Introduction and

Information to
Statistics
STATISTICS
DISCUSSION MECHANICS
The chosen participants will answer the question

Those participants who would likely to fall on nos. 4, 8, 12, 16,

will showcase their talent, Unless, they can only answer the
question if they can recite at least 3 shared answer of the
other participants. They can also chose who will take the next
question/share their talents.
 What is statistics?
Is the branch of science that deals with the statistical instrumentation
of Collecting, Classifying , Organizing, Presenting, Analyzing, and
Interpreting , and drawing conclusions from the data.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
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 DIVISION OF STATISTICS

Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics

POPULATION – is the entirely of SAMPLE - contains a few

the group including all the members of the population.
members that forms a set of data Samples were taken to represent
the characteristics or traits of the
population
-participants in the study
POPULATION – is the entirely of SAMPLE - contains a few
the group including all the members of the population.
members that forms a set of data Samples were taken to represent
the characteristics or traits of the
population
-participants in the study
 DIVISION OF STATISTICS
Descriptive Statistics - includes collection, classification, presentation and description of
numerical data to be able to summarize and describe the group characteristics of the data.
The origin of descriptive can be traced in the early days in Babylonia between 4500 BC and
3000 BC.

Example:
Measures of Central Tendency (Mean, Median, Mode), Measures of Variability
(Standard Deviation, Average Deviation, Range)
 DIVISION OF STATISTICS
Descriptive statistics are used to With inferential statistics, you
describe or summarize data in take data from samples and
ways that are meaningful and make generalizations about a
useful. population.

Used to say something about a

larger group (population) using
information collected from a
small part of that population
(sample)
Inferential Statistics – refers to techniques of interpreting the values resulting from the
descriptive techniques and using them in drawing conclusions or judgment about the
population on representative sample.

Example:
Hypothesis testing using the z – test, the t – test, analysis of variance, simple
linear correlation, the chi – square test, regression analysis and time series analysis.
VARIABLES AND CLASSIFICATION OF
VARIABLES
VARIABLES

QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE

DISCRETE CONTINUOUS
 VARIABLES
It refers to a factor , property, attribute, characteristic or behavior that differentiates a group of
persons, a set of things, events, conditions or approaches from another group(s) or set(s)
and which takes on two or more dimensions, categories, or levels with descriptive or
numerical values that can be measured qualitatively and/or quantitatively.

Examples of variables are sex (male and female), socio economic status(high/middle/low);
geographic location (urban, rural) grade level (nursery/kindergarten/primary/intermediate)
home related dimensions (family composition/socio economic status/home
environment/language spoken at home).
CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES
Qualitative – variables express a categorical attribute, such as sex, (male, female)
religion, marital status, region of residence, higher educational attainment.
Qualitative variables do not strictly take on numeric values (although we can have numeric
codes for them , e.g. for sex variable, 1 and 2 may refer to male and female respectively).
Qualitative data answer questions “what kind”.

- lacking of numerical value

Quantitative – (otherwise called numerical) data, whose sizes are meaningful , answer
questions such as “how much” or “how many”. Quantitative variables have actual units of
measure. Examples of quantitative variables include the height, weight, number of
registered cars, household size and total household expenditures/income of survey
respondents. Quantitative data may be further classified into: Discrete and Continuous

-can be measured numerically,

CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

a) Discrete data - are those data that can be counted e.g., the number of days
for cellphones to fail, the ages of survey respondents measured to the nearest
year, and the number of patients in a hospital.These data assume only (a finite or
infinitely) countable number values.

-Discrete Variables – can be counted (not describe in ranges)

Ex. Purchasing Tickets, # of students, Books

a) Continuous data - are those that can be measured, e.g. the exact height of
a survey respondent and the exact volume of some liquid substance.The possible
values are unaccountably infinite.

-Continuous Variables – are measured (not whole number)

Ex. Temperature, Weight, Height
LET’S DO IT
VARIABLE TYPE OF TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE
VARIABLE VARIABLE
Class student number Qualitative
Sex Qualitative
Number of Siblings Quantitative Discrete
Weight (in kilograms) Quantitative Continuous
Height (in centimeters) Quantitative Continuous
Age of Mother Quantitative Discrete
Usual Daily Allowance in School (in pesos) Quantitative Discrete
Usual Daily Food Expenditure (in school) Quantitative Discrete
Usual Number of Text Messages sent in a day Quantitative Discrete
Most Preferred Color Qualitative
CASE STUDY
a) Discrete data - are those data that can be counted e.g., the number of days
for cellphones to fail, the ages of survey respondents measured to the nearest
year, and the number of patients in a hospital.These data assume only (a finite or
infinitely) countable number values.

a) Continuous data - are those that can be measured, e.g. the exact height of
a survey respondent and the exact volume of some liquid substance.The possible
values are unaccountably infinite.
 LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT
Four levels of measurement of variables, nominal, ordinal, interval
and ratio. These are hierarchical in nature and are described as
follows :

1. Nominal Level - level of measurement arises when we have

variables that are categorical and non numeric or where the
numbers have no sense of ordering.
As an example, consider the numbers on the uniforms of basketball
players. Is the player wearing a number 7 a worse player than the
player wearing number 10? Maybe or maybe not, but the number on
the uniform does not have anything to do with their performance. The
numbers on the uniform merely help identify the basketball player.
 LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT
Ordinal level - also deals with categorical variables like the nominal
level, but in this level ordering is important, that is the values of the
variable could be ranked.

For the study of the validity of the statement regarding effect of

breakfast on school performance, students who had healthy breakfast
can be coded 1, those who had unhealthy breakfast as 2 while those
who had no breakfast at all as 3. Using the codes the responses
could be ranked.
 LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT
Interval level – tells us that one unit differs by a certain amount of
degree from another unit. Knowing how much one unit differs from
another is an additional property of the interval level on top of having
the properties possess by the ordinal level.

When measuring temperature in Celsius, a 10 degree difference has

the same meaning anywhere along the scale – the difference
between 10 and 20 degree Celsius is the same as between 80 and
90 centigrade. But we cannot say that 80 degrees Celsius is twice as
hot as 40 degrees Celsius since there is no true zero, but only an
arbitrary zero point.
 LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT
Ratio level - also tells us that one unit has so many times as much
of the property as does another unit. The ratio level possesses a
meaningful (unique and non arbitrary ) absolute, fixed zero point and
allow all arithmetic operations. The existence of the zero point is the
only difference between ratio and interval level of measurement.

Examples of the ratio scale include mass, heights, weights, energy

and electric charge. With mass as an example, the difference
between 120 grams and 135 grams is 15 grams, and this is the same
difference between 380 grams and 395 grams.
 LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT
Ratio Variables – are a special type of continuous variable, cant have a
negative value
Ex. Age, Height, Weight,
Nominal Variables – on the other hand, have more than two categories or
values
Ex. Hair color, marital status, blood type,
Ordinal Variables – are variables that exhibit the characteristics of both
quantitative and qualitative types or can logically order or ranked
Ex. Academic Grades but in A, B, C. Clothing size S, M, L, XL
SUMMATION
NOTATION
SUMMATION NOTATION
a) A simple method for indicating the sum of a finite (ending) number of terms in a
sequence is the summation notation.
b) summation is the addition of a sequence of any kind of numbers, called addends
or summands; the result is their sum or total.
c) Summation notation (or sigma notation) allows us to write a long sum in a single
expression.
 SUMMATION NOTATION
When using the sigma notation, the variable defined
below the Σ is called the index of summation. The
lower number is the lower limit of the index (the term
where the summation starts), and the upper number
is the upper limit of the summation (the term where
the summation ends).

This is read as “the summation of (2n - 1) as n goes from 1 to 7.”

The replacements for the index are always consecutive integers.
SUMMATION NOTATION
SUMMATION NOTATION
SUMMATION NOTATION
SUMMATION NOTATION
SUMMATION NOTATION
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 3
 EXAMPLE 3

Where in limit is coded as t

 EXAMPLE 3

Where in limit is coded as t

EXAMPLE 3
LET’S DO IT