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TCP IP Protocol Explanation 1 (03.01.2024)

The TCP/IP model originated from the ARPANET reference model and sets out how data packets are exchanged over the internet. It uses a client-server model where applications construct communication lines by dividing messages into packets that are addressed, routed, and reassembled. The TCP/IP model has four layers - the application layer handles user interaction, the transport layer provides reliable data delivery, the internet layer routes packets via IP, and the physical layer connects software applications. It remains an important open standard protocol for internet communication.

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26 views

TCP IP Protocol Explanation 1 (03.01.2024)

The TCP/IP model originated from the ARPANET reference model and sets out how data packets are exchanged over the internet. It uses a client-server model where applications construct communication lines by dividing messages into packets that are addressed, routed, and reassembled. The TCP/IP model has four layers - the application layer handles user interaction, the transport layer provides reliable data delivery, the internet layer routes packets via IP, and the physical layer connects software applications. It remains an important open standard protocol for internet communication.

Uploaded by

aloishp36
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is TCP/IP Model?

The transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) model finds its origins in the
ARPANET reference model. The architecture of TCP has evolved from studies in methods for
connecting multiple packet-switched networks. The central aim of the TCP/IP model is to
enable the sending of data packets to one application on a single computer. The TCP/IP
model is an internet-capable set of protocols.

The TCP/IP model sets out how packets exchange information through the web. This set of
communication protocols determines how data is to be broken, addressed, transferred,
routed and received for sharing. The server-client model is the communication model for this
set.

The TCP/IP model describes how to construct communication lines for applications. It also
manages to divide a message into packets before it is sent across and reassembled. IP
outlines how packets are addressed and routed to make sure that the data reaches the
right destination. The current internet architecture uses this network concept.

History of TCP/IP Model


At first, TCP was designed to meet the data communication needs of the US Department of
Defense, also referred to as DoD. This finding began in the late 1960s when ARPA entered
into a cooperation with US universities and industry research groups to design open standard
protocols and establish multi-supplier networks. The initial host for most communication
protocols created by ARPANET was Network Control Program (NCP.)

However, NCP has been unable to maintain the increasing traffic demand overtime. In
1974, ARPANET devised and built a new, more robust series of communication protocols
based on TCP for communication in all areas. In the early version of this technology, there
was only one core protocol called TCP.

In 1975, a two-network TCP/IP test was conducted between Stanford and University
College London. In 1982, the United States DoD declared TCP/IP as the standard for all
military computer networking.

Why is TCP/IP Model important?


TCP/IP is unpatented and, as a result, is not controlled by any single company. The IP suite
can thus be simply updated. It is interoperable with all operating systems and can interface
with every other machine. The IP suite has complete computer hardware and internet
compatibility.

TCP/IP is broadly accessible and enables the most efficient network path to be defined as a
routable protocol.

The TCP/IP model has four layers:

 Application Layer
 Transport Layer
 Network Layer
 Physical Layer

Application Layer

The application layer is a combination of the application, presentation, and session layers.
This layer is responsible for interaction between the user and the application. Here, data is
formatted, converted, encrypted, decrypted, and set to the user.

Protocols used by the application layer are:

HTTP

Hypertext transfer protocol allows the users to interact with the World Wide Web through
browser applications.
SMTP

Simple mail transfer protocol is used to send mails.

FTP

File transfer protocol is used for transmitting files from one system to another.

DNS

Domain name system is the phonebook of the internet.

TELNET

Teletype network acts as a client-server protocol. It is used to provide bidirectional


connection.

Transport Layer

The transport layer is responsible for end-to-end communication and provides error-free
delivery of data. This layer can transport the data through a connection-oriented or
connectionless layer.

The two protocols used in the transport layer are user datagram protocol (UDP) and TCP.

UDP

This protocol provides connectionless service and end-to-end delivery of transmission. It is


considered an unstable protocol because it discovers the errors but does not specify them.

TCP

It provides all transport services to the application layer. TCP is a dependable protocol for
error detection and retransmission. It assures that all segments must be received and
recognized before completing the transmission and discarding the virtual circuit.
Network Layer

The network layer provides host addressing and chooses the best path to the destination
network. This layer maintains the quality of service and offers connectionless end-to-end
networking.

The protocols in the network layer are:

IPV4

Internet protocol version 4 is employed for packetizing, forwarding, and delivery of packets.
IP is an unreliable datagram protocol.

ICMPV4

Interrupt control message protocol controls all errors. These mistakes are handled by ICMP
protocol during the delivery of the message to target problems.

IGMP

Internet group management protocol helps in multicasting.

Physical Layer

The physical layer interacts with the top level of the TCP/IP model application. This layer is the
nearest end-user TCP/IP layer. It means that the consumers can connect with other software
apps.

The physical layer interacts with software applications to develop media platforms. Data is
constantly beyond the boundaries of the TCP/IP model to be interpreted in the application.
An application such as a data transfer, mail, remote login, etc., is an example of this layer.

Network Layer

The network layer provides host addressing and chooses the best path to the destination
network. This layer maintains the quality of service and offers connectionless end-to-end
networking.

The protocols in the network layer are:


IPV4

Internet protocol version 4 is employed for packetizing, forwarding, and delivery of packets.
IP is an unreliable datagram protocol.

ICMPV4

Interrupt control message protocol controls all errors. These mistakes are handled by ICMP
protocol during the delivery of the message to target problems.

IGMP

Internet group management protocol helps in multicasting.

Physical Layer

The physical layer interacts with the top level of the TCP/IP model application. This layer is the
nearest end-user TCP/IP layer. It means that the consumers can connect with other software
apps.

The physical layer interacts with software applications to develop media platforms. Data is
constantly beyond the boundaries of the TCP/IP model to be interpreted in the application.
An application such as a data transfer, mail, remote login, etc., is an example of this layer.

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