLECTION:

CALCULATIONS:

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RESULT:

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:

 What did you learn from this experiment based on the objectives?

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

 How will you apply knowledge gained by performing this experiment, in future?

 What are your suggestions on ALTERNATIVE APPROACH for this experiment?

(How can this experiment be performed in an alternative approach?)

 What are your suggestions on EXTENSION OF EXPERIMENT? (Can this experiment be

extended to improve student’s learning experience)

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

EVALUATION SHEET FOR VIVA-VOCE

K (10) P (10) W (10) V (10) Total (40)

(Signature of the course faculty with date)

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

Date: ________________
Experiment -8 Time: ________________
E8. DETERMINATION OF FAULT CURRENT AND
VOLTAGES OF AN UNLOADED ALTERNATOR
SUBJECTED TO LINE-GROUND FAULT

OBJECTIVE: To find the fault current and post fault voltages on other phases when a
single line to ground fault occurs on conventional phase ‘a’ on an unloaded alternator.

APPARATUS:

S.No Item Type Range/Ratings Quantity

1 Rheostat - 350Ω/1.1A 2
2 Voltmeter MI 0-300V 3
MI 0-5A 1
3 Ammeter
MC 0-2A 1
Name plate Details:

Alternator D.C. Motor

Voltage 415 V Voltage 220 V
Current 4.2 A Current 19 A
R.P.M. 1500 R.P.M. 1500
KVA 3 H.P. 3

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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THEORY:
In an electrical power system consisting of generators, transformers, transmission lines,
distribution circuits, most of the faults, about two-third, are liable to occur in the
transmission circuits. The principal kinds of faults are
i. Symmetrical three phase short circuit.
ii. Line to line short circuit without involving ground.
iii. Single line to ground fault.
iv. Double line to ground fault.
Majority of faults occurring in a power system are single line to earth faults and the
frequency of line-to-line short circuit faults is less. The double line to ground faults are rarer
than the line to line short circuit faults not involving ground. The three phase short circuit
faults are the least frequent.
Single line to ground fault:
Assuming that the single line to ground fault occurs only on phase ‘a’ and that the currents
in phase ‘b’ and ‘c’ are zero i.e.,
Ib=Ic=0
Va=0
These are necessary and sufficient relation to evaluate the sequence component of current Ia
and fault current may be evaluated there from
Ia0=(Ia+Ib+Ic)/3
=Ia/3
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Ia1= (Ia+ Ib+ 2Ic)/3 = Ia/3

Ia2= (Ia+ 2Ib+ Ic)/3 =Ia/3
Ia1= Ia2=Ia0
Va= Va1+Va2+Va3=0
=Ea-Ia1Z1-Ia2Z2-Ia0Z0
Ea= Ia1 (Z1+Z2+Z0)
Ia1= Ea/(Z1+Z2+Z0)
If= Ia = 3Ea/(Z1+Z2+Z0)
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. The motor is made to run by using 3-point starter and field rheostat is adjusted to get a
rated speed of 1500 rpm.
3. A line to neutral voltage of 127V is obtained from the alternator by using excitation to
the field winding.
4. At this instant the pre-fault voltage and field current are noted and tabulated.
5. Close the SPST switch and under fault conditions note down fault current and fault
voltage.
6. The fault current was calculated by using derived formula using positive, negative and
zero sequence impedance.
OBSERVATIONS
VRN(V) VYN(V) VBN(V)
Pre-fault voltages
Fault voltages

Fault Current If(A)

Theoretical Practical

VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:

1. What is the effect of shunt fault on voltage and frequency?
2. What would be the magnitude of fault current when neutral is not grounded, and an
L-G fault has occurred?
3. In which case is the magnitude of fault current higher
a)L-G fault b)L-L fault

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4. What is the effect of neutral grounding on a 3-phase fault?

5. Have you observed any transients in the phase voltages and currents? What was the
maximum transient current recorded?

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

RECORD WORK
BLOCK DIAGRAM / CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

COMPONENTS/EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

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OBSERVATIONS & DATA COLLECTION:

CALCULATIONS:

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RESULT:

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:

 What did you learn from this experiment based on the objectives?

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

 How will you apply knowledge gained by performing this experiment, in future?

 What are your suggestions on ALTERNATIVE APPROACH for this experiment?

(How can this experiment be performed in an alternative approach?)

 What are your suggestions on EXTENSION OF EXPERIMENT? (Can this experiment be

extended to improve student’s learning experience)

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

EVALUATION SHEET FOR VIVA-VOCE

K (10) P (10) W (10) V (10) Total (40)

(Signature of the course faculty with date

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

Date: ________________
Experiment -9 Time: ________________

E9. DETERMINATION OF FAULT CURRENT AND

VOLTAGES OF AN UNLOADED ALTERNATOR
SUBJECTED TO LINE-LINE FAULT
OBJECTIVE: To find the fault-current and post fault voltages on other phases when a L-L
occurs on conventional phases b & c on an unloaded alternator.
APPARATUS:
S.No. Item Type Range Quantity
1 Rheostat - 350Ω /1.1A 2
2 Voltmeter MI 0-600V 1
MI 0-5A 1
3 Ammeter
MC 0-2A 1

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Alternator D.C. Motor
Voltage 415 V Voltage 220 V
Current 4.2 A Current 19 A
KVA 3 HP 3
R.P.M. 1500 R.P.M. 1500

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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THEORY:
Basically, faults are classified into two types
a) Shunt faults b) Series faults.
Assuming, a line-to-line fault takes place on phases b & c, the boundary conditions are
Ia=0
Ib+Ic=0
Vb=Vc
Using the relations
Ia1= (Ia+ λIb+ λ2Ic)/3
Ia2= (Ia+ λ2Ib+ λIc)/3
Ia0= (Ia+Ib+Ic)/3
And substituting for Ia, Ib and Ic
Ia1= (1/3 (0+ λIb- λ2Ib))
= (1/3) (λ- λ2)Ib
Ia2= (1/3) (0+ λ2Ib- λIb)
= (1/3) (λ 2- λ) Ib
Ia0 = (1/3) (0+0)=0
Positive sequence component of current is equal in magnitude but opposite in phase to
negative sequence component of current i.e.,Ia1=-Ia2
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To simulate L-L fault condition zero sequence network is not required and the positive and
negative sequence network are to be connected in opposition
Vb=Va0+ λ 2Va1+ λ Va2
Vc=Va0+ λ Va1+ λ2Va2
Va0+ λ2Va1+ λ Va2=Va0+ λ Va1+ λ2Va2
(λ 2- λ) Va1= (λ 2- λ) Va2
Va1=Va2
Ea-Ia1Z1=-Ia2Z2=Ia1Z2
Ia1=Ea/ (Z1+Z2)
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. The motor is made to run by using 3-point starter and field variac is adjusted to get a
rated speed of 1500 rpm.
3. Rated voltage of 220V is obtained from the Alternator by varying the field excitation.
4. Note down the corresponding values of pre-fault current and voltages are noted.
5. Close the SPST switch to make a L-L fault and note down the corresponding meter
readings.
6. Calculation for fault current was done using formula.

OBSERVATIONS:

VRN(V) VYN(V) VBN(V)

Prefault voltages
Post fault voltages
Fault Current If(A)
Theoretical Practical

VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS

1. How are faults classified? What is their physical sense?
2. What happens to the voltage and current levels when shunt faults occur?
3. What are boundary conditions for L-L fault?
4. What is fault current level in L-L fault compared to L-G fault in system?

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

RECORD WORK
BLOCK DIAGRAM / CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

COMPONENTS/EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

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OBSERVATIONS & DATA COLLECTION:

CALCULATIONS:

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RESULT:

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:

 What did you learn from this experiment based on the objectives?

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

 How will you apply knowledge gained by performing this experiment, in future?

 What are your suggestions on ALTERNATIVE APPROACH for this experiment?

(How can this experiment be performed in an alternative approach?)

 What are your suggestions on EXTENSION OF EXPERIMENT? (Can this experiment be

extended to improve student’s learning experience)

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

EVALUATION SHEET FOR VIVA-VOCE

K (10) P (10) W (10) V (10) Total (40)

(Signature of the course faculty with date

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

Date: ________________
Experiment -10 Time: ________________
E10. DETERMINATION OF VOLTAGE, CURRENT &
POWER OUTPUT AND PLOT THE I-V AND P-V
CURVES OF SERIES AND PARALLEL COMBINATIONS
OF PV MODULES FOR DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE
AND RADIATION LEVELS
OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the I-V and P-V characteristics of series and parallel
combination of PV modules.
THEORY:
PV module is characterized by its I-V and P-V characteristics. At a particular solar
insolation and temperature, it will show a unique I-V and P-V characteristics. These
characteristics can be altered as per requirement by connecting both modules in series or
parallel to get higher voltage or higher current as shown in Fig. (a) and (b) respectively.

Fig.(a) I-V characteristic of series connected modules

Fig.(b) I-V characteristic of parallel connected modules

On increasing the temperature, Voc of modules decrease while Isc remains the
same which in turn reduces the power. Therefore, if modules are connected in series,
then power reduces two times more than power reduction while modules are
connected in parallel. On changing the solar insolation, Isc of the modules increases,

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while the Voc increases very slightly and overall power increases. In parallel connection
power increases double than power increment of single module.
EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP:
The circuit diagrams to evaluate I-V and P-V characteristics of a series and
parallel connected modules are shown in Fig. (c) and (d) respectively. There is a PV
system which consists of PV module and a variable resistor (Pot meter) with ammeter
and voltmeter for measurement. Series or parallel connected modules are loaded by
pot meter. The effect of load change on output voltage and current of a series or parallel
connected modules can be seen by varying load resistance (pot meter).
To get I-V and P-V characteristics of the series and parallel connected modules
connections to be done in the control board is shown in Fig. (e).

Fig.(c) Modules in series

Fig.(d) Modules in parallel

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Fig. (e) Control board connections for series and parallel connected modules

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Readings for one set should be taken within 1-2 minutes (for indoor exp.)
otherwise temperature of the module can be changed as radiation source is
halogen lamp.
2. Halogen lamp position should not be changed during the one set otherwise
radiation on modules can be changed.
3. Connections should be tight.

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OBSERVATIONS:

i. PV modules in series

Radiation =
Temperature =
S. No. V I P
1.
2.

ii. PV modules in parallel

Radiation =
Temperature =
S. No. V I P
1.
2.

EXPECTED GRAPHS:

VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS

1. What is the principle of electricity generation from PV array?
2. What are the factors that affect the power generation from a PV array?
3. What are the materials used in manufacturing of PV array?
4. What is the efficiency of PV array?
5. Can you list three manufacturers of PV arrays along with the specifications of
the arrays?
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RECORD WORK
BLOCK DIAGRAM / CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

COMPONENTS/EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

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OBSERVATIONS & DATA COLLECTION:

CALCULATIONS:

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RESULT:

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:

 What did you learn from this experiment based on the objectives?

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

 How will you apply knowledge gained by performing this experiment, in

future?

 What are your suggestions on ALTERNATIVE APPROACH for this

experiment? (How can this experiment be performed in an alternative
approach?)

 What are your suggestions on EXTENSION OF EXPERIMENT? (Can this

experiment be extended to improve student’s learning experience)

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

EVALUATION SHEET FOR VIVA-VOCE

K (10) P (10) W (10) V (10) Total (40)

(Signature of the course faculty with date)

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

Date: ________________
Experiment -1 Time: ________________
E11. DETERMINATION OF VOLTAGE, CURRENT &
POWER OUTPUT OF PV MODULE FOR DIFFERENT
TILT ANGLES AND SHADING CONDITIONS AND
PLOT THE TILT – POWER OUTPUT &
CHARACTERISTICS
OBJECTIVE: To show the effect of variation in tilt angle and shading on PV module.
THEORY:
Tilt is the angle between the plane surface under consideration and the
horizontal plane. It varies between 0-90°. PV arrays work best when the sun’s rays
shine perpendicular to the cells. When the cells are directly facing the sun in both
azimuth and altitude, the angle of incidence is normal. Therefore, tilt angle should be
such that it faces the sun rays normally for maximum number of hours.
The tilt angle settings for different seasons are shown in Fig. (a). PV systems
that are designed to perform best in the winter, array should be tilted at an angle of
equal to latitude + 15°. If the array is designed to perform best in the summer, then the
array needs to be tilted at an angle of equal to latitude − 15°. In this way the array
surface becomes perpendicular of the sun rays. For best performance throughout the
year, tilt should be equal to the latitude angle. This arrangement gives zero power if
the entire row of cells gets shaded but gives half of the module power if only one cell
is shaded as shown in Fig. (b).

Fig (a) Tilt angle settings for different seasons

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Fig (b) Effect of shading

EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP:
There is a module stand which can make a variation in tilt of module by rotating
a lever. This stand includes halogen lamp and a frame of module on a single base. As
we rotate the lever it will rotate the module frame and tilt of module changes.
The pot meter in this case has to be fixed at constant position so that the effect
of tilt can be seen. There are some plates of the cell size which can cover the cell of
module completely. For executing the experiment, put one of these plates on one cell
and then consequently on two or three cells. To evaluate effect of tilt and shading on
power output of the module connections to be done in the control board is shown in
Fig. (c).

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Fig. (c)Control board connections to evaluate effect of tilt and shading

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Readings for one set should be taken within 1-2 minutes (for indoor exp.)
otherwise temperature of the module can be changed as radiation source is
halogen lamp.
2. Observations for tilt angle should be taken as correct as possible.
3. Always take radiation reading after noting down the module current and
voltage.
4. Connections should be tight.

OBSERVATIONS:

Table for evaluating effect of tilt:

Each set is for the different positions of pot-meter but during one set its position will
be fixed. Radiation on module will be taken by taking an average of radiation on 3
locations on module (viz. upper end, middle and lower end).

Set 1 Set 2
S. Tilt
No. (degree) Radiation P Radiation P
V (V) I (A) V (V) I (A)
(W/m2) (W) (W/m2) (W)
1.
2.
3.

S. No. Number of cells shaded V (Volts) I (Ampere) P (Watt)

1. No cell shaded

2. Single cell shaded

3. Two cells shaded

4. Four cells shaded

5. Nine cells shaded

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VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS

1. What is the effect of partial shading on the power output of a PV array?
2. What steps can be taken to improve the output of a partially shaded PV array?
3. What type of motors/ gear are used for tilting the PV arrays? Why?
4. What are the limitations in tilting the PV array?

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

RECORD WORK
BLOCK DIAGRAM / CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

COMPONENTS/EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

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OBSERVATIONS & DATA COLLECTION:

CALCULATIONS:

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RESULT:

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:

 What did you learn from this experiment based on the objectives?

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

 How will you apply knowledge gained by performing this experiment, in

future?

 What are your suggestions on ALTERNATIVE APPROACH for this

experiment? (How can this experiment be performed in an alternative
approach?)

 What are your suggestions on EXTENSION OF EXPERIMENT? (Can this

experiment be extended to improve student’s learning experience)

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

EVALUATION SHEET FOR VIVA-VOCE

K (10) P (10) W (10) V (10) Total (40)

(Signature of the course faculty with date)

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

Date: ________________
Experiment -1 Time: ________________
E12. DETERMINATION OF REACTIVE POWER
SHARED BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL TAP
CHANGING TRANSFORMERS BY ADJUSTING
VOLTAGE MAGNITUDE RATIOS
OBJECTIVE: To determine the distribution of reactive power between two parallel
transformers by adjusting voltage magnitude ratios.
APPARATUS:
S.No. Item Type Range Quantity
1 1-Ø transformer - 230V/230V,1.5kVA 1
1-Ø tap changing - 230V/230V,1.5kVA with taps upt0
2 1
transformer +/- 15% in steps of 2.5%
EDM
3 Wattmeter 20A/300V 2
(lpf)
4 Voltmeter MI 0-300V 3
MI 0-5A 2
5 Ammeter
MC 0-10A 1
6 Rheostat - 50 Ω, 5A 1
7 Variable inductor - 20A,230V 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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THEORY:

The function of transformers in a power system is that of changing one voltage level
to another. Transformers provide an additional means of control of the flow of both
real and reactive power. A type of transformer designed for small adjustments of
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voltage rather than for changing voltage levels is called a regulating transformer. If
two identical transformers are paralleled to supply a common load, we can vary the
distribution of reactive power between the transformers by adjusting the voltage
magnitude ratios. If a particular transmission line in a system is carrying too small or
too large a reactive power, a regulating transformer to adjust voltage magnitude can
be provided at one end of the line to make the line transmit a larger or smaller reactive
power.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Keep the variac in minimum output position
3. Apply 100V to the primary of the transformers
4. Observe the reading of the voltage in the secondary circuit. If it is not 200V, then
the secondary voltages of the two transformers are in phase. If it is zero, then
the secondary voltages are 180° out of phase. In that case, interchange the 0 and
230 terminals of the transformer T1
5. Make connections as per the circuit diagram shown in figure with load
connected. T1 is kept at nominal Tap position and T2 is at +15%.
6. Keeping the variac at the minimum output voltage position and the load
resistance and load inductance in maximum positions, give the supply.
7. A voltage of about 200V is applied to the primaries of the transformers. Keeping
of R in maximum position, L is adjusted till load current of 4A flows. The
readings of all the meters are to be noted.
8. The tap setting of T2 is then changed to the next lower value. Keeping the load
impedance same as before, the readings of all meters are noted.
9. The above procedure is continued by changing the tapping of T2 upto -15% in
steps of 2.5%
10. The above procedure is repeated for another load current(3A)
11. The % reactive power contribution of T2 is then calculated from the above set of
readings for different tap settings.

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OBSERVATIONS

To be measured To be calculated
S.No.
Taps V1 W1 I1 V2 W2 I2 VL IL cosØ1 Q1 cosØ2 Q2
1.
2.

CALCULATIONS:
Computing the reactive powers
 Measured W1 =Wattmeter reading= V1 *I1*cosØ1
cosØ1 = W1/ V1 *I1
sinØ1=√(1- cos2Ø1)
Q1= V1 *I1*sinØ1
 Similarly determine Q2
 Calculate Q1 and Q2 using above procedure for each reading of load
current and for each tap setting
 Calculate % reactive power shared by second transformer for each
reading of load current.
% Reactive power shared= [Q2/( Q1+ Q2)]*100

PRECAUTIONS:

 Variac should be in minimum input position at the time of starting. i.e. before the
application of voltage(supply).
 After completion of the experiment, the variac should be brought to minimum
output position and then the supply is to be switched off.

VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:

1. What is the significance of reactive power in power systems?
2. Why should the reactive power be controlled?
3. List any two other methods to control the reactive power?
4. What is the impact of reactive power on power factor?

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RECORD WORK
BLOCK DIAGRAM / CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

COMPONENTS/EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

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OBSERVATIONS & DATA COLLECTION:

CALCULATIONS:

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RESULT:

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:

 What did you learn from this experiment based on the objectives?

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

 How will you apply knowledge gained by performing this experiment, in

future?

 What are your suggestions on ALTERNATIVE APPROACH for this

experiment? (How can this experiment be performed in an alternative
approach?)

 What are your suggestions on EXTENSION OF EXPERIMENT? (Can this

experiment be extended to improve student’s learning experience)

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Kakatiya Institute of Technology & Science, Warangal – 506015. Page 125
 POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD BOOK

EVALUATION SHEET FOR VIVA-VOCE

K (10) P (10) W (10) V (10) Total (40)

(Signature of the course faculty with date)

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Kakatiya Institute of Technology & Science, Warangal – 506015. Page 126