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Chapter 8
8 Anticipation Guide 8-1 Study Guide and Intervention
Vectors Introduction to Vectors
Step 1 Before you begin Chapter 8 Geometric Vectors A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction. The
magnitude of a vector is the length of a directed line segment, and the direction of a vector
is the directed angle between the positive x-axis and the vector. When adding or subtracting
• Read each statement. vectors, you can use the parallelogram or triangle method to find the resultant.
• Decide whether you Agree (A) or Disagree (D) with the statement.
Example

Chapter Resources
Use a ruler and a protractor to draw an arrow diagram for each
• Write A or D in the first column OR if you are not sure whether you agree or disagree,
quantity described. Include a scale on each diagram.
write NS (Not Sure).
a. v = 60 pounds of force at 125° to b. w = 55 miles per hour at a bearing
the horizontal of S45°E
STEP 1 STEP 2
Statement
A, D, or NS A or D Using a scale of 1 cm: 20 lb, draw and Using a scale of 1 cm.: 20 mi/h, draw
1. Scalars have both magnitude and direction. D label a 60 ÷ 20 or 3-centimeter arrow and label a 55 ÷ 20 or 2.75-centimeter
Lesson 8-1

2. Vectors can be represented by directed line segments. in standard position at a 125° angle to arrow 45° east of south.
A
the x-axis.
3. The initial point of a vector is the point where the vector
starts.
A Z /
1 cm: 20 mi/h
0
4. Vectors can be used to represent forces applied at an angle. A
W 8 &
5. When vectors are combined the result is a scalar. D 45° X
6. Any vector can be broken down into horizontal and vertical 125°
A
components. 0 Y
1 cm: 20 lb 4

A1
7. To add two vectors algebraically, add all of the numbers in
the first vector together. Then add all of the numbers in the D
second vector together. Exercises
8. Trigonometric ratios sometimes need to be used when
working with vectors.
A Use a ruler and a protractor to draw an arrow diagram for each quantity
9. The dot product of two vectors is a scalar. A described. Include a scale on each diagram.

10. Vectors can be used to represent forces in three-dimensional 1. r = 30 meters at a bearing of N45°W 2. t = 150 yards at 40° to the horizontal
space.
A
/
11. When finding torque, the dot product is used. D U
S
12. The area of a parallelogram can be found using dot products. D
40°
45°
1 cm: 50 yd

8 1 cm: 10 m 0

Find the resultant of each pair of vectors using either the triangle or
Step 2 After you complete Chapter 8
Answers (Anticipation Guide and Lesson 8-1)

parallelogram method. State the magnitude of the resultant in centimeters

and its direction relative to the horizontal.
• Reread each statement and complete the last column by entering an A or a D.

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3. 4.
F G F G
• Did any of your opinions about the statements change from the first column? B B
S
• For those statements that you mark with a D, use a piece of paper to write an example S
of why you disagree. C
C

2.2 cm, 140° 3.5 cm, -12°

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Chapter 8
8-1 Study Guide and Intervention (continued) 8-1 Practice
Introduction to Vectors Introduction to Vectors
Vector Applications Vectors can be resolved into horizontal and vertical components. Use a ruler and a protractor to draw an arrow diagram for each quantity
described. Include a scale on each diagram.
Example Suppose Jamal pulls on the ends of a rope tied to a dinghy with a 1. r = 60 meters at a bearing of N45°E 2. t = 100 pounds of force at 60° to the
force of 50 Newtons at an angle of 60° with the horizontal. horizontal

a. Draw a diagram that shows the resolution of the force Jamal exerts into its /
rectangular components.
S
45°
Jamal’s pull can be resolved into a horizontal 50 N y Z
pull x forward and a vertical pull y upward 8 & U
as shown. 60° 4 1 cm: 20 m
x 60°

b. Find the magnitudes of the horizontal and vertical components of the force. Y
Lesson 8-1

1 cm: 25 lb

The horizontal and vertical components of the force form a right triangle.
3. GROCERY SHOPPING Caroline walks 45° north of west for 1000 feet and
Use the sine or cosine ratios to find the magnitude of each force.
then walks 200 feet due north to go grocery shopping. How far and at what
⎪ x⎥ ⎪y ⎥ north of west quadrant bearing is Caroline from her apartment?
cos 60° = − Right triangle definitions of cosine and sine sin 60° = − 1150 ft at a bearing of 52.1° north of west
50 50
⎪x⎥ = 50 cos 60° Solve for x and y. ⎪y⎥ = 50 sin 60° /
⎪x⎥ = 25 Use a calculator. ⎪y⎥ ≈ 43.3 200

A2
The magnitude of the horizontal component is about 25 Newtons, and the 1000
magnitude of the vertical component is about 43 Newtons.
45°
Exercises 8 &
4
Draw a diagram that shows the resolution of each vector into its rectangular
components. Then find the magnitudes of the vector’s horizontal and vertical 4. CONSTRUCTION Roland is pulling a crate of construction materials with a
Answers (Lesson 8-1)

components. force of 60 Newtons at an angle of 42° with the horizontal.

1. 7 inches at a bearing of 120° 2. 2.5 centimeters per hour at a bearing of a. Draw a diagram that shows the resolution of the force Roland exerts into
from the horizontal -3.5, 6.1 N50°W -1.9, 1.6 its rectangular components.
/
2.5 cm
7 in.
50°
60 N Z
120°
8 & 42°
4 Y

3. YARDWORK Nadia is pulling a tarp along level ground with a force of 25 pounds b. Find the magnitudes of the horizontal and vertical components of the force.
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directed along the tarp. If the tarp makes an angle of 50° with the ground, find the 44.6 N; 40.1 N
horizontal and vertical components of the force. What is the magnitude and direction
of the resultant? 16.07 lb; 19.15 lb; 25 lb; 50° 5. AVIATION An airplane is flying with an airspeed of 500 miles per hour on a heading
4. TRANSPORTATION A helicopter is moving 15° north of east with a velocity of 52 km/h. due north. If a 50-mile per hour wind is blowing at a bearing of 270°, determine
If a 30-kilometer per hour wind is blowing from a bearing of 250°, find the helicopter’s the velocity and direction of the plane relative to the ground. 502.49 mph;
resulting velocity and direction. 81.93 km/h; 16.8° north of east bearing of 354.3°

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Chapter 8
8-1 Word Problem Practice 8-1 Enrichment
Introduction to Vectors
1. SAILING A captain sails a boat east for 3. CANOEING A person in a canoe wants
200 kilometers at a bearing of 150°. Use to cross a 65-foot-wide river. He begins
More Than Two Forces Acting on an Object
a ruler and protractor to draw an arrow to paddle straight across the river at Three or more forces may work on an object at one time. Each of these forces
diagram for the quantities described. 1.2 m/s while a current is flowing can be represented by a vector. To find the resultant vector that acts upon the
Include a scale on the diagram. perpendicular to the canoe. If the object, you can add the individual vectors two at a time.
/ resulting velocity of the canoe is 3.2 m/s,
what is the speed of the current to the Example CONSTRUCTION Kendra is pulling on a box with a force
nearest tenth? 3.0 m/s
of 80 newtons at an angle of 70° with the ground at the same time that
150°
Kyle is pulling on the box with a force of 100 newtons at an angle of 150°
4. TRAVEL Karrie is pulling her luggage with the ground. A third force of 120 N acts at an angle of 180°. Find
8 &
across the airport floor. She applies a the magnitude and direction of the resultant force acting on the box.
22-newton force to the handle of the
1 cm: 50 km
4
bag when the bag makes a 72-degree
angle with the floor. What is the
Lesson 8-1

magnitude of the force that moves the

2. FARMING Two tractors are removing a 80 N
luggage straight forward? What effect 100 N
tree stump as shown. One tractor pulls
would it have if Karrie moved the
with a force of 2000 newtons, and the 150°
handle closer to the floor, decreasing 120 N 180°
70°
other tractor pulls with a force of
the angle? 20.9 N; the force would
1500 newtons. The angle between the
two tractors is 40°.
decrease First, add two of the vectors. The order in which the vectors are added does
not matter.
2000 N 5. ORIENTEERING In an orienteering
20° competition, Jada walks N70°W for Add the 80 N vector and the Now add the resulting vector

A3
20° 200 meters. She then walks due east for 100 N vector first. to the 120 N vector.
1500 N
90 meters. How far and at what bearing
is Jada from her starting point?
a. What is the sum of the horizontal 119.5 meters; N55.1°W
components of the tractors? What is
r a
the sum of the vertical components? 6. SKATEBOARDING Meredith is a
3288.9 N; 171 N skateboarding along a path 20° north
Answers (Lesson 8-1)

of east for 35 meters. She then changes 100 N 80 N

paths and travels for 45 meters along a
b. What is the resulting force on the path 30° north of east.
tree stump? 3293 N 120 N
a. Use a ruler and protractor to draw
an arrow diagram representing the The resultant force is 219 N at a direction of 145°.
situation. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force
c. Would changing the angle of the / acting on each object.
tractors affect the magnitude of the
resulting force if the angle between 1. DOGS Three dogs are pulling a wagon. One dog acts with 40 N at 50°
30°
the tractors remained 40°? Explain. 20°
45 m on the wagon. The second dog acts with 100 N at 110°. The third dog
No. Sample answer: If you use acts with 10 N at 150°. Find the magnitude and direction of the
8 &
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35 m
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the triangle method of vector resultant force. 131 N; 98°

addition, the resultant will be in
the same position regardless of 4 2. MOVING Three men are trying to move a sofa. One man is pushing
the individual angles. on the sofa with a force of 40 N at an angle of 50° with the ground.
b. Find the resulting distance and the A second man exerts a force of 100 N at 110°, and a third man exerts
direction of her path. a force of 10 N at 150°. Find the magnitude and direction of the
79.7 m; E25.6°N resultant force. 130.7 N; 97.7°
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Chapter 8
8-2 Study Guide and Intervention 8-2 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

Vectors in the Coordinate Plane Vectors in the Coordinate Plane

Vectors in the Corrdinate Plane The magnitude of a vector in the Unit Vectors A vector that has a magnitude of 1 unit is called a unit vector.
coordinate plane is found using the Distance Formula. A unit vector in the direction of the positive x-axis is denoted as i = 〈1, 0〉, and
a unit vector in the direction of the positive y-axis is denoted as j = 〈0, 1〉.
Vectors can be written as linear combinations of unit vectors by first writing
Example 1 Find the magnitude of XY ⎯⎯⎯ with initial point X(2, −3) and the vector as an ordered pair and then writing it as a sum of the vectors i and j.
terminal point Y(-4, 2).
Determine the magnitude of XY
⎯⎯⎯ using the Distance Formula. Example 1 Find a unit vector u with the same direction as v = 〈-4, -1〉.
1
⎪XY (x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2
⎯⎯⎯⎥ = √ u=− v Unit vector with the same direction as v
y ⎪v⎥
4 1
= (-4 - 2) 2 + [2 - (-3)] 2
√ = − 〈-4, -1〉 Substitute.
Y 2 ⎪〈-4, -1〉⎥
(-6) 2 + 5 2
= √ x 1
−4 −2 0 2 4 = − 〈-4, -1〉 a2 + b2
⎪〈a, b〉⎥ = √
(-4)2 + (-1)2
√
61 or about 7.8 units
= √ −2
1
X =− 〈-4, -1〉 Simplify.
−4 √
17
Represent XY
⎯⎯⎯as an ordered pair.
-4 -1 -4 √ 17
17 - √
= − , − or −, − 〉 Scalar multiplication
XY
⎯⎯⎯ = 〈x2 - x1, y2 - y1〉 Component form √
〈 17
17 √ 〉 〈 17 17
= 〈-4 - 2, 2 - (-3)〉 (x1, y1) = (2, −3) and (x2, y2) = (−4, 2)

= 〈-6, 5〉 Subtract. Example 2 Let MP

⎯⎯⎯ be the vector with initial point M(2, 2) and terminal
⎯⎯⎯ as a linear combination of the vectors i and j.
point P(5, 4). Write MP
Lesson 8-2

Example 2 Find each of the following for s = 〈4, 2〉 and t = 〈-1, 3〉. First, find the component form of MP
⎯⎯⎯⎯.

A4
a. s + t MP
⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 〈x2 - x1, y2 - y1〉 Component form

s + t = 〈4, 2〉 + 〈-1, 3〉 Substitute. = 〈5 - 2, 4 - 2〉 or 〈3, 2〉 (x1, y1) = (2, 2) and (x2, y2) = (5, 4)

= 〈4 + (-1), 2 + 3〉 or 〈3, 5〉 Vector addition

Then rewrite the vector as a linear combination of the standard unit vectors.

MP
⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 〈3, 2〉 Component form
b. 3s + t
= 3i + 2j 〈a, b〉 = ai + bj
3s + t = 3〈4, 2〉 + 〈-1, 3〉 Substitute.
Answers (Lesson 8-2)

= 〈12, 6〉 + 〈-1, 3〉 Scalar multiplication Exercises

= 〈11, 9〉 Vector addition
Find a unit vector u with the same direction as the given vector.
Exercises -3 2 √ 29
29 5 √
1. p = 〈4, -3〉 2. w = 〈10, 25〉 〈−, −〉
〈−45 , −5 〉 29 29
Find the component form and magnitude of the vector AB
⎯⎯⎯ with the
given initial and terminal points. Let MN ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯ be the vector with the given initial and terminal points. Write MN
as a linear combination of the vectors i and j.
26
1. A(12, 41), B(52, 33) 〈40, -8〉, 8 √ 5
2. A(-15, 0), B(7, -19) 〈22, -19〉, 13 √
3. M(2, 8), N(-5, -3) -7i - 11j 4. M(0, 6), N(18, 4) 18i - 2j
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Find each of the following for f = 〈4, -2〉, g = 〈24, 21〉, and h = 〈-1, -3〉. Find the component form of v with the given magnitude and direction angle.

3. f - g 〈-20, -23〉 4. 8g - 2f + 3h 〈181, 163〉 5. |v| = 18, θ = 240° 〈-9, -15.6〉 6. |v| = 5, θ = 95° 〈-0.44, 5.0〉

5. 2g + h 〈47, 39〉 6. f - 2(g + 2h) 〈-40, -32〉 Find the direction angle of each vector to the nearest tenth.

7. -4i + 2j 153.4° 8. 〈2, 17〉 83.3°

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Chapter 8
8-2 Practice 8-2 Word Problem Practice
Vectors in the Coordinate Plane Vectors in the Coordinate Plane
Find the component form and magnitude of AB
⎯⎯⎯ with the given initial and 1. TRACK Monica is throwing the javelin 4. AIRPLANES An airplane is traveling
terminal points. in a track meet. While running at 300 kilometers per hour due east. A
4 meters per second, she throws the wind is blowing 35 kilometers per hour
1. A(2, 4), B(-1, 3) 2. A(4, -2), B(5, -5) 3. A(-3, -6), B(8, -1)
javelin with a velocity of 28 meters 75° south of west. What is the resulting
per second at an angle of 48°. speed of the airplane? 292.9 km/h
10
〈-3, -1〉; √ 10
〈1, -3〉; √ 146
〈11, 5〉; √

5. FLYING To reach a destination, a pilot

Find each of the following for v = 〈2, -1〉 and w = 〈-3, 5〉. 48° is plotting a course that will result in a
velocity of 450 miles per hour at an
4. 3v 5. w - 2v angle of 30° north of west. The wind is
〈6, -3〉 〈-7, 7〉 blowing 50 miles per hour to the north.
Find the direction and speed the pilot
6. 4v + 3w 7. 5w - 3v should set to achieve the desired
resultant. 24.2° north of west,
〈-1, 11〉 〈-21, 28〉 427 mph
a. What is the resultant speed of
the javelin? 30.8 m/s
Find a unit vector u with the same direction as v. 6. KAYAKING Walter is kayaking across
a river that has a current of 2.5 meters
√
5 2 √5 4 √
17 √
17 per second. He is paddling at a rate of
8. v = 〈-3, 6〉 〈- −, −〉 9. v = 〈-8, -2〉 〈- −, - −〉 b. What is the resultant direction of 4 meters per second perpendicular to
5 5 17 17
Lesson 8-2

the javelin? 42.5° with the the shore.

A5
horizontal
⎯⎯⎯ end
Let DE
⎯⎯⎯ be the vector with the given initial and terminal points. Write DE
as a linear combination of the vectors i and j. 2.5 m/s

10. D(4, -5), E(6, -7) 2i − 2j 11. D(-4, 3), E(5, -2) 9i − 5j
2. TRANSPORTATION Jordyn is riding 4 m/s
θ
the bus to school. The bus travels
Answers (Lesson 8-2)

12. D(4, 6), E(-5, -2) -9i − 8j 13. D(2, 1), E(3, 7) i + 6j north for 4.5 miles, east for 2 miles, start
and then 30° north of east for 1.5 miles.
Express Jordyn’s commute as a linear
combination of unit vectors i and j. a. What is the resultant velocity of
Find the component form of v with the given magnitude and direction angle. the kayak? 4.7 m/s
3.3i + 5.25j
14. |v| = 12, θ = 42° 〈8.9, 8.0〉 15. |v| = 8, θ = 132° 〈−5.4, 5.9〉
b. At what angle will Walter be moving
with respect to the shore? 58°
16. GARDENING Anne and Henry are lifting a stone statue and moving it to 3. HIKING Amel is hiking in the forest.
a new location in their garden. Anne is pushing the statue with a force of He hikes 2 miles west and then hikes
120 newtons at a 60° angle with the horizontal while Henry is pulling the 3.4 miles north. If he would have hiked
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c. If Walter wants to land directly in

statue with a force of 180 newtons at a 40° angle with the horizontal. diagonally to reach the same ending front of his starting point, at what
What is the magnitude of the combined force they exert on the statue? point, how much shorter would his hike angle with respect to the shore
295.62 N have been? 1.5 mi should he kayak? 122°

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Chapter 8
8-2 Enrichment 8-3 Study Guide and Intervention
Dot Products and Vector Projections
Friction and the Normal Force Dot Product The dot product of a = 〈a 1, a 2〉 and b = 〈b 1, b 2〉 is defined as
According to Newton’s first law of motion, if an object is moving with constant velocity, then a · b = a 1b 1 + a 2b 2. The vectors a and b are orthogonal if and only if a · b = 0.
a·b
all the forces in the system are balanced. If the object is not moving at a constant velocity, If θ is the angle between nonzero vectors a and b, then cos θ = − .
|a| |b|
then the forces are unbalanced. So, if a person is pushing on an object and the object is
moving at a constant velocity, the force of the person pushing on the object is balanced
by the force of friction. Example 1 Find the dot product of u and v. Then determine if u and v
The coefficient of friction μ (pronounced “mu”) is the ratio of the force of friction between are orthogonal.
two surfaces and the force pushing the surfaces together. When an object is resting on the a. u = 〈5, 1〉, v = 〈-3, 15〉 b. u = 〈4, 5〉, v = 〈8, -6〉
ground, the force pushing them together is found by multiplying the mass (in kilograms) by
acceleration due to gravity, -9.8 m/s2. The normal force n is the force of the ground u · v = 5(−3) + 1(15) u · v = 4(8) + 5(-6)
pushing back up on the object. =0 =2
Since u · v = 0, u and v are orthogonal. Since u · v ≠ 0, u and v are not orthogonal.
Example
Consider a person pulling a 7-kilogram wagon with Example 2 Find the angle θ between vectors u and v if u = 〈5, 1〉
a constant velocity as shown in the diagram. The and v = 〈−2, 3〉.
person is pulling with a force of 25 newtons and
the wagon handle makes a 40° angle with the u·v
cos θ = − Angle between two vectors
25 N |u| |v|
horizontal. What is the coefficient of friction
for the situation? 〈5, 1〉 · 〈-2, 3〉
cos θ = − u = 〈5, 1〉 and v = 〈−2, 3〉
40° |〈5, 1〉| |〈-2, 3〉|
-10 + 3
Evaluate.

A6
cos θ = −
√
26 √
13
A force diagram can be used to represent this situation. Calculate the x-component and the -10 + 3
θ = cos −1 − or about 112° Simplify and solve for θ.
y-component of the 25-newton force. Because the wagon is moving at a constant velocity, the √
26 √
13
force of friction has to be equal to, but opposite the x-component. The force of gravity is
balanced by the sum of the y-component and the normal force. The measure of the angle between u and v is about 112°.
x = 25 cos 40° ≈ 19.2 x-component
25 N 52.5 N y = 25 sin 40° ≈ 16.1 y-component Exercises
Lesson 8-3

16.1 N
40° Force due to gravity = mass × acceleration due to gravity
-19.2 N 19.2 N Find the dot product of u and v. Then determine if u and v are orthogonal.
7(-9.8) = -68.6
n = 68.6 - 16.1 = 52.5 Normal force 1. u = 〈2, 4〉, v = 〈−12, 6〉 2. u = -8i + 5j, v = 3i −6j
-68.6 N 19.2
μ=− about 0.37 Coefficient of friction
52.5 0, orthogonal -54, not orthogonal
Answers (Lesson 8-2 and Lesson 8-3)

Therefore, the coefficient of friction is 0.37.

Use the dot product to find the magnitude of the given vector.

Exercises 3. a = 〈9, 3〉 4. c = 〈−12, 4〉

1. What is the coefficient of friction for a person pulling a 41-kilogram child on a sled if the 3 √
10 4 √
10
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angle of the rope is 45° and the force of the pull is 50 newtons? 0.10
Find the angle θ between u and v to the nearest tenth of a degree.

2. What is the coefficient of friction for a person pushing a 25-kilogram box across a 5. u = 〈-3, -5〉, v = 〈7, 12〉 6. u = 13i - 5j, v = 6i + 2j
carpeted floor with a force of 75 newtons if the force is being applied at 25°? 0.32
179.3° 39.5°

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Chapter 8
8-3 Study Guide and Intervention (continued) 8-3 Practice
Dot Products and Vector Projections Dot Products and Vector Projections
Vector Projection A vector projection is the decomposition of a vector u into two Find the dot product of u and v. Then determine if u and v are orthogonal.
perpendicular parts, w1 and w2, in which one of the parts is parallel to another vector v.
When you find the projection of u onto v, you are finding a component of u that is parallel 1. u = 〈3, 6〉, v = 〈−4, 2〉 2. u = -i + 4j, v = 3i − 2j 3. u = 〈2, 0〉, v = 〈−1, −1〉
to v. To find the projection of u onto v, use the formula:
0, orthogonal -11, not orthogonal -2, not orthogonal
u·v
proj v u = − 2
v.
( |v| ) Find the angle θ between u and v to the nearest tenth of a degree.
Example Find the projection of u = 〈8, 6〉 onto v = 〈2, −3〉. Then write u as 4. u = 〈−1, 9〉, v = 〈3, 12〉 20.4°
the sum of two orthogonal vectors, one of which is the projection of u onto v.

Step 1 Find the projection Step 2 Find u − proj v u. 5. u = 〈−6, −2〉, v = 〈2, 12〉 117.9°
of u onto v.
4 6
= 〈8, 6〉 − - −
〈 ,−
u·v 13 13 〉
proj v u = − 2
v
( |v| ) 108 72 6. u = 27i + 14j, v = i − 7j 109.3°
= 〈−, −〉
〈8, 6〉 · 〈2, -3〉 13 13
=−2
〈2, -3〉
|〈2, -3〉|
7. u = 5i − 4j, v = 2i + j 65.2°
2 4 6
= -− 〈2, -3〉 or - − ,− 〈 〉
13 13 13

Find the projection of u onto v. Then write u as the sum of two orthogonal
4 6 4 6 108 72 vectors, one of which is the projection of u onto v.
Therefore, proj v u is - −, − and u = - −
〈 ,− + − ,− .〈

A7
13 13 〉 13 13 〉 〈 13 13 〉
Exercises 12 24 12 24 32 16
8. u = 〈4, 8〉, v = 〈−1, 2〉 〈- − , − ; -− , − + 〈− ,−
5 5〉 〈 5 5〉 5 5〉
Find the projection of u onto v. Then write u as the sum of two orthogonal
vectors, one of which is the projection of u onto v.
99 33 99 33 25 75
9. u = 〈62, 21〉, v = 〈−12, 4〉 〈− , -− ; − , -− + − ,−
1. u = 〈3, 2〉, v = 〈-4, 1〉 〈−4017 , - −1017 〉; u = 〈−4017 , - −1017 〉 + 〈−1117 , −4417 〉 2 2〉 〈2 2 〉 〈2 2〉
Answers (Lesson 8-3)
Lesson 8-3

328 205 328 205 295 472 6 8 6 8 44 33

2. u = 〈−7, 3〉, v = 〈8, 5〉 , -− , -− + -− 10. u = 〈−2, −1〉, v = 〈−3, 4〉 〈- − , − ; -− ,− + − , -−
〈- −89 89 〉
; u = 〈- −
89 89 〉 〈 89
, −〉
89 25 25 〉 〈 25 25 〉 〈 25 25 〉

9 7 9 7 56 72
3. u = 〈1, 1〉, v = 〈9, -7〉 〈− , -− ; u = 〈− , -− + − ,− 11. TRANSPORTATION Train A and Train B depart from the same station. The path that
65 65 〉 65 65 〉 〈 65 65 〉
train A takes can be represented by 〈33, 12〉. If the path that train B takes can be
represented by 〈55, 4〉, find the angle between the pair of vectors. 15.8°
180 15 180 15 23 276
4. u = 7i - 9j, v = 12i + j 〈− , − ; u = 〈− ,− + − , -−
29 29 〉 29 29 〉 〈 29 29 〉
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12. PHYSICS Janna is using a force of 100 pounds to push a cart up a ramp. The
132 286 132 286 ramp is 6 feet long and is at a 30° angle with the horizontal. How much work
5. u = −8i + 2j, v = 6i + 13j 〈- − , -− ; u = 〈- − , -−
205 205 〉 205 205 〉 is Janna doing in the vertical direction? (Hint: Use the sine ratio and the formula
1508 696 W = F · d.) 300 ft-lb
+ -−
〈 ,− 〉
205 205

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Chapter 8
8-3 Word Problem Practice 8-3 Enrichment
Dot Products and Vector Projections
1. SUBMARINES The path of a submarine 4. TRAVELING A pilot is carrying a bag Vector Equations
can be described by the vector v = 〈8, 3〉. weighing 150 newtons up a flight of
If the submarine then changes direction stairs. The staircase covers a horizontal Let a, b, and c be fixed vectors. The equation f(x) = a - 2xb + x 2c
and travels along the vector u = 〈2, 5〉, distance of 8 meters and a vertical defines a vector function of x. For the values of x shown, the
what is the distance traveled by the distance 7.5 meters. assigned vectors are given below.
submarine? x -2 -1 0 1 2
13.9 units a. What is the length of the staircase? f(x) a + 4b + 4c a + 2b + c a a - 2b + c a - 4b + 4c
11.0 m
If a = 〈0, 1〉, b = 〈1, 1〉, and c = 〈2, –2〉, the resulting vectors for the
2. TARGETS Two clay pigeons are thrown
values of x are as follows.
at the same time. If the path of the clay b. What is the measure of the angle
pigeons can be represented by the vectors made by the staircase? x -2 -1 0 1 2
p = 〈42, 58〉 and c = 〈59, 73〉, what was 43.2° f(x) 〈12, -3〉 〈4, 1〉 〈0, 1〉 〈0, -3〉 〈4, -11〉
the measure of the angle between the clay
pigeons? 3° c. How much work is done by the pilot? For each of the following, complete the table of resulting vectors.
1125 J
1. f(x) = x 3a - 2x 2b + 3xc x f(x)
3. BOATING Shea is pulling a boat along
a dock using a rope. She exerts a force a = 〈1, 1〉 b = 〈2, 3〉 c = 〈3, –1〉 –1 〈–14, –4〉
5. CARNIVALS A slide at a carnival has
of 200 newtons on the rope and pulls the an incline of 60°. A 50-pound girl gets 0 〈0, 0〉
boat 10 meters. part way down the slide and stops. 1 〈6, –8〉
Ignoring the force of friction, what is
2 〈10, –22〉
the magnitude of the force that is

A8
required to keep her from sliding
down farther? 43.3 pounds
2. f(x) = 2x 2a + 3xb - 5c x f(x)
a = 〈0, 1, 1〉 b = 〈1, 0, 1〉 c = 〈1, 1, 0〉 –2 〈–11, 3, 2〉
–1 〈-8, -3, -1〉
0 〈-5, -5, 0〉
1
Lesson 8-3

〈-2, -3, 5〉
Answers (Lesson 8-3)

a. Determine the amount of work done 60°

if the angle of the rope is at 40° with 3. f(x) = x 2c + 3xa - 4b x f(x)
the horizontal; 90° with the horizontal. a = 〈1, 1, 1〉 b = 〈3, 2, 1〉 c = 〈0, 1, 2〉 0 〈–12, –8, -4〉
1532 J, 0 J 1 〈-9, -4, 1〉
6. SCAVENGER HUNT During a
scavenger hunt, Alexis and Marty go in 2 〈-6, 2, 10〉
b. Use your results from part a to explain
different directions. If the path that 3 〈-3, 10, 23〉
why as the angle increases the work
Alexis takes can be represented by
decreases.
〈9, 18〉 and the path taken by Marty
Sample answer: As the angle can be represented by 〈-15, 12〉, who 4. f(x) = x 3a - xb + 3c x f(x)
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increases, the force in the

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travels the farthest distance? Alexis

direction of the motion a = 〈0, 1, –2〉 b = 〈1, –2, 0〉 c = 〈-2, 0, 1〉 0 〈–6, 0, 3〉
decreases; so, the work done 1 〈-7, 3, 1〉
decreases.
2 〈-8, 12, -13〉
3 〈-9, 33, -51〉

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Chapter 8
8-4 Study Guide and Intervention 8-4 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

Vectors in Three-Dimensional Space Vectors in Three-Dimensional Space

Coordinates in Three Dimensions Ordered triples, like ordered pairs, Vectors in Space Operations on vectors represented by ordered triples are similar to
can be used to represent vectors. Operations on vectors represented by ordered those on vectors represented by ordered pairs. Three-dimensional vectors can be added,
triples are similar to those on vectors represented by ordered pairs. subtracted, and multiplied by a scalar in the same ways. In space, a vector v in standard
position with a terminal point located at (v1, v2, v3) is denoted by 〈v1, v2, v3〉. Thus, the
Example zero vector is 0 = 〈0, 0, 0〉 and the standard unit vectors are i = 〈1, 0, 0〉, j = 〈0, 1, 0〉,
HIKING The location of two hikers are represented by
and k = 〈0, 0, 1〉. The component form of v can be expressed as a linear combination
the coordinates (10, 2, -5) and (7, -9, 3), where the coordinates are given
of these unit vectors, 〈v1, v2, v3〉 = v1i + v2 j + v3k.
in kilometers.
a. How far apart are the hikers? Example Find the component form and magnitude of AB ⎯⎯⎯ with initial
Use the Distance Formula for points in space. point A(-3, 5, 1) and terminal point B(3, 2, -4). Then find a unit vector in the
direction of AB
⎯⎯⎯.
AB = (x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2 + (z2 - z1)2
√ Distance Formula
AB
⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 〈x2 - x1, y2 - y1, z2 - z1〉 Component form of vector

= √(7 - 10)2 + ((-9) - 2)2 + (3 - (-5))2 (x1, y1, z1) = (10, 2, -5) and
= 〈3 - (-3), 2 - 5, -4 - 1〉 or 〈6, -3, -5〉 (x1, y1, z1) = (-3, 5, 1) and (x2, y2, z2) = (3, 2, −4)
≈ 13.93 (x2, y2, z2) = (7, -9, 3)
The hikers are about 14 kilometers apart. Using the component form, the magnitude of AB
⎯⎯⎯⎯ is
b. The hikers decided to meet at the midpoint between their paths. ⎪AB
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎥ = √ 70 .
62 + (-3)2 + (-5)2 or √ AB = 〈6, -3, -5〉
⎯⎯⎯
What are the coordinates of the midpoint?
Using this magnitude and component form, find a
Use the Midpoint Formula for points in space. unit vector u in the direction of AB
⎯⎯⎯⎯ .
x +x y +y z +z
1 2 1 2 1 2
10 + 7 2 + (-9) -5 + 3
(x1, y1, z1) = (10, 2, -5) and ⎯⎯⎯⎯
AB
(− u=− AB
Unit vector in the direction of ⎯⎯⎯
, − , − ) = ( −, − , − )
2 2 2 2 2 2
(x2, y2, z2) = (7, -9, 3) ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎥
⎪AB

A9
≈ (8.5, -3.5, -1) 〈6, -3, -5〉 3 √
70 
3 √70 √
70
= − or 〈 −, - −, - − 〉 ⎯⎯⎯
AB = 〈6, -3, -5〉 and ⎪ ⎯⎯⎯ 70
AB ⎥ = √
√
70 35 70 14
The midpoint is at the coordinates (8.5, -3.5, -1).
Exercises
Exercises Find the component form and magnitude of AB ⎯⎯⎯ with the given initial
Plot each point in a three-dimensional coordinate system. and terminal points. Then find a unit vector in the direction of AB
⎯⎯⎯.
1. (3, 2, 1) 2. (4, −2, -1)
Answers (Lesson 8-4)

1. A(-10, 3, 9), B(8, -7, 3) 2. A(-1, -4, -7), B(8, 4, 10)

z z 115 ;
〈18, -10, -6〉, 2 √ 434 ;
〈9, 8, 17〉, √

√ √
9 115 √ 
115 
3 115 √ √
9 434 √
 4 
434 17 
434
2 -2 〈−
〈− , −, - − 〉 , −, − 〉
115 23 115 434 217 434
0 y 0 y
(4, -2, -1)
(3, 2, 1)
x
Lesson 8-4

Find each of the following for x = 3i + 2j - 5k, y = i - 5j + 7k,

x
and z = -2i + 12j + 4k.
Find the length and midpoint of the segment with the given endpoints.
3. 3x + 2y - 4z 〈19, -52, -17〉 4. -6y + 2z 〈-10, 54, -34〉
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5 5
3. (8, -3, 9), (2, 8, -4) 18.06; 5, −, − ( )
2 2
19
4. (-6, -12, -8), (7, -2, -11) 16.67; −, -7, - − ( 12 )
2

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Chapter 8
8-4 Practice 8-4 Word Problem Practice
Vectors in Three-Dimensional Space Vectors in Three-Dimensional Space
Plot each point in a three-dimensional coordinate system. 1. TRAVELING A family from Des Moines, 3. AIRPLANE Safety regulations require
1. (-3, 4, -1) 2. (2, 0, -5) Iowa, is driving to Tampa, Florida. airplanes to be at least a half mile
z z According to the car’s GPS, Des Moines apart when they are in the air. Two
is at (93.65˚, 41.53˚, 955 ft) and Tampa airplanes near an airport can be
(-3, 4, -1)
is at (82.53˚, 27.97˚, 19.7 ft). Determine represented by the points (300, 455,
the longitude, latitude, and altitude of 2800) and (-250, 400, 5000), where
0 y 0 y the halfway point. (88.09˚, 34.75˚, the coordinates are given in feet.
487.35 ft)
a. How far apart are the planes?
x x
2. FARMING A farmer is using a bale 2268 ft
(2, 0, -5)
elevator to move bales of hay into the loft b. Are they in violation of the
Locate and graph each vector in space. of his barn. The opening of the loft door regulation? yes
is 18 feet away from where the bales will
3. 〈4, 7, 6〉 4. 〈4, -2, 6〉
z
be loaded onto the bale elevator, 3 feet to
z 4. ROBOTICS An underwater robot is
the right of where the bales will be
loaded, and 24 feet above the ground. being used to explore parts of the ocean
(4, 7, 6) (3, -2, 6) The opening can be represented by the floor. The robot is diving due north at
point (18, 3, 24). The bales will be loaded 3 m/s at an angle of 65˚ with the surface
onto the elevator 3 feet above the ground. of the water. If the current is flowing at
y This can be represented by (0, 0, 3). 5 m/s at an angle of 20˚ north of west,
y
what is the vector that represents the
resultant velocity of the underwater
2 ft robot? Let i point east, j point north,
x x

A10
and k point up.
Find the component form and magnitude of AB ⎯⎯⎯⎯ with the given initial
24 ft
and terminal points. Then find a unit vector in the direction of AB⎯⎯⎯⎯. 3 ft -4.70i + 2.98j - 2.72k
3 ft
5. A(2, 1, 3), B(-4, 5, 7) 6. A(4, 0, 6), B(7, 1, -3) 18 ft
17
〈-6, 4, 4〉; 2 √ 91
〈3, 1, -9〉; √ 5. ZIP-LINES A resort in Colorado has a
series of zip-lines that tourists can take
3 √
17 2 √
17 2 √
17 3 √
91 √
91 9 √
91 a. To the nearest foot, how long should to travel through some wooded areas.
〈- −, −, − 〉
17 17 17 〈−, −, - − 〉
91 91 91 the bale elevator be in order to reach The platform of the first zip-line is
Answers (Lesson 8-4)

7. A(-4, 5, 8), B(7, 2, -9) 8. A(6, 8, -5), B(7, -3, 12) the opening? 28 ft represented by the point (1.5, 0.5, 0.4)
and a second platform can be
419
〈11, -3, -17〉; √ 411
〈1, -11, 17〉; √ b. If the bale elevator needs to be 2 feet represented by the point (1.8, 1, 0.2).
419
11 √ 3 √
419 419
17 √ √
411 11 √ 411
411 17 √ past the opening, to the nearest foot, How long is the zip-line if the
〈 −, - −, - − 〉 −, - −, −
〈 〉 how long does the bale elevator have coordinates are in miles?
419 419 419 411 411 411
to be? 30 ft 0.62 mi
Find the length and midpoint of the segment with the given endpoints.
9. (3, 4, -9), (-4, 7, 1) 10. (-17, -3, 2), (3, -9, 5) c. If the bale elevator is only 27 feet
6. BIKING A youth group is hosting a
Lesson 8-4

long and the only thing that can

√ 1 11 √ 7 team bike race with pairs of
158 ; - − , −, -4
( ) 445 ; -7, -6, − ( be changed is the 18 feet that the
2 2 2) competitors. Each team will switch
farmer is away from the opening, to
Find each of the following for v = 〈2, -4, 5〉 and w = 〈6, -8, 9〉. riders half-way through the race. If the
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the nearest foot, how close does he

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starting point can be represented

11. v + w 12. 5v - 2w need to be in order to still have two
by (0, 0, 3) and the ending point can be
feet past the opening? 15 ft
〈8, -12, 14〉 〈-2, -4, 7〉 represented by the point (2, -1, 9), at
what point will the cyclists trade?
13. PHYSICS Suppose that the force acting on an object can be expressed by the vector
〈85, 35, 110〉, where each measure in the ordered triple represents the force in pounds.
What is the magnitude of this force? about 143 lb (1, - −12 , 6)
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Chapter 8
8-4 Enrichment 8-4 Graphing Calculator Activity

Basis Vectors in Three-Dimensional Space Vector Transformations with Matrices

The expression v = ru + sw + tz, is the sum of three vectors each multiplied by Vectors can be used to translate figures in space, and matrix multiplication can be used to
a scalar, and is called a linear combination of the vectors u, w, and z. transform figures in space. A vertex matrix is a matrix whose columns are the coordinates of
the vertices of the figure with the x-coordinate represented by the first row, the y-coordinate
Every vector v ∈ v3 can be written as a linear combination of any three nonparallel represented by the second row, and the z-coordinate represented by the third row.
vectors. The three nonparallel vectors, which must be linearly independent, are said Consider the pyramid shown at the right. z
to form a basis for v3, which contains all vectors having 1 column and 3 rows. Use the coordinates of the vertices of the
pyramid to create a vertex matrix. &
A(-2, -2, -2)
Example Write the vector v = 〈-1, -4, 3〉 as a linear combination of the B(2, -2, -2) 0
" % y
vectors u = 〈1, 3, 1〉, w = 〈1, -2, 1〉, and z = 〈-1, -1, 1〉.
C(2, 2, -2)
#
r+s-t D(-2, 2, -2) x $
〈-1, -4, 3〉 = r 〈1, 3, 1〉 + s 〈1, -2, 1〉 + t 〈-1, -1, 1〉 = 3r - 2s - t E(0, 0, 2)
( r+s+t
) A B C D E
-1 = r + s - t x ⎡-2 2 2 -2 0⎤
⎢
-4 = 3r - 2s - t The vertex matrix for the pyramid is y -2 -2 2 2 0 .
⎢
z ⎣-2 -2 -2 -2 2⎦
3=r+s+t
Solving the system of equations yields the solution r = 0, s = 1, and t = 2. Enter the vertex matrix into a graphing calculator.
So, v = w + 2z.

A11
Write each vector as a linear combination of the vectors u, w, and z.
To reflect the image over the xz-plane, use the
1. v = 〈-6, -2, 2〉, u = 〈1, 1, 0〉, w = 〈1, 0, 1〉, and z = 〈0, 1, 1〉 transformation matrix B.
⎡ 1 0 0⎤
⎢
B = 0 -1 0
⎢
Answers (Lesson 8-4)

v = -5u - w + 3z ⎣0 0 1⎦
Enter B into a graphing calculator.

2. v = 〈5, -2, 0〉, u = 〈1, -2, 3〉, w = 〈-1, 0, 1〉, and z = 〈4, 2, -1〉 To find the reflected image, find BA. Verify that your
answer is correct by graphing the coordinates.

8 23 1
v= − u-− w+− z Exercises
7 7 7
Lesson 8-4

1. Find the reflected pyramid above when 2. Find the transformation matrix to reflect
you use the transformation matrix B over the yz-plane. Check your answer by
3. v = 〈1, -1, 2〉, u = 〈1, 2, -1〉, w = 〈2, 2, 1〉, and z = 〈1, 0, 1〉 below. Describe the result. applying it to the pyramid above.
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Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

⎡1 0 0⎤
⎢ See students’ work.
B= 0 1 0
⎢ ⎡-1 0 0⎤
1 3 ⎣0 0 -1⎦
v = -− u+− z B=⎢ 0 1 0
2 2 a reflection in the xy-plane ⎢
⎣ 0 0 1⎦

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Chapter 8
8-5 Study Guide and Intervention 8-5 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)

Dot and Cross Products of Vectors in Space Dot and Cross Products of Vectors in Space
Dot Products in Space The dot product of two vectors in space is an extension Cross Products Unlike the dot product, the cross product of two vectors
of the dot product of two vectors in a plane. Similarly, the dot product of two vectors is a vector. This vector does not lie in the plane of the given vectors but is
is a scalar. The dot product of perpendicular to the plane containing the two vectors.
a = 〈a1, a2, a3〉 and b = 〈b1, b2, b3〉 is defined as a · b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3. Cross Product of Vectors in Space
The vectors a and b are orthogonal if and only if a · b = 0. If a = a1i + a2j + a3k and b = b1i + b2j + b3k, the cross product of a and b is the vector
As with vectors in a plane, if θ is the angle between nonzero vectors a and b, then a × b = (a2b3 - a3b2)i - (a1b3 - a3b1)j + (a1b2 - a2b1)k.
a·b
cos θ = − .
⎪a⎥ ⎪b⎥ If two vectors have the same initial point and form the sides of a parallelogram, the
magnitude of the cross product will give you the area of the parallelogram.
Example 1 Find the dot product of u and v. Then determine if u and v
are orthogonal. If three vectors have the same initial point and form adjacent edges of a parallelepiped,
then the absolute value of the triple scalar product gives the volume. To find the triple
a. u = 〈-3, 1, 0〉, v = 〈2, 6, 4〉 b. u = 〈3, −2, 1〉, v = 〈4, 5, −1〉
scalar product, use the same matrix set up that is used for cross products, but i, j, and
u · v = u1v1 + u2v2 + u3v3 u · v = u1v1 + u2v2 + u3v3 k are replaced by the third vector.
= −3(2) + 1(6) + 0(4) = 3(4) + (−2)(5) + 1(−1)
Example Find the cross product of u = 〈0, 4, 1〉and v = 〈0, 1, 3〉.
= −6 + 6 + 0 or 0 = 12 + (−10) -1 or 1
Then show that u × v is orthogonal to both u and v.
Since u · v = 0, u and v are orthogonal. Since u · v ≠ 0, u and v are not orthogonal.
i j k
u×v= 0 4 1 u = 0i + 4j + k and v = 0i + j + 3k
Example 2 Find the angle θ between vectors u and v if u = 〈4, 8, -3〉 ⎪ ⎥
0 1 3
and v = 〈9, −3, 0〉.
u·v 4 1 0 1 0 4
cos θ = − Angle between two vectors = i-
⎪ ⎥ ⎪ ⎥ ⎪ ⎥j+ k Determinant of a 3 × 3 matrix
⎪u⎥ ⎪v⎥ 1 3 0 3 0 1
〈4, 8, -3〉·〈9, -3, 0〉 = (12 - 1)i − (0 - 0) j + (0 − 0)k Determinants of 2 × 2 matrices

A12
cos θ = −− u = 〈4, 8, -3〉 and v = 〈9, -3, 0〉
⎪〈4, 8, -3〉⎥ ⎪〈9, -3, 0〉⎥ = 11i - 0j + 0k Simplify.
12 = 11i or 〈11, 0, 0〉 Component form
cos θ = − Evaluate the dot product and magnitude.
√
89 √
90
To show that u × v is orthogonal to both u and v, find the dot
12 product of u × v with u and u × v with v.
θ = cos -1 − or about 82.3° Simplify and solve for θ.
89.5
(u × v) · u (u × v) · v
The measure of the angle between u and v is about 82.3°. = 〈11, 0, 0〉 · 〈0, 4, 1〉 = 〈11, 0, 0〉 · 〈0, 1, 3〉
Answers (Lesson 8-5)

Exercises = 11(0) + 0(4) + 0(1) = 11(0) + 0(1) + 0(3)

Find the dot product of u and v. Then determine if u and v are orthogonal. =0+0+0 =0+0+0
=0 =0
1. u = 〈3, -2, 9〉, v = 〈1, 2, 4〉 2. u = 〈-2, -4, -6〉, v = 〈-3, 7, -4〉
Because both dot products are zero, the vectors are orthogonal.
35; not orthogonal 2, not orthogonal
Exercises
3. u = 〈4, -3, 8〉, v = 〈2, -2, -3〉 4. u = 3i + 6j - 3k, v = -5i - 2j - 9k
Find the cross product of u and v. Then show that u × v is orthogonal
-10, not orthogonal 0, orthogonal to both u and v.
Find the angle θ between vectors u and v to the nearest tenth of a degree. 1. u = 〈2, 3, -1〉, v = 〈6, -2, -4〉
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5. u = 〈5, -22, 9〉, v = 〈14, 2, 4〉 6. u = 〈4, -5, 7〉, v = 〈11, -8, 2〉 -14i + 2j - 22k; 〈-14, 2, -22〉  〈2, 3, -1〉 = -14(2) + 2(3) + (-22)(-1)
= 0; 〈-14, 2, -22〉  〈6, -2, -4〉 = -14(6) + 2(-2) + (-22)(-4) = 0
80.0° 41.3°
2. u = 〈5, 2, 8〉, v = 〈-1, 2, 4〉
7. u = -4i + 5j - 3k, v = -8i - 12j - 9k 8. u = i + 2j - k, v = -i + 4j - 3k
Lesson 8-5

-8i - 28j + 12k; 〈-8, -28, 12〉  〈5, 2, 8〉 = -8(5) + (-28)(2) + 12(8) = 0;
90.5° 36.8° 〈-8, -28, 12〉  〈-1, 2, 4〉 = -8(-1) + (-28)(2) + 12(4) = 0
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NAME DATE PERIOD NAME DATE PERIOD

Chapter 8
8-5 Practice 8-5 Word Problem Practice
Dot and Cross Products of Vectors in Space Dot and Cross Products of Vectors in Space
Find the dot product of u and v. Then determine if u and v are orthogonal. 1. MECHANIC A mechanic is setting the 5. BICYCLING A cyclist applies a force
timing of an engine. He is using a ratchet straight down on a bicycle pedal, as
1. 〈-2, 0, 1〉 · 〈3, 2, -3〉 2. 〈-4, -1, 1〉 · 〈1, -3, 4〉 3. 〈0, 0, 1〉 · 〈1, -2, 0〉 to turn the crankshaft. The ratchet is shown in the diagram. The length to
0.5 meter long and the mechanic applies the pedal’s axle is 0.2 meter and the
-9; not orthogonal 3; not orthogonal 0; orthogonal
22 newtons of force straight down on the angle created with the vertical is 60°.
Find the angle θ between vectors u and v to the nearest tenth of a degree. handle when the handle is at a 25° angle The magnitude of the torque is 150
with the horizontal. What is the newton meters. Find the force applied to
4. u = 〈1, -2, 1〉, 5. u = 〈3, -2, 1〉, 6. u = 〈2, -4, 4〉, magnitude of the torque? 10.0 N-m the pedal. 866 N
v = 〈0, 3, -2〉 v = 〈-4, -2, 5〉 v = 〈-2, -1, 6〉
about 154.9° about 96.9° about 51.3° 2. REVOLVING DOOR Erica is standing
in a revolving door that is not moving.
Find the cross product of u and v. Then show that u × v is orthogonal If Erica wants to produce just enough
to both u and v. torque to make the door rotate but wants
to apply the least amount of force, where
7. 〈1, 3, 4〉 × 〈-1, 0, -1〉 8. 〈3, 1, -6〉 × 〈-2, 4, 3〉 should she push on the door with respect
〈-3, -3, 3〉; 〈-3, -3, 3〉 · 〈1, 3, 4〉 〈27, 3, 14〉; 〈27, 3, 14〉 · 〈3, 1, -6〉 to the axis of rotation? as far away
60° 9
from the axis of rotation as
= -3(1) + (-3)(3) + (3)(4) = 0; = (27)(3) + 3(1) + (14)(-6) = 0; possible
〈-3, -3, 3〉 · 〈-1, 0, -1〉 〈27, 3, 14〉 · 〈-2, 4, 3〉
= (-3)(-1) + (-3)(0) + 3(-1) = 0 = (27)(-2) + (3)(4) + (14)(3) = 0 3. MIRROR Two adjacent edges of a mirror
6. ROCKETS Two rockets are launched
in a dressing room are represented by
simultaneously. The first rocket starts

A13
9. 〈3, 1, 2〉 × 〈2, -3, 1〉 10. 〈4, -1, 0〉 × 〈5, -3, -1〉 the vectors 〈3, 4, 2〉 and 〈-4, 4, 3〉. What
at the point (0, 1, 0) and after 1 second
is the area of the mirror? 33 units2 is at the point (3, 7, 12). The second
〈7, 1, -11〉; 〈7, 1, -11〉 · 〈3, 1, 2〉 〈1, 4, -7〉; 〈1, 4, -7〉 · 〈4, -1, 0〉
rocket starts at the point (0, -1, 0)
= (7)(3) + (1)(1) + (-11)(2) = 0; = (1)(4) + (4) (-1) + (-7)(0) = 0; and after 1 second is at the
4. SCULPTURE A parallelepiped sculpture
〈7, 1, -11〉 · 〈2, -3, 1〉 = (7)(2) 〈1, 4, -7〉 · 〈5, -3, -1〉 = (1)(5) point (3, -8, 10).
is being created. When the sculpture is
+ (1)(-3) + (-11)(1) = 0 + (4)(-3) + (-7)(-1) = 0 set, three adjacent edges can be a. What vector represents the path of
represented by the vectors
Answers (Lesson 8-5)

the first rocket? 〈3, 6, 12〉

t = 〈15, 12, 10〉, u = 〈13, -8, -5〉, and
Find the area of the parallelogram with adjacent sides u and v.
v = 〈-9, 13, 12〉. What is the surface
11. u = 〈9, 4, 2〉, v = 〈6, -4, 2〉 12. u = 〈2, 0, -8〉, v = 〈-3, -8, -5〉 area of the sculpture? 1802 units2 b. What vector represents the path of
62.4 units2 74.2 units2 the second rocket? 〈3, -7, 10〉

13. Find the volume of the parallelepiped with adjacent edges represented by the c. What is the measure of the angle
vectors 〈3, -2, 9〉, 〈6, -2, -7〉, and 〈-8, -5, -2〉. between the two rockets? 59.8°
643 units3
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d. If the velocity of the rockets

14. TOOLS A mechanic applies a force of 35 newtons straight down to a ratchet
remains constant, what vectors
that is 0.25 meter long. What is the magnitude of the torque when the handle
would represent the rockets at
makes a 20° angle above the horizontal?
3 seconds? 〈9, 18, 36〉,
8.2 newton meters
〈9, -21, 30〉
Lesson 8-5

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Answers
 NAME DATE PERIOD NAME DATE PERIOD

Chapter 8
8-5 Enrichment 8-5 Graphing Calculator Activity

Linearly Dependent Vectors Use Matrices to Find the Volume of Parallelepipeds

The zero vector is 〈0, 0〉 in two dimensions and 〈0, 0, 0〉 in three dimensions. The volume of a parallelepiped with adjacent sides t = 〈t1, t2, t3〉, u = 〈u1, u2, u3〉,
A set of vectors is called linearly dependent if and only if there exist scalars, and v = 〈v1, v2, v3〉 can be calculated by finding the determinant of the
not all zero, such that a linear combination of the vectors yields a zero vector.
matrix below.
⎡t1 t2 t3 ⎤
Example Are the vectors 〈-1, 2, 1〉, 〈1, -1, 2〉, and 〈0, -2, -6〉 ⎢u u u 
linearly dependent? ⎢ 1 2 3
⎣v1 v2 v3 ⎦
Solve a〈-1, 2, 1〉 + b〈1, -1, 2〉 + c〈0, -2, -6〉 = 〈0, 0, 0〉.
-a + b =0 Example Find the volume of a parallelepiped with adjacent sides
2a - b - 2c = 0
t = 〈3, -2, 8〉, u = 〈4, 9, -1〉, and v = 〈-1, -5, -7〉.
a + 2b - 6c = 0
Enter the data into the graphing calculator under matrix A.
The above system does not have a unique solution. Any solution must satisfy
2nd [MATRIX] ENTER 3 ENTER 3 ENTER 3 ENTER (–)
the conditions that a = b = 2c.
2 ENTER 8 ENTER 4 ENTER 9 ENTER (–) 1 ENTER (–) 1 ENTER (–) 5 ENTER
1
Hence, one solution is a = 1, b = 1, and c = − .
2 (–) 7 ENTER 2nd [QUIT]
〈-1, 2, 1〉 + 〈1, -1, 2〉 + −1 〈0, -2, -6〉 = 〈0, 0, 0〉, so the three vectors are linearly Now use the MATH menu to calculate the following determinant.
2
dependent.

A14
2nd [MATRIX] ENTER 2nd [MATRIX] ENTER ) ENTER

Determine whether the given vectors are linearly dependent. Write yes or The determinant is -350. Volume cannot be negative, so the volume is
no. If yes, give a linear combination that yields a zero vector. 350 cubic units.

1. 〈-2, 6〉, 〈1, -3〉 2. 〈3, 6〉, 〈2, 4〉

yes; Sample answer: yes; Sample answer: Exercises
〈-2, 6〉 + 2〈1, -3〉 = 〈0, 0〉 2〈3, 6〉 - 3〈2, 4〉 = 〈0, 0〉
Answers (Lesson 8-5)

1. Find the volume of the parallelepiped with adjacent sides t = 〈6, -12, -9〉,
u = 〈4, 3, 9〉, and v = 〈2, 3, 1〉. 366 units3

3. 〈1, 1, 1〉, 〈-1, 0, 1〉, 〈1, -1, -1〉 4. 〈1, 1, 1〉, 〈-1, 0, 1〉, 〈-3, -2, -1〉
no yes; Sample answer: 2〈1, 1, 1〉
- 〈-1, 0, 1〉 + 〈-3, -2, -1〉 2. Find the volume of the parallelepiped with adjacent sides t = 〈8, -22, 90〉,
= 〈0, 0, 0〉 u = 〈-31, 3, 22〉, and v = 〈-65, 31, 0〉. 42,936 units3

9
5. 〈2, -4, 6〉, 〈3, -1, 2〉, 〈-6, 8, 10〉 6. 〈1, -2, 0〉, 〈2, 0, 3〉, -1, 1, −
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〈 〉
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4
no no 3. The volume of a parallelepiped is 112 cubic units. Three adjacent sides are
t = 〈-10, 3, 4〉, u = 〈-8, 7, 3〉, and v = 〈-6, -2, x〉. Is 3, 5, or 9 the correct
value of x? 5
Lesson 8-5

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