Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

CHAPTER–5
SUCCESSIVE DIFFERENTIATION

Outline
✪ Derivative

✪ Differentials

✪ Tangent line

✪ Chain rule for differentiation

✪ Implicit differentiation

✪ Differentiation of parametric function

✪ Basic theorems for differentiation

✪ Basic rules of differentiation and

✪ Applications of differentiation.

1
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

5.1. Derivative and Differentiation : (ii) Tangent line : If p(x0, y0) is a point on the graph of a
function f. Then the tangent line to the graph of f at p also is
(i) Definition : The function f defined by the formula–
defined to be the line through p with slope—
f(x + h) – f(x)
f (x) = lim f(x 0 + h) – f(x0)
h m = tan θ = lim .
h➝ 0 h
h➝ 0
is called the derivative of f with respect to x. The process of
finding a derivative is called differentiation. The differentiation
d
operation is often denoted by the symbol dx [f(x)]. Thus
d
dx [f(x)] = f (x). The derivative f (x) gives the slope of the graph at x
and also the instantaneous rate of change of f at x.

(ii) Differentials : Let ∆x = dx be an increment gives to x, then Provided this limit exists. The point slope form of the
∆y = f(x + ∆x) – f(x) ...... (1) is called the increment in y = f(x). If f(x) equation of tangent line at x0 is y – y0 = m(x – x0).
is continuous and has a continuous first derivative in an 5.2. Chain rules for differentiation : If y = f(u) and u = g(x)
interval, then then
∆y = f (x) ∆x + ∈ ∆x dy dy du ......
= • (1)
dx du dx
= f (x) ∆x + ∈ dx ...... (2)
Similarly, If y = f(u) where u = g(v) and v = h(x) then
when ∈ ➝ 0 as ∆x ➝ 0 dy dy du dv ......
= • • (2)
dx du dv dx
The expression dy = f (x) dx ...... (3)
The results (1) and (2) are often called chain rules for
is called the differential of y = f(x).
differentiation.
The quantity dx, called the differential of x and dy need not be 5.3. Implicit differentiation : If a function in x and y is
small. given in such a way that y can not be expressed in terms of x
Because of definitions (1) and (3), we often write easily then y is called an implicit function. On the other hand if y
dy f(x + ∆x) – f(x) can be expressed in terms of x, then y is called an explicit
dx = f (x) = lim ∆x function of x.
∆x ➝ 0
If y is a function implicity defined by an equation f(x, y) = 0,
∆y dy
= lim ∆x the derivative dx can be found in two different ways.
∆x ➝ 0
dy
It is emphasized that dx and dy are not the limits of ∆x and ∆y (i) Solve the equation for y and calculate dx directly. This
as ∆x ➝ 0. Instead, dy is a dependent variable determined from method is usually impossible except very simple
the independent variable dx for a given x. equation.

2
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

(ii) Thinking of y as a function of x, differentiate each of both dy dx

Theorem–1. Prove that dx • dy = 1.
sides of the original equation f(x, y) = 0 and solve the
dy Proof : Let y = f1(x) be any differentiable function of x, on
resulting equation for dx . dy
differentiating which with respect to x we get dx .
5.4. Differentiation of parametric equation : If x and y are
And let x = f2(y) be any differentiable function of y, on
expressed in terms of a third variable (θ or t) then the variable is dx
called the parameter, equation containing parameter is known differentiating which with respect to y we get dy .
as parametric equation. If for a small increment δx to the value of x, the corresponding
If x = f(t), and y = g(t) is a parametric equation. increment to the value of y be δy, then from y = f1(x) ...... (i)
dy dy dx We get y + δy = f1(x + δx) ...... (ii)
@
Then the defferential co-efficient, dx = dt dt .
Subtracting (i) from (ii) we get δy = f1(x + δx) – f1(x)
5.5. Logarithmic differentiation : Dividing both sides by δx, we get
1. Take the logarithm of the given function. δy f 1(x + δx) – f1(x) ......
= (iii)
δx δx
2. Then differentiate
Also from definition we know
This method is useful for this function in which d f 1(x + δx) – f1(x)
dx {f 1 (x)} = lim δx
1. The base and index both are variables δx ➝ 0
dy δy
2. A number of functions are multiplied or divided. ∴ From (i) and (ii) we get dx = lim
δx ➝ 0
1 2
δx
Let y = uv
δx  1 
= lim 
dx
1 2
1
⇒ loge y = v loge u [Here u, v, are related to x] ∴ dy = lim = =
δy δy  lim δy
δy ➝ 0 
differentiate w. r. t. x., we get
δy ➝ 0 1 2 3
 δx  δy ➝ 0 δx1 24
d d 1
=
dx (loge y) dx (v loge u) = { δy → 0 when δx → 0
δy
d dy d
⇒ dy (loge y) • dx = dx (v loge u)
3 lim 1 24
δx ➝ 0
δx
dx 1 dx dy
1 dy d or, dy = dy or, dy • dx = 1.
⇒ y , dx = dx (v loge u)
1 2
dx
dy d
⇒ dx = y dx (v loge u) 5.6. Definitions and Notation :

dy d (i) First order derivative : If y = f(x) is a derivable function in a

⇒ dx = uv dx (v loge u) given interval of x, then the derivative of f(x) can be represent the
following notations–
Which is the required rules for differentiation of logarithm
dy
function. dx , f (x), y1, y , Dy, Df(x) etc.

3
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

dy y n = m(m – 1) (m – 2) ... {m – (n – 1)}xm–n when m ≥ n

(ii) Second order derivative : If dx is a derivable function in a

given interval of x, then it also is a function of x and can be = m(m – 1) (m – 2) ... (m – n + 1)xm–n

represented by the following notations. m(m – 1) (m – 2) ... (m – n + 1) (m – n)! m–n

= x
(m – n)!
d2y 2 2
dx2 , f (x), y2, y , D y, D f(x), etc. m(m – 1) (m – 2) ... (m – n + 1) (m – n) ... 3.2.1 m–n
= x
(m – n)!
Similarly, we can find the higher order derivative In general,
m! m–n , when m ≥ n.
=
the n-th derivative, of y = f(x) can be represented by the following (m – n)! x
notations–
Theorem–4. If y = (ax + b)n and n ∈ N, then show that
dn y n n
dxn , f (x), yn , D y etc. y n = n! an .

5.7. Some basic Theorems : Proof : y = (ax + b)n ⇒ y 1 = n(ax + b)n–1 . a

Theorem–2. If y = xn , n ∈ N, then show that yn = n!. y 2 = n(n – 1) (ax + b)n–2 a2 ⇒ y 3 = n(n – 1) (n – 2) (ax + b)n–3 a3
[NUH–2018, NU(Pass)–2016, DUH(Aff. Coll.)–2017] ... ... ... ...
d y n = n(n – 1) (n – 2) ... 3.2.1(ax + b)n–n an
Proof : y = xn ⇒ y1 = dx (xn ) = nxn–1

dy dy = n(n – 1) (n – 2) ... 3.2.1. an = n! an .

y 2 = dx1 = n(n – 1)xn–2 ⇒ y3 = dx2 = n(n – 1) (n – 2)xn–3
Theorem–5. If y = abx+c, then show that yn = abx+c(ln a)n bn .
... ... ... ...
Proof : y = abx+c ⇒ y1 = abx+c ln a.b
y n = n(n – 1) (n – 2) ... 3.2.1 xn–n
y 2 = abx+c(ln a)2 b2 ⇒ y 3 = ebx+c(ln a)3 b3
= n(n – 1) (n – 2) ... 3.2.1 = n! .
... ... ...
Theorem–3. If y = xm and m ∈ N, then show that
y n = abx+c(ln a)n bn .
(i) y n = 0 when n > m
Theorem–6. If y = ln (ax + b), then show that
m!
(ii) y n = (m – n)! xm–n , when n ≤ m
y n = (–1)n–1 (n – 1)! (ax + b)–n an .

Proof : (i) Since y = xm , so ym = m! [Thm –1] Proof : y = ln (ax + b) ⇒ y 1 = (ax + b)–1a

Thus y n = 0 when n > m. y 2 = (–1) (ax +b)–2a2 ⇒ y3 = (–1) (–2) (ax + b)–3 a3
(ii) y = xm ⇒ y1 = mxm–1 ... ... ...

y 2 = m(m – 1)xm–2 ⇒ y3 = m(m – 1) (m – 2)xm–3 y n = (–1) (–2) ... (–n + 1) (ax + b)–n an
... ... ... ... = (–1)n–1 (n – 1)! (ax + b)–n an .

4
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

Theorem–7. If y = sin(ax + b), then show that Theorem–9. If y = eax sin(bx + c), then show that
π
1 2 1
b
y n = an sin n 2 + ax + b . 2
y n = (a2 + b2)n/2eax sin bx + c + n tan–1 a .

Proof : y = sin(ax + b) Proof : y = eax sin(bx + c)

π
y 1 = a cos(ax + b) = a sin 2 + ax + b 1 2 y 1 = aeax sin(bx + c) + beax cos(bx + c)
= eax{a sin(bx + c) + b cos(bx + c)} ...... (1)
π π π
1 2
1
y 2 = a2 cos 2 + ax + b = a2 sin 2 + 2 + ax + b 2 Let a = r cos θ and b = r sin θ
π So that a2 + b2 = r2(cos2θ + sin2θ) = r2
= a sin 12 2 + ax + b2
2

b r sin θ
π π π ⇒ r = (a2 + b2)1/2 and a = = tan θ
r cos θ
y3 = a3 cos12 2 + ax + b2 = a sin 1 2 + 2 2 + ax + b2
3
b
⇒ θ = tan–1 a
π
= a sin 13 2 + ax + b23

So (1) ⇒ y1 = reax{cos θ sin(bx + c) + sin θ cos(bx + c)}

... ... ... ...
= reax sin(bx + c + θ)
π
1
y n = an sin n 2 + ax + b . 2 Similarly, we obtain

Theorem–8. If y = cos(ax + b), then show that y 2 = r2eax sin(bx + c + 2θ)

π
1 2 Proceeding in the similar manner, we get
y n = an cos n 2 + ax + b . [NUH(NM)–2013]
y n = rn eax sin(bx + c + nθ)
Proof : y = cos(ax + b)
1
b
π = (a2 + b2)n/2eax sin bx + c + n tan–1 a . 2
⇒ y 1 = – a sin(ax + b) = a cos 2 + ax + b 1 2 T h e o r e m – 1 0 . If y = eax cos(bx + c), then show that
π π π
1 2
y 2 = –a2 sin 2 + ax + b = a2 cos 2 + 2 + ax + b 2 1 1
b
2
y n = (a2 + b2)n/2eax cos bx + c + n tan–1 a .
π
= a cos12 2 + ax + b2
2
Proof : y = eax cos(bx + c)

π π π y 1 = aeax cos(bx + c) – beax sin(bx + c)

y 3 = – a3 sin 12 2 + ax + b2 = a cos 1 2 + 2 2 + ax + b2
3
= eax{a cos(bx + c) – b sin(bx + c)} ...... (1)
π
= a cos 13 2 + ax + b2
3
Let a = r cos θ and b = r sin θ

... ... ... ... So that a2 + b2 = r2(cos2θ + sin2θ) = r2 ⇒ r = (a2 + b2)1/2

π b r sin θ b
1
y n = an cos n 2 + ax + b . 2 and a =
r cos θ
= tan θ ⇒ θ = tan–1 a

5
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

So (1) ⇒ y1 = reax{cos θ cos(bx + c) – sin θ sin(bx + c)} d

16. dx (sec x) = sec x tan x
= reax cos(bx + c + θ)
d
Similarly y 2 = r2eax cos(bx + c + 2θ) 17. dx (cosec x) = – cosec x cot x

Proceeding in a similar manner, we obtain d 1

18. dx (sin–1 x) =
y n = rn eax cos(bx + c + nθ) 1 – x2
d 1
1
b
2
= (a2 + b2)n/2eax cos bx + c + n tan–1 a . 19. dx (cos–1 x) = –
1 – x2
d 1
5.8. Some Rules for Differentiation : 20. dx (tan–1 x) = 1 + x2
d ... = d d
1. + ... d 1
dx (u + v + ) dx (u) dx (v) + (Sum rule)
21. dx (cot–1 x) = – 1 + x2
d d d
2. = –
dx (u – v) dx (u) dx (v) (Difference rule) d 1
22. dx (sec–1 x) =
d dv du x x2 – 1
3. dx (uv) = u dx + v dx (Product rule) d 1
23. dx (cosec–1 x) = –
du dv x x2 – 1
d u v dx – u dx
12
4,. dx v = v2 (Quotient rule) d
24. dx (sinh x) = cosh x
d dw du dv d
5. dx (uvw) = uv dx + vw dx + uw dx 25. dx (cosh x) = sinh x
d n n–1 d
6. dx (x ) = nx (Power rule) 26. dx (tanh x) = sech2 x
d d
7. dx (c) = 0 (c = constant) 27. dx (coth x) = – coth x • cosech x
d 1 d
8. =
dx (loge x) x 28. dx (sech x) = – tanh x • sech x.
d 1 d 1
9. =
dx (loga x) x loga e 29. dx (sinh –1 x) =
1 + x2
d
10. dx (ex) = ex d 1
30. dx (cosh–1 x) =
d x2 – 1
11. dx (ax) = ax loge a
d 1
d 31. dx (tanh–1 x) = 1 – x 2
13. dx (sin x) = cos x
d 1
d 32. dx (coth–1 x) = x 2 – 1
14. dx (cos x) = – sin x
d 1
d 33. dx (sech–1 x) =
14. dx (tan x) = sec2x x x2 – 1
d d 1
15. dx (cot x) = – cosec2x 34. dx (cosech–1 x) = –
x 1 – x2

6
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

SOLVED EXAMPLES (c) Given function y = 10log sin x

⇒ y = 10z [when z = log sin x]

Example–1. Find the differentiate co-efficient of the
following functions w. r. t. x : dy dz d
∴ dz = 10z loge 10 and dx = dx (log sin x)
(a) y = loga x + logx a [NUH–17] (b) y = esin x • sin ax
1 d
=
4 x sin x dx (sin x)
•

(c) y = 10log sin x (d) y = tan–1 1 – 4x

1
=
sin x cos x
1
a + b cos x
2
•
(e) y = sin–1 b + a cos x (f) y = sin2(log x2)
dz
(g) y = x sec x log(xex) (h) y = cos–1 {2x (1 – x 2)} ∴ dx = cot x

(i) y = {1 + tan(1 + x)} 1/3 (j) y = {a 2 – b 2 cos2(log x)} dy dy dz

∴ dx = dz • dx
a + b cos x
(k) y = cos–1 b + a cos x [NU(Pass)–2015]
= 10z loge 10 • cot x
Solution : (a) Given function y = loga x + logx a ...... (1) dy
We know that loga x = log a e log e x ∴ dx = 10log sin x • log e 10 • cot x

log e a  ...... (*)
and loga x = log x
e  4 x
(d) given function y = tan–1 1 – 4x ...... (1)
log a
∴ (1) ⇒ y = logae loge x + log e x [using *]
e Let, 2 x = tan θ
dy d
1
log e a
∴ dx = dx log ae loge x + log x
e 2 ∴ θ = tan–1 (2 x)
d d 2 tan θ
= logae dx (loge x) + loge a dx [(loge x)–1] ∴ (1) ⇒ y = tan–1
1 – tan2θ
1 d
= logae • x + loge a • (– 1) (loge x)–2 dx (loge x) = tan–1 tan 2θ

dy 1 log a = 2θ
∴ dx = x logae – x(loge x)2
e
= 2 tan–1 (2 x)
(b) Given function y = esin xsin• ax
dy d
dy d sin x ∴ dx = dx [2 tan–1 (2 x)]
∴ dx = dx (e • sin ax)

d d 1 d
=2•
= esin x dx (sin ax) + sin ax dx (esin x ) 1 + (2 x) 2 dx (2 x)
d d dy 1 1
= esin x • cos ax dx (ax) + sin ax esin x • dx (sin x) ⇒ dx = 2 • 1 + 4x • 2 •
2 x
= esin x cos ax • axlog e a + sin ax • esin x • cos x
dy 2
dy ∴ dx = .
∴ dx = esin x [ax log e a cos ax + cos x sin ax]. x (1 + 4x)

7
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

dy dy dz
1
a + b cos x
(e) Given function y = sin–1 b + a cos x ...... (1) 2 Therefore, dx = dz • dx

a + b cos x – (b + a cos x) (b2 – a 2) sin x

Let, z = b + a cos x = •
2
b2 – a 2 sin x (b + a cos x)
∴ (1) ⇒ y = sin–1 z (b2 – a 2)
= – (b + a cos x), when b > a.
dy d
∴ dz = dz (sin–1 z)
(f) Given function y = sin2(log x2)
1
= ⇒ y = sin2z where z = log x2 = 2 log x
1 – z2 dy d
∴ dz = dz (sin2z)
1
=
  a + b cos x  2  = 2 sin z cos z
1–  
  b + a cos x   = sin 2z
= sin 2(log x2)
b + a cos x
= dz d
(b + a cos x)2 – (a + b cos x)2 and dx = dx (2 log x)
b + a cos x 1
= =2•x
(b2 + 2ab cos x + a2 cos2x – a2 – 2ab cos x – b 2 cos2x)
b + a cos x 2
= =
x
{(b 2 – a 2) – (b 2 – a 2) cos2x}
dy dy dz
dy b + a cos x Therefore, dx = dz • dx
⇒ dz =
{(b 2 – a 2) (1 – cos2x)} 2
= sin 2(og x2) • x
b + a cos x
= dy 2
(b2 – a 2) sin2x ∴ dx = x sin 2(log x2).
b + a cos x
= (g) Given function y = x sec x log(xex)
(b2 – a 2) sin x
dy d
dz d a + b cos x ⇒ dx = dx (x sec x log(xex)}
1
and dx = dx b + a cos x 2 d d
(b + a cos x) (– b sin x) – (a + b cos x) (– a sin x) = x sec x dx {log(xex)} + log(xex) dx (x sec x)
=
(b + a cos x)2 1 d
5
d d
=
– b 2 sin x – ab sin x • cos x + a2 sin x + ab sin x • cos x 6
= x sec x • xex • dx (xex) + log(xex) x dx (sec x) + sec x dx (x)
(b + a cos x)2 sec x
= x (xex + ex • 1) + loge (xex) (x sec x tan x + sec x)
– sin x(b2 – a 2) e
=
(b + a cos x)2 = sec x(x + 1) + sec x log(xex) (1 + x tan x)
(b2 – a 2) sin x dy
= – (b + a cos x)2 ∴ dx = sec x {(x + 1) + log(xex) (1 + x tan x)}.

8
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

dz d
(h) Given function y = cos–1 {2x 1 – x 2} ...... (1) and dx = dx (a2 – b2 cos2(loge x)}
Let, x = sin 2θ d
= 0 – 2b2 cos(log e x) dx (cos loge x)
∴ θ = sin–1 x
d
∴ (1) ⇒ y = cos–1 {2 sin θ 1 – sin2θ} = 2b2 cos(log e x) • sin(loge x) • dx (loge x)

= cos–1 [2 sin θ cos θ] 1

= 2b2 cos(loge x) sin(loge x) • x
= cos–1 sin 2θ 1
= b2 [2 sin(loge x) cos(loge x)] • x
π π
1
= cos–1 cos 2 – 2θ = 2 – 2θ 2 =
b2 sin(2 loge x)
π x
⇒ y = 2 – 2 sin–1 x
dy dy dz
Therefore, dx = dz • dx
dy d π
1
∴ dx = dx 2 – 2 sin–1 x 2 =
1
•
b2 sin(2 loge x)
2 {a 2 – b 2 cos2(loge x)} x
1
=0–2• dy b2 sin(2 loge x)
1 – x2 ∴ dx = .
dy –2 2x {a 2 – b 2 cos2(log x)}
e
∴ dx = . a + b cos x
(1 – x 2) (k) y = cos–1 b + a cos x
(i) Given function y = {1 + tan(1 + x)} 1/3 a + b cos x
Let z = b + a cos x
⇒ y = z1/3 where z = 1 + tan(1 + x)
∴ (1) ⇒ y = cos–1 z
dy 1 1
∴ dz = 3z2/3 = dy d
3{1 + tan(1 + x)} 2/3 ⇒ dz = dz (cos–1 z)
dz d sec2(1 + x) –1
and dx = 0 + sec2 (1 + x) dx (1 + x) = =
2 x 1 – z2
dy dy dz –1
Therefore, dx = dz • dx =
  a + b cos x  
2
1 –  
1 sec2(1 + x)   b + a cos x  
= •
2/3
3{1 + tan(1 + x)} 2 x – (b + a cos x)
=
dy sec2 (1 + x) (b + a cos x)2 – (a + b cos x)2
∴ dx = . – (b + a cos x)
6 x {1 + tan(1 + x)} 2/3 =
{(b – a 2) – (b 2 – a 2) cos2 x
2
(j) Given function y = {a 2 – b 2 cos2(log x)} – (b + a cos x)
=
⇒ y = z when z = a2 – b2 cos2(log x) (b2 – a 2) (1 – cos2 x)
dy 1 1 – (b + a cos x)
∴ dz = = =
2 z 2 {a 2 – b 2 cos2(loge x)} (b2 – a 2) sin2 x

9
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

dy – (b + a cos x)
∴ dz = 1 + x2
Example–4. Differentiate (x2 + 1) sin –1x + e with respect
b2 – a 2 sin x
dz d a + b cos x to x.
1
and dx = dx b + a cos x 2 1 + x2
– b 2 sin x – ab sinx cos x + a2 sin x + ab sin x cosx Solution : Let y = (x2 + 1) sin–1x + e
= (b + a cos x)2
2 2
Differentiating w. r. to x, we get
– sin x (b – a )
= (b + a cos x)2 dy d d 2 d 1 + x2
2 –1 –1 +
dy dy dz dx = (x + 1) dx sin x + sin x dx (x + 1) dx e
Therefore, dx = dz • dx
x2 + 1 1 + x2 d
= + 2x sin–1x + e 2
– (b + a cos x) – sin x (a2 – b 2) 1– x2 dx ( 1 + x )
= • 2
b2 – a 2 sin x (b + a cos x)
x2 + 1 1 + x2 1 d
= + 2x sin–1x + e . (1 + x2)
b2 –a2
= (b + a cos x), when b > a. 1– x2 2 1 +x2 dx
1 + x2
Example–2. Differentiate (a2/3 – x2/3)3/2 with respect to x. x2 + 1 xe
= + 2x sin–1x + .
Solution : Let y = (a2/3 – x2/3)3/2 1 – x2 1 + x2
= z3/2 ...... (1) where z = a2/3 – x2/3 ...... (2)
dy 3 3 Example–5. x ex sec x with respect to x.
Differentiating (1) w. r. to z, we get dz = 2 z1/2 = 2 (a2/3 – x2/3)1/2
Solution : Let y = x ex sec x
dz 2 2
Differentiating (2) w. r. to x, we get dx = 0 – 3 x–1/3 = – 3x1/3
Differentiating w. r. to x, we get
dy dy dz 3 (a2/3 – x2/3)1/2
1
2
2
∴ dx = dz . dx = 2 (a2/3 – x2/3)1/2 – 3x1/3 = – x 1/3 . dy d x x
d
dx = x dx (e sec x) + e sec x dx ( x)
Example–3. Differentiate tan(ln sin e x) with respect to x.
 d d  1
x = x ex dx (sec x) + sec x dx (ex) + ex sec x.
Solution : Let y = tan(ln sin e )   2 x
dy d
Differentiating w. r. to x, we get dx = dx tan(ln sin e x) ex sec x
= x (ex. sec x. tan x + sec x. ex) +
d 2 x
= sec2 (ln sine x) dx ln sin e x
1
1
= sec2(ln sin e x) .
1 d
(sin e x)
= ex sec x x tan x + x+
2 x 2
x dx
sin e ex sec x(2x tan x + 2x + 1)
1 d = .
= sec2(ln sin e x). . cos e x dx (e x) 2 x
x
sin e
d Example–6. Differentiate ln { (1 + ln x) – sin x} with
= sec2(ln sin e x). cot(e x) e x. dx ( x)
respect to x.
1
= sec2(ln sin e x). cot (e x). e x . .
2 x Solution : Let y = ln { (1 + ln x) – sin x}

10
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

Differentiating w. r. to x, we get Then y = u + v

dy 1 d dy du dv
= {( (1 + ln x) – sin x} ∴ dx = dx + dx
dx (1 + ln x) – sin x dx

1  1 d  Taking logarithm on both sides of (1)

= (1 + ln x) – cos x

(1 + ln x) – sin x  2 (1 + ln x) dx  log e u = loge x • loge x

1  1  ⇒ loge u = (loge x)2

= – cos x 

(1 + ln x) – sin x  2x (1 + ln x)  Now, Differentiating with respect to x
1 du 1
Example–7. Find the differential coefficient of the following u dx = 2 loge x x
• •

functions w. r. t. x du
1
2 log e x
(a) y = xxx (b) y = xloge x + xcos –1x
⇒ dx = u x 2
2 log e x
x3 x2 + 4 = xloge x •
(c) y = (d) y = (2x + x2)f(x) x
x2 + 3 2
= loge x • xloge x
(e) y = (x2 + 1)tan –1x loge (1 + sin2x) x
Again, Taking loge on both sides of (2)
(f) (cos x)x+y = sin3x (g) y = x(loge x)loge loge x
log e v = cos–1 x loge x
(h) y = xx + x1/x (i) y = (sin x)cos x + (cos x)sin x
Differentiating with respect to x
[NUH–16, NUH(NM)–16, NU(Pass)–15]
1 dv –1 •
1 –1
Solution : (a) y = xxx ...... (1) v dx = cos x x + loge x 1 – x 2
• •

Taking loge on both sides of (1), we get dv cos–1x log e x

log e y = xx log e x ...... (2)
⇒ dx = v x 3 –
1 – x2 4
cos–1 x
3
log e x
Again, Taking loge on both sides of (2)
log e (loge y) = x loge x + loge (loge x)
= cos–1 x x –
1 – x2 4
dy 2 cos–1 x
3
log x
Now, Differentiating with respect to x ∴ dx = x loge x • xloge x + xcos –1 x x
–
1 – x2 4
1 1 dy
1
1
2
1 1
+
log e y y dx = x x + loge x log e x x
• • • •
x3 x 2 + 4 ......
(c) y = (1)
dy
3
1
4 x2 + 3
⇒ dx = y loge y 1 + loge x + x log x
e
Taking loge on both sides of (1)
dy
3
1
x
∴ dx = xx • xx log e x 1 + loge x + x log x .
e 4 log e y = loge
x3
1
x2 + 4
2
x2 + 3
(b) y = xloge x + xcos –1x
= loge x3 + loge x 2 + 4 – loge x 2 + 3
Let, u = xloge x ...... (1) and
1 1
v = xcos –1x ...... (2) ⇒ log e y = 3 loge x + 2 loge (x2 + 4) – 2 loge (x2 + 3)

11
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

Now, Differentiating w. r. t. x (f) (cos x)x+y = sin3x ...... (1)

1 dy 1 1 1 1 1
+ •
y dx = 3 x 2 x 2 + 4 2x – 2 x 2 + 3 2x
• • • • • Taking loge on both sides of (1)
3 x x (x + y) loge (cos x) = 3 loge (sin x)
= + 2
x x + 4 – x2 + 3
Now, differentiate w. r. t. x
dy
1
3 x x
⇒ dx = y x + x 2 + 4 – x 2 + 3 2 1 dy
3
3
4
(x + y) • cos x • (– sin x) + loge (cos x) 1 + dx = sin x • cos x
3x4 + 21x2 + 36 + x4 + 3x2 – x4 – 4x 2
=y 3 x(x 2 + 3) (x2 + 4) 4 dy
⇒ loge (cos x) dx = 3 cot x + (x + y) tan x – loge (cos x)
dy x 3 x 2 + 4 3x4 + 20x2 + 36
∴ dx = 3
2 2
x 2 + 3 x(x + 3) (x + 4) 4 dy 3 cot x + (x + y) tan x – loge (cos x)
∴ dx = log e (cos x) .

(d) y = (2x + x2)f(x) ...... (1) (g) y = x(loge x)loge loge x ...... (1)
Taking loge on both sides of (1) Taking loge on both sides of (1)
log e y = f(x) loge (2x + x2)
log e y = (loge x)loge loge x loge x
Now, differentiating w. r. t. x
Now, Differentiate w. r. t. x
1 dy x 2
1 x
y dx = f (x) loge (2 + x ) + f(x) 2x + x2 (2 loge 2 + 2x)
• • •
1 dy log log x
d d log log x .... (2)
y dx = (loge x) e e dx (loge x) + loge x dx (loge x) e e
•

dy
3
f(x)
⇒ dx = y f (x) loge (2x + x2) + 2x + x2 (2x loge 2 + 2x) 4 Let, z = (loge x)loge loge x
dy f(x) (2 x log e 2 + 2x)
3
∴ dx = (2x + x2)f(x) f (x) loge (2x + x2) + 2x + x2 4. ⇒ log z = loge loge x loge loge x = (loge loge x)2 ...... (3)

(e) y = (x2 + 1)tan –1x log(1 + sin2x) ...... (1) Differentiate (3) w. r. t. x
1 dz 1 1
Taking loge on both sides of (1)
z dx = 2 loge (loge x) log e x x
• •

log e y = tan–1 x loge (x2 + 1) + loge {loge (1 + sin2x)} dz 2z log e (log e x)

⇒ dx =
Now, Differentiating w. r. t. x x loge x
1 dy –1 •
1 2
1 2(log e x)loge loge x log e (loge x)
y dx = tan x x 2 + 1 2x + log(x + 1) 1 + x2
• • • =
x loge x
1 1 1 dy 1
+
log(1 + sin2x) 1 + sin 2x 2 sin x cos x ∴ (2) ⇒ y • dx = x (loge x)loge loge x + 2 loge x
• •

dy 2x tan –1 x log e (x2 + 1)

3
sin 2x
⇒ dx = y x2 + 1
+
x2 + 1
+
(1 + sin 2x) log(1 + sin2x) 4 •
(loge x)loge loge x
x loge x
• log log x
e e

dy 2x tan –1 x log(x2 + 1)
∴ dx = (x2 + 1)tan –1 x loge (1 + sin2x) 3 x2 + 1
+
x2 + 1
dy 1
3
⇒ dx = y x (loge x)loge loge x (1 + 2 loge loge x) 4
sin 2x
+
(1 + sin 2x) loge (1 + sin 2x) 4 dy 1
∴ dx = x(loge x)loge loge x • x (loge x)log loge x[1 + 2 loge loge x]

12
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

(h) y = xx + x1/x Differentiate w. r. t. x

1 du cos x
Let u = xx ...... (1) and v = x1/x ...... (2) u dx = cos x sin x – sin x log e (sin x)
• •

Then y = u + v du
⇒ dx = u[cos x • cot x – sin x loge (sin x)]
dy du dv
∴ dx = dx + dx ...... (3) = (sin x)cos x [cos x • cot x – sin x loge (sin x)]
Taking loge on both sides of (1) Again, Taking loge on both sides of (2)

log e u = x loge x log e v = sin x loge (cos x)

Differentiate w. r. t. x
Differentiate w. r. t. x
1 dv
1
– sin x
1 du
•
1
u dx = x x + log x 1
•
2
v dx = sin x cos x + cos x loge (cos x)
dv
du ⇒ dx = v[– sin x tan x + cos x loge (cos x)]
⇒ dx = u(1 + log x)
= (cos x)sin x [– sin x tan x + cos x loge (cos x)]
= xx(1 + log x) dy
∴ (3) ⇒ dx = (sin x)cos x [cos x cot x – sin x loge (sin x)]
Again, Taking loge on both sides of (2)
+ (cos x)sin x [– sin x tan x + cos x loge (cos x)]
1
log v = x loge x dy
Example–8. Find dx of the followings.
Differentiate w. r. t. x (i) y = tan(ln x2)
1 dv 1 1
1 2
1
1 2
= • – a+ x
v dx x x + log x x 2 (ii) y = tan–1 1 – ax

⇒ dx = v 3x – x log x4
dv 1 1
11 – tan x2
2 2 e
1 + tan x
(iii) y = tan–1
1
11 + sin x 2
= x1/x • x 2 [1 – loge x] cos x
(iv) y = tan–1
dy 1 [NUH(NM)–09, BSc(Pass)–2011, DUH–05, 06]
∴ (3) ⇒ dx = xx(1 + loge x) + x1/x x 2 (1 – loge x).
1/4

1
1+ x
2
1
(v) y = ln 1 – x – –1 2
(i) y = (sin x)cos x + (cos x)sin x 2 tan x
2 x2 + 3
Let u = (sin x)cos x ...... (1) and v = (cos x)sin x ...... (2) (vi) y = ecosec [NUH(NM)–2007]
Then y = u + v (vii) y = x tan x
0 0 [NUH(NM)–2012]
dy du dv (viii) y = tan ln sin (e ) x2 [NUH–2013]
∴ dx = dx + dx ...... (3)
3/2

5 1
x–1
Taking loge on both sides of (1) (ix) y = ln ex x + 1 2 6 [NUH(NM)–2012]

log e u = cos x loge (sin x) (x) y = logcos x (tan 2 2x) [NUH–2014]

13
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

Solution : (i) y = tan(ln x2), x with respect to x Differentiating w. r. to x, we get

dy d dy 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 2
dx dx {tan(ln x )} = + –
dx 4 . 1 + x 4 . 1 – x 2 . 1 + x4 . 2x
d 1 2 x 1 x
= sec2(ln x2) dx (ln x2) = . – = –
4 1 – x 2 1 + x4 2(1 – x 2) 1 + x4 .
2 2 sec2 (ln x2)
= sec2 (ln x2). x = . 2 x2 + 3
x (vi) y = ecosec

1
a+ x
2 Differentiating w. r. to x, we get
(ii) y = tan–1 1 – ax = tan–1a + tan–1x
dy cosec 2 x2 + 3 d 2 2
Differentiating w. r. to x, we get dx = e dx (cosec x + 3)
dy d 1 2 x2 + 3
= –1 –1 = = ecosec (– 2 cosec x 2 + 3 • cosec x2 + 3
dx dx (tan a + tan x) 1 + x2 .
•

d
π cot x 2 + 3) dx ( x 2 + 3)
1
1 + tan x
2
•

(iii) y = tan–1 –1 –1 =
1 – tan x = tan (1) + tan (tan x) 4 + x 2 x2 + 3 x
dy = – 2ecosec cosec2 x 2 + 3 • cot x2 + 3 •
Differentiating w. r. to x, we get dx = 1 . x2 + 3

 sin π – x 

(vii) y = x0 tan x0

 cos x   2   =
πx πx
180 tan 180 { x 180 c
0=
πx
3 4
(iv) y = tan–1  1 + sin x  = tan  –1

  1 + cos π2 – x dy π
3 1
d πx πx d
2 4
   ∴ dx = 180 x dx tan 180 + tan 180 • dx (x)

π πx π πx
2 sin π – x cos π – x = 31 2
2
180 x sec 180 180 + tan 180
•
4
  4 2  4 2 
= tan–1   =
π 2 0
180 [x sec x + tan x ]
0 0

 π x
2 cos  4 2 
 
– 2
  (viii) y = tan ln sin (ex2)
Differentiating w. r. to x, we get
 π x π x
= tan–1 tan  4 – 2  = 4 – 2 dy 1
   2 x2 • x2 • x2 •
dx = sec ln sin(e ) sin(ex2) cos(e ) e 2x
•

dy 1
Differentiating w. r. to x, we get dx = – 2 . = 2xex2 cot(ex2) • sec2 ln sin (ex2).
  x – 1  3/2
1/4

1
1+ x
2
1
(v) y = ln 1 – x – –1 2
2 tan x (ix) y = ln ex  x + 1  
   
1
1
1+ x
2
1 3 3
= – –1 2
4 ln 1 – x 2 tan x = lnex + 2 ln(x – 1) – 2 ln(x + 1)

1 1 1 3 3
= 4 ln (1 + x) – 4 ln (1 – x) – 2 tan–1 x2 = x + 2 ln(x – 1) – 2 ln(x + 1)

14
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

dy 3 1 3 1
∴ dx = 1 + 2 . x – 1 – 2 . x + 1 (b) x = y loge (xy)

2(x2 – 1) + 3x + 3 – 3x + 3 ⇒ x = y[loge x + loge y] ...... (1)

=
2(x – 1) (x + 1)
Differentiate (1) w. r. t. x
2x2 – 2 + 6 2x2 + 4 x 2 + 2
= = =
2(x2 – 1) 2(x2 – 1) x 2 – 1 . dy
1
1 1 dy
(x) y = logcos x (tan22x)
1 = (loge x + loge x) dx + y x + y dx 2
ln tan 22x 2 ln tan 2x dy y dy
= = ⇒ 1 = loge (xy) dx + x + dx .
ln cos x ln cos x
d d dy y
⇒ dx [1 + loge (xy)] = 1 – x
dy 2 ln cos x dx (ln tan 2x) – 2 ln tan 2x dx (ln cos x)
•

∴ dx = (ln cos x)2

dy  { x = y loge (xy) 
1
x x–y
1 1
4 ln cos x tan 2x sec22x – 2 ln tan 2x cos x (– sin x)
• • • 2
⇒ dx 1 + y = x  x 
 ⇒ log e (xy) = y 
=
(ln cos x)2
dy y + x x – y
=2 •
2
2cot 2x sec 2x ln cos x + tan x ln tan 2x
• •

(ln cos x)2

•
⇒ dx 1y = x2
dy y(x – y)
Example–9. Find the differential co-efficient of the ∴ dx = x(x + y) .
following functions w. r. t. x
(c) (x + y)x+y = xy yx
(a) loge (xy) = x2 + y2 (b) x = y loge (xy)
y x ⇒ e(x+y)ln(x+y) = eylnx + exlny [{ elnx = x]
(c) (x + y)x+y = xy + yx (d) + =3
x y Differentiate w. r. t. x

31
dy
2
1
1
dy
(e) y = x x x ...... ∞ (f) exy – 4xy = 1 e(x+y) ln(x+y) 1 + dx ln(x + y) + (x + y) • x + y • 1 + dx 24
(g) x cos y = sin(x + y)

1
1 dy
2 1
1 dy
Solution : (a) loge (xy) = x2 + y2 2
=eylnx y • x + ln x dx + exlny x • y dx + ln y

⇒ loge x + loge y = x2 + y2 ...... (1)

311 + dx2 ln(x + y) + 1 + dx4 = x 1x + ln x dx2
dy dy y dy
⇒ (x + y)(x+y) y
Differentiate (1) w. r. t. x

+ y 1y dx + ln y2
1 1 dy dy x dy
x
+ •
x y dx = 2x + 2y dx

1
1
2
dy 1 dy
⇒ y – 2y dx = 2x – x ⇒ [(x + y)x+y {ln(x + y) + 1} – xy ln x – xyx–1] dx = yxy–1

(1 – 2y 2) dy 2x2 – 1
⇒ • = + yx ln y - (x + y)x+y – (x + y)x+y ln (x + y)
y dx x
2
dy y(2x – 1) dy yx y–1 + yxlny – (x + y)x+y – (x + y)x+y ln(x + y)
⇒ dx = x(1 – 2y2) . ∴ dx = (x + y) x+y {ln(x + y) + 1} – xy ln x – xyx–1

15
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

dy y – (e xy – 4)
y x y x ⇒ dx = x • (exy – 4)
(d) + =3⇒ + =3
x y x y dy y
∴ dx = – x .
⇒ y+x=3 xy
⇒ (x + y)2 = 9xy ...... (1) (g) x cos y = sin(x + y) ...... (1)
Differentiate (1) w. r. t. x
Differentiate (1) w. r. t. x
d d
=
1
dy
2 1
dy
2(x + y) 1 + dx = 9 x dx + y • 1 2 dx (x cos y) dx {sin(x + y)}
dy
1
dy
dy
⇒ (2x + 2y – 9x) dx = 9y – 2x – 2y
⇒ cos y – x sin y dx = cos(x + y) 1 + dx 2
dy
dy 7y – 2x ⇒ [cos(x + y) + x sin y] dx = cos y – cos(x + y)
⇒ dx = 2y – 7x .
dy cos y – cos(x + y)
∴ dx = cos(x + y) + x sin y .
(e) y = x x x ...... ∞  1 x
Example–10. Find the derivative of  1 + x  + x1/x w.r. to x.
 
⇒ y= x x x x ...... ∞
 1 x
Solution : Let y =  1 + x  + x1/x
 
⇒ y= xy 3{ x x x ...... ∞ = y 4
dy d  1 x d
⇒ y2 = xy ...... (1) Differentiating w. r. to x, we get dx = dx  1 + x  + dx x1/x
 
Now, Differentiate (1) w. r. t. x
 1 x d   1  d 1 
dy dy =  1 + x  dx x ln  1 + x   + x1/x dx  x ln x
2y dx = x dx + y       
dy  1 x  d  1  1 d 
⇒ dx (2y – x) = y =  1 + x  x dx ln  1 + x  + ln  1 + x  dx (x)
       
d 1 
dy y 1 d
⇒ dx = 2y – x . + x1/x x dx (ln x) + ln x dx  x  
  
(f) exy – 4xy = 1 ...... (1)
 1 x 
 d  1  1  
= 1 + x    1 + x  
1
  1 dx  1 x  + ln
x. +
Differentiate (1) w. r. t. x   
d d  1+x 
exy dx (xy) – 4 dx (xy) = 0
1 1  1 
+ x1/x x . x + ln x  – x 2 
 
1
dy
2 1
dy
⇒ exy x dx + y – 4 x dx + y = 0 2  1 x  x2  1  1 

1 1 
dy =  1 + x  x + 1 .  – x 2 + ln  1 + x   + x1/x x 2 – x 2 ln x 
⇒ (exy – 4)x dx = 4y – yexy = y(4 – exy )         
 1 x  1  1   1 – ln x 
dy y (4 – exy ) =  1 + x  – x + 1 + ln  1 + x   + x1/x  x 2  .
⇒ dx = x (exy – 4)       

16
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

Example–11. Find the derivative of (sin x)ln x + sin2(cos–1x)  sec2x 

= (tan x)cot x –cosec 2x. ln tan x + cot x. tan x 
w. r. to x. [NUH–2007, NUH(NM)–2009]  

Solution : Let y = (sin x)ln x + sin2(cos–1x)  –cosec 2x 

+ (cot x)tanx sec2x. ln cot x + tan x.
 cot x 
= (sin x)ln x + 1 – cos2(cos–1x)
= (tan x)cot x(1 – ln tan x) cosec2 x + (cot x) tan x(ln cot x – 1)sec2 x.
= (sin x)ln x + 1 – x2.
–1x 1 + x2
Example–14. Differentiate (x 2 + 1)sin +e w. r. to x.
Differentiating w. r. to x, we get
–1x 1 + x2
dy ln x d Solution : Let y = (x2 + 1)sin +e
dx = (sin x) dx {ln x. ln (sin x)} – 2x Differentiating w. r. to x, we get
1  dy 2 + 1)sin –1x
d –1x. ln (x 2 + 1)} + e 1 + x
2 d
2
= (x {sin
= (sin x)ln x  x ln (sin x) + cot x ln x  – 2x. dx dx dx ( 1 + x )
 
2x 1
= (x2 + 1)sin x sin –1x. x 2 + 1 + . ln (x 2 + 1)
–1
dy
Example–12. If (cos x)y + (sin y)x = 0, find dx .  1 – x2 
1 + x2 1
Solution : (cos x)y + (sin y)x = 0 +e . 2x
2 1 + x2
d d
Differentiating w. r. to x, we get dx (cos x)y + dx (sin y)x = 0 –1x 2x sin–1x ln (x 2 + 1) x 1 + x2
= (x2 + 1)sin  x2 + 1 + + .e .
 1– x2  1+ x2
d d
or (cos x)y dx {y ln (cos x)} + (sin y)x dx {x ln (sin y)} = 0  n  nx  x dy
Example–15. If y =  x   1 + ln n  find dx . [NUH–2007]
dy –sin x     
or (cos x)y  dx ln cos x + y. cos x   n  nx  x
  Solution : y =  x   1 + ln n 
   
 cos y dy 
+ (sin y)x ln sin y + x. sin y . dx = 0 Differentiating w. r. to x, we get
 
dy  n  nx d  x  x  d  n  nx
dy
or dx [(cos x)y l s x + (sin y)x. x cot y] =  
dx  x  dx   1 + ln  +
n   1 + ln n  dx  x 

= (cos x)y. y tan con x – (sin y)x. ln sin y  n  nx d  x   n  nx d  n 

=  x  dx (1 + ln x – ln n) +  1 + ln n   x  dx nx ln  x 
dy (cos x)yy tan x – (sin y)x. ln sin y        
∴ dx = (cos x)y. ln cos x + (sin y)x.x cot y .  n  nx 1  x   n  nx
=  x  . x +  1 + ln n  .  x 
dy      
Example–13. If y = (tan x)cot x + (cot x)tan x , find dx .
n 
 d 
 x  + nx dx (ln n – ln x)
n ln
[DUH(Aff. Coll.)–2018, JUH–2007]   

Solution : y = (tan x)cot x + (cot x)tan x n  1 

nx
x  n   nx
n   1 
=  x  x +  1 + ln n  .  x  n ln  x  + nx.  – x  
          
Differentiating w. r. to x, we get
1 n   x  n  n 
nx nx
 
dy d d =   +  1 + ln    . nln   – 1  .
dx = (tan x)
cot x
dx {cot x ln tan x} + (cot x)
tan x
dx {tan x ln cot x} x x   n x   x  

17
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

 a + x  a+b+2x  q p + q  dy p + q p
Example–16. If f(x) =  b + x then show that
  or  y – x + y  dx = x + y – x
 a b2 – a 2  a  a+b dy
f (0) =  2 ln b + ab   b  or (qx + qy – py – qy) dx = px + qx – px – py
  
dy
 a + x  a+b+2x or x(qx – py) dx = y(qx – py)
Solution : f(x) =  b + x
 
dy y
Differentiating w. r. to x, we get or dx = x .

 a + x  a+b+2x d  a + x  Example–18. Find the derivative of xy + yx = ab w. r. to x.

f (x) =  b + x  . dx (a + b + 2x) ln  b + x 
    
[NUH–2007, 2010(Old), 2012, NUH(NM)–2009, 2016]
a + x  a+b+2x
 a+x d a + x 
=  b + x . 2 ln b + x + (a + b + 2x) dx ln  b + x  Solution : x y + yx = ab, differentiating w. r. to x, we get
    
d d
 a + x  a+b+2x x y dx (y ln x) + yx dx (x ln y) = 0
=  b + x
 
1
y dy
2 1
x dy

×  2 ln b + x + (a + b + 2x) dx {ln (a + x) – ln (b + x)}
a+ x d  or xy x + dx . ln x + yx y . dx + ln y = 0 2
  dy
or (yx y–1 + yx ln y) + (xy ln x + xyx–1) dx = 0
 a + x  a+b+2x   1 1 
2 ln b + x + (a + b + 2x)  a + x – b + x 
a+x
=  b + x 
     dy yx y–1 + yx ln y
∴ dx = – x y ln x + xy x–1 .
 a + x  a+b+2x  
2 ln b + x + (a + b + 2x). (a + x) (b + x)
a+ x b–a
=  b + x 
    Example–19. Find the differentiate co-efficient of the
following functions w. r. t. x :
 a  a+b  b – a
Therefore f (0) =  b   2 ln b + (a + b) . ab 
a
1 – t2 2t
    (a) x = 1 + t2 , y = 1 + t2
 a b2 – a 2  a  a+b
=  2 ln b + ab   b  . (b) x = loge t + sin t, y = et + cos t
  
dy y 2t 2t
Example–17. If x p yq = (x + y)p+q prove that dx = x . (c) x = sin–1 1 + t2 , y = tan–1 1 – t 2

Proof : x p yq = (x + y)p+q. (d) x = a(θ + sin θ), y = a(1 – cos θ)

Taking log on both sides, we get 3at 3at2
(e) x = 1 + t3 , y = 1 + t3
p ln x + q ln y = (p + q) ln (x + y).
1 – t2
Differentiating w. r. to x, we get Solution : (a) x = 1 + t2 ...... (1)

p q dy p + q  dy  2t
x y . dx x + y  1 dx 
+ = + y = 1 + t2 ...... (2)

18
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

Differentiate (1) w. r. t. t 2 tan θ

⇒ x = sin–1
1 + tan2θ
dx (1 + t2) (– 2t) – (1 – t2) 2t
= 2 tan θ
dt (1 + t2)2 y = tan–1 when tan θ = t
1 – tan2θ
– 2t – 2t3 – 2t + 2t3
=
(1 + t2)2 ⇒ x = sin–1 sin(2θ), y = tan–1 tan(2θ)
– 4t ∴ x = 2θ, y = 2θ
=
(1 + t2)2 dy
∴ y = x, ∴ dx = 1
Differentiate (2) w. r. t. t
dy (1 + t2) • 2 – 2t • 2t (d) x = a(θ + sin θ) ...... (1)
=
dt (1 + t2)2 y = a(1 – cos θ) ...... (2)
2+ 2t2
– 4t 2
= Differentiate (1) w. r. t. θ
(1 + t2)2
dx
2(1 – t 2) = a(1 + cos θ)
= dθ
(1 + t2)2
dy dy 2(1 – t 2) (1 + t2)2 Differentiate (2) w. r. t. θ
@ dt = (1 + t )
dx
∴ dx = dt 22 × dy
– 4t
= a sin θ
dy t2 – 1 dθ
∴ dx = 2t . dy dy dx
(b) x = loge t + sin t ...... (1)
Therefore, dx =
dθ dθ @
a sin θ
y = et + cos t ...... (2) =
a(1 + cos θ)
Differentiate (1) w. r. t. t θ θ
2 sin 2 cos 2
dx 1 =
= θ
dt t + cos t 2 cos2 2
Differentiate (2) w. r. t. t dy θ
∴ dx = tan 2 .
dy t
dt = e – sin t 3at 3at2
(e) x = 1 + t3 , y = 1 + t3
dy dy et – sin t
@ dt = 1 + cos t
dx
∴ dx = dt
dx (1 + t3) • 3a – 3at • 3t2
t ∴ dt = (1 + t3)2
dy t(et
– sin t) 3a + 3at3 – 9at 3
∴ dx = 1 + t cos t . =
(1 + t3)2
2t 3a – 6at 3
(c) x = sin–1 1 + t2 =
(1 + t3)2
2t 3a(1 – 2t 3)
y = tan–1 1 – t 2 =
(1 + t3)2

19
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

dy (1 + t3) • 6at – 3at 2 • 3t2 1

and dt = (b) y = tan–1
(1 + t3)2 x2 –1
6at + 6at4 – 9at 4 1
= ∴ y = tan–1 Let, x = sec θ
(1 + t3)2
sec2θ – 1
6at – 3at4 1
=
(1 + t3)2 ⇒ y = tan–1 ∴ θ = sec–1 x
tan 2θ
3at(2 – t 3)
= 1
(1 + t3)2 ⇒ y = tan–1
tan θ
dy dy
@ dt
dx
Therefore dx = dt ⇒ y = tan–1 cot θ
π
=
3at(2 – t 3)
3
(1 + t ) 2 ×
(1 + t3)2
3a(1 – 2t 3)
= tan–1 tan 2 – θ1 2
π
dy 2t – t 4 = –θ
∴ dx = 1 – 2t 3 . 2
π
∴ y = 2 – sec–1 x ...... (1)
Example–20. Find the differentiate co-efficient of the
following functions w. r. t. x : Differentiate (1) w. r. t. x
1 – x2 1 dy 1
(a) y = sin–1 1 + x2 (b) y = tan–1 ∴ dx = 0 –
2
x –1 x x2 – 1
(1 + x2) – 1 dy 1
(c) y = sin–1 {2ax 1 – a 2x 2} (d) y = tan–1 ∴ dx = – .
x x x2 – 1
1 – x2
Solution : (a) y = sin–1 1 + x2 (c) y = sin–1 {2ax 1 – a 2x 2}

π 1 – x2 π Let, ax = sin θ
3
⇒ y = 2 – cos–1 1 + x2 { sin–1 x + cos–1 x = 2 4 ⇒ θ = sin–1 (ax)
Let x = tan θ ⇒ θ = tan–1 x ∴ y = sin–1{2 sin θ 1 – sin2θ}
π 1– tan2θ = sin–1 (2 sin θ • cos θ)
∴ y = 2 – cos–1
1 + tan2θ
= sin–1 (sin 2θ)
π
= – cos–1 (cos 2θ)
2 = 2θ
π ∴ y = 2 sin–1 (ax) ...... (1)
= – 2θ
2
Differentiate (1) w. r. t. x
π
⇒ y = 2 – 2 tan–1 x ...... (1) dy 2
∴ dx = • a

1 – a 2x 2
Differentiate (1) w. r. t. x
dy 2a
dy 2 ∴ dx = .
dx = – 1 + x2 . 1 – a 2x 2

20
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

1 + x2 – 1 2x
(d) y = tan–1 1 x 2 Now, y = tan–1 1 – x 2

2 tan θ
Let, x = tan θ ⇒ θ = tan–1 x = tan–1 [where x = tan θ ⇒ θ = tan–1 x]
1 – tan2θ
1 + tan2θ – 1
3 tan θ
∴ y = tan–1 4 = tan–1 (tan 2θ)
= 2θ.
sec θ – 1
⇒ y = tan 3
tan θ 4
–1
⇒ y = 2 tan–1 x
dy 2
cos1 θ – 1 ∴ dx = 1 + x2

⇒ y = tan–1  sin θ 
 
2x
Again, z = sin–1 1 + x2
 cos θ  2 tan θ
1 – cos θ = sin–1 [where x = tan θ ⇒ θ = tan–1 x]
1 + tan2θ
= tan–1 1 sin θ 2 = sin–1 (sin 2θ)
 2 sin 2 θ 
 2  = 2θ
= tan–1  
 2 sin θ2 cos θ2 ⇒ z = 2 tan–1 x
dz 2
∴ dx = 1 + x2
θ
= tan–1 tan 2 1 2 2
dz (1 + x2)
=θ
dy dy
2
Therefore dz = dx @ dx
=
2 = 1.
(1 + x2)
1
⇒ y = 2 tan–1 x ...... (1)
Example–22. Differentiate log10 x with respect to x3.
Differentiate (1) w. r. t. x Solution : Let y = log10 x and z = x3.
dy 1 1 dy
∴ dx = 2 • 1 + x2 We have to find dz

dy 1 Now, y = log10 x
∴ dx = 2(1 + x2) .
= loge x × log10 e
2x
Example–21. Differentiate tan–1 1 – x 2 with respect to dy d
∴ dx = dx (log10 x)
2x
sin –1 1 + x2 . [NUH–18, NU(Pass)–15, DUH(Aff. Coll.)–17, 18] 1
= log 10 e
x
2x 2x
Solution : Let y = tan–1 1 – x 2 and z = sin–1 1 + x2 Also, z = x3
dy dz
we have to find dz . ∴ dx = 3x2

21
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

dy dy dz
@
du a dz
Therefore, dz = dx dx ∴ dx = and dx = – 3 sin 3x.
1– x2
1 dy dy du dx
x log 10 e ∴ y = eu ⇒ dz = du dx dz
=
3x2
d a –1
dy log e ⇒ d(cos 3x) (ea sin –1 x) = eu • •
∴ dz = 3x103 . 1– x2 3 sin 3x

Example–23. Differentiate xsin –1x with respect to loge x. – ae a sin –1 x

= . (Ans)
3 1 – x 2 sin 3x
Solution : Let, y = xsin –1 x and z = loge x
–1x
dy Example–25. Differente xsin w. r. to sin–1x.
we have to find dz . –1x
Solution : Let y = sin–1x and z = xsin
Now, y = xsin –1x Now y = sin–1x
⇒ loge y = sin–1 x loge x dy 1 –1x
∴ dx = and z = xsin
d d 1– x2
⇒ dx (loge y) = dx [sin–1 x loge x]
dz –1 d sin –1x
1
ln x
2
–1
1 dy 1 1 ∴ dx = xsin x dx (sin–1x. ln x) = xsin x +
⇒ y • dx = sin–1 x • x + loge x • 1 – x2 x
1 – x2
dz dz dx sin –1x
1
ln x
2
–1
dy –1 ∴ dy = dx . dy = 1 – x 2. xsin x +
3
sin x log e x
⇒ dx = y x
+
1 – x2 4 1 – x2 x

1 – x 2. sin –1x
3
sin –1 x log e x
4 1 2
–1x
= xsin –1 x + = ssin ln x + .
x x
1 – x2
x 1
Also, z = loge x Example–26. Differentiate tan–1 w. r. to sec–1 2x2 – 1 .
1–x 2
dz 1
∴ dx = x [NUH–2010]

1
1
2
dy dy x
@
dz
Therefore, dz = dx Solution : Let y = sec–1 2x2 – 1 and z = tan–1
dx 1 – x2
sin –1
3
x log e x
x sin –1 x x
+
1 – x2 4 1
1
Now y = sec–1 2x2 – 1 2
=
1/x x = cos θ
12 cos θ – 12
1
dy = sec–1
3
x loge x
4 ∴ θ = cos–1x
2
∴ dz = xsin –1x sin –1 x + .
1 – x2
1cos 2θ2
1
= sec–1
Example–24. Differentiate e a sin –1 x w. r. to cos 3x.
[NUH–2010(Old)] = sec–1 (sec 2θ)
Solution : Let y = ea sin –1 x, u = a sin–1 x and z = cos 3x = 2θ = 2 cos–1x

22
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

dy 2 dz 1 1
Differentiating w. r. to x, we get dx = – ∴ dx = 2 . 1 + x2
1 – x2
dz
x sin θ
and z = tan–1
1 – x2
= tan–1
1 – sin2θ1 2 , x = sin θ dz dx 1 1 + x2 1
∴ dy = dy = 2(1 + x2) . 1 = 2 .

sin θ dx
= tan–1 1cos θ 2
= tan–1 (tan θ) = θ = sin–1x [{ θ = sin–1x]
1 – x2 – 1
Differentiating w. r. to x, we get
(ii) Let y = tan–1x and z = tan–1 1 x 2
dz dz
Thus we have to find dy
dz 1 dz dx 1
= ∴ dy = dy = – 2
dx 1 – x2 Now y = tan–1 x
dx dy 1
∴ dx = 1 + x2 ...... (1)
1 + x2 – 1
Example–27. Differentiate (i) tan–1 1 x . 2 1 – x2 – 1
[NUH–2011, NUH(NM)–2004, 2017, BSc(Pass)–2007]
Again z = tan–1 1 x 2
1 – sin θ – 1
2
(ii) tan –1 1
1 – x2 – 1
x 2
w. r. to tan–1x. [NUH–2009] = tan–1 1 sin θ 2 [putting x = sin θ]

cos θ – 1
Solution : (i) Let y = tan–1x and z = tan–1 1
1 + x2 – 1
x 2 = tan–1 1 sin θ 2
dy 1  – 2 sin2 θ 
Now y = tan–1x, ∴ dx = 1 + x2  2 
= tan–1  
1 + x2 – 1  2 sin θ2 cos θ2
Again z = tan–1 x θ θ
(1 + tan2θ) – 1 1 2
= tan–1 – tan 2 = tan–1 tan π – 25 1 26
= tan–1 , x = tan θ θ 1
tan θ = π – 2 = π – 2 sin–1x [{ x = sin θ]
sec θ – 1
= tan–1 1 tan θ 2 dz
∴ dx = –
1 ...... (2)
2 1 – x2
1 – cos θ
= tan–1 1 sin θ 2 dz dx
dz
1 + x2
 2 sin 2 θ  (1) and (2) from dy = dy = – .
 2  2 1 – x2
= tan–1  dx

 2 sin θ2 cos θ2 sin x
Example–28. Differentiate x n ln (tan–1x) w. r. to x 3/2 .
θ =θ
= tan–1 tan 1 22 2 [NUH–1997]
1 sin x
2 tan x [{ θ = tan x]
= –1 –1 Solution : Let y = x 3/2 and z = xn ln tan–1x

23
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

dy 1 1
1
3
2 Example–32. Find the slope of tangent line to the curve
Now dx = x 3/2 . cos x + sin x . – 2 x–5/2
2 x y = x2 + 1 at the point (2, 5). [NUH–2018]
cos x 3 sin x Solution : Let y = x2 + 1
= –
2x2 2x5/2 dy
⇒ dx = 2x
x cos x – 3 sin x
=
* *
2x5/2 dy
⇒ dx =2× 2=4
x=2
and z = xn ln tan–1x
Solpe of the tangent is 4. Ans
Example–29. Differentiale sin2x w.r.t sin x. [NUH(NM)–16]
Example–33. If sin y = x sin(a + y) then prove that–
dy
Solution : Let, y = sin2 x, z = sin x, we have to find dx. dy sin 2(a+ y)
=
dx sin a .
Now, y = sin2x Solution : sin y = x sin(a + y) ...... (1)
dy
⇒ dx = 2sin x • cos x Differentiate (1) w. r. t. x
dy dy
And z = sin x cos y dx = sin(a + y) + x cos(a + y) • dx
dz dy
⇒ dx = cos x ⇒ [cos y – x cos(a + y)] dx = sin(a + y)

dy dy dz 2 sin x • cos x dy sin(a + y)

Therefore, dz = dx/ dx = 2 sin x. ⇒ dx = cos y – x cos(a + y)
cos x
sin 2(a + y)
Example–30. Differentiate ex w.r.t. x. [NUH–2016] =
sin(a + y) cos y – x sin(a + y) cos(a + y)
dy
Solution : Let y = ex and z = x, we have to find dx. sin 2(a + y)
=
sin(a + y) cos y – sin y cos(a + y) [using (1)]
dy sin 2(a + y)
Now y = ex ⇒ dx = ex =
sin(a + y – y)
dz 1 dy sin 2(a + y)
and z = x ⇒ dx = ∴ dx = sin a . (Proved)
2 x
dy dy dz ex dy log e x
∴ dz = dx/dx = 1 = 2ex x. Example–34. If xy = ex–y , then prove that dx = (1 + log 2.
e x)

2 x Solution : xy = ex–y
⇒ y loge x = (x – y) loge e [tanking log on both sides]
Example–31. If y = x150, y110 = ? [NUH–2017]
m! ⇒ y loge x = x – y
Solution : We know yn = (m – n)! xm–n , n ≤ m
⇒ y log x + y = x
Here m = 150, n = 110 ⇒ y(1 + log x) = x
150! x
y 110 = 40! x40 ⇒ y = 1 + log x

24
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

θ θ θ θ sin θ
1
1
∴ dx =
• +
dy (1 + log x) 1 – x 0 x 1 + log x – 1
=
2 Example–37. If cos 2 cos 22 cos 23 ... cos 2n =
2n sin 2n
θ
then
(1 + log x) 2 (1 + log x) 2
dy log x 1 θ 1 θ 1 θ 1 θ
∴ dx = (1 + log x) 2 . (Proved) show that 2 tan 2 + 22 tan 22 + ... + 2n tan 2n = 2n cot 2n – cot θ.

θ θ θ θ sin θ
Example–35. Find f (x), where f(x) = (x2 + 1) 1 – x 2 + (sin–1 x)2. Solution : Given that cos 2 cos 22 cos 23 ... cos 2n =
θ
Solution : f(x) = (x2 + 1) 1 – x 2 + (sin–1 x)2 ...... (1) 2n sin 2n

Differentiate (1) w. r. t. x θ θ θ
Taking ln an both sides ln cos 2 + ln cos 22 + ln cos 23 + ...
1 1
f (x) = 2x 1 – x 2 + (1 + x2) • 2 (1 – x2)–1/2 • (– 2x) + 2 sin–1 x • θ θ
1 – x2 + ln cos 2n = ln sin θ – ln 2n – ln sin 2n
x+ x3 2 sin –1 x
= 2x 1 – x2 – + Differentiating w. r. to θ, we get
1– 1– x2 x2 θ θ θ θ θ
sin 2 sin 22
2x(1 – x ) – x – x + 2 sin –1 x
2 3 1 sin 23 ... – 1 sin 2n = cos θ – 1 cos 2n
–1 – 12 – –
= 2 θ 2 θ 23 θ 2n θ sin θ 2n θ
cos 2 cos 22 cos 23 cos 2n sin 2n
1 – x2
2x – 2x 3 – x – x3 + 2 sin –1 x 1 θ 1 θ 1 θ 1 θ
= or, 2 tan 2 + 22 tan 22 + 23 tan 23 + ... + 2n tan 2n
1– x2
= n cot θn – cot θ.
1
x– 3x3 + 2 sin –1 x
∴ f (x) = . 2 2
1 – x2 1
Example–38. If y = x + then proved that
a + bx – a – bx 1 1
Example–36. If f(x) = ln and = 0, find x+
f (x) 1
a + bx + a – bx x+
x + ...
the values of x. dy y
=
Solution : f(x) = ln ( a + bx – a – bx) – ln ( a + bx + a – bx) dx 2y – x .
1
∴ f (x) =
1  b b  Solution : y = x +
 +  1
a + bx – a – bx  2 a + bx 2 a – bx x+ 1
x+
1 b b  x + ......
–  –  1
a + bx + a – bx  2 a + bx 2 a – bx ⇒ y=x+y
( a + bx + a – bx)2 + ( a + bx – a – bx)2
= ⇒ y2 = xy + 1 ...... (1)
2 (a + bx) (a – bx) ( a + bx + a – bx) ( a + bx – a – bx)
Differentiate (1) w. r. t. x
4a a
= = dy dy
2 (a2 – b 2x 2) (a + bx – a + bx) bx a2 – b 2x 2 2y • dx = y + x dx

1 a2 – b 2x 2
bx dy
∴ = 0, =0 ⇒ (2y – x) dx = y
f (x) a
a dy y
∴ x = 0 or, x = ± b . ⇒ dx = 2y – x . (Proved)

25
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

dy y(1 – x log y)
Example–39. If x = yyy ... ∞, then show that dx =  π   π 
x2 . Similarly, y 2 = n2 sin  2 2 + nx  + n2 cos  2 2 + nx 
   
Solution : x = yyy ... ∞
and after r-th step we get
⇒ loge x = loge yyy ... ∞ = loge yx
 rπ   rπ 
⇒ log e x = x loge y ...... (1) y r = nr sin  2 + nx  + nr cos 2 + nx 
   
Differentiate (1) w. r. t. x
  rx   rπ  2 1/2
1 1 dy
∴ x = log y + x • y dx =n r  sin  2 + nx  + cos 2 + nx   
     
x dy 1 1 – x log y   rπ   rπ 
⇒ y dx = x – log y = x = nr sin 2  2 + nx  + cos2 2 + nx 
    
dy y(1 – x log y)
∴ dx = . (Proved)  rπ   rπ   1/2
 2 + nx  cos  2 + nx  
x2
+ 2 sin
Example–40. If y = x2n, then show that    
  rπ   1/2
= nr  1 + sin 2 2 + nx  
y n = 2n {1.3.5 ... (2n – 1)}xn , n ∈ N. [NUH–2004] [ sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ]
  
Solution : y = x2n ⇒ y 1 = 2n x2n–1
y 2 = 2n(2n – 1)x2n–2 ⇒ y 3 = 2n(2n – 1) (2n – 2)x2n–3 = nr[1 + sin(rπ + 2nx)]1/2 = nr[1 + (–1)r sin 2nx]1/2.
... ... ... ... 5.9. Anonymous problem :
y n = 2n(2n – 1) (2n – 2) ... (2n – n + 1)x2n–n Case–I. When all of the factors of g(x) are real and linear.
(2n)! x
= 2n(2n – 1) (2n – 2) ... (n + 1)xn = n! xn Example–42. If y = x 2 – 1 , find yn .
But (2n)! = 2n(2n – 1) (2n – 2) ... n x x 1
Solution : y = x 2 – 1 = (x + 1) (x – 1) = 2 [(x + 1)–1 + (x – 1)–1]
= {2n.(2n – 2) ... 6.4.2} {(2n – 1) (2n – 3) ... 5.3.1}
1
= 2n {n.(n – 1) ... 3.2.1} {(2n – 1) (2n – 3) ... 5.3.1} y 1 = 2 [(–1) (x + 1)–2 + (–1) (x – 1)–2]
(2n)! 1
= 2n n!{1.3.5 ... (2n – 1)} ⇒ n! = 2n {1.3.5 ... (2n – 1)} y 2 = 2 [(–1) (–2) (x + 1)–3 + (–1) (–2) (x – 1)–3]

So yn = 2n {1.3.5 ... (2n – 1)}xn . Proceding in the same way

Example–41. If y = sin nx + cos nx, then show that 1
y n = 2 [(–1) (–2) ... (–n) (x + 1)–n–1 + (–1) (–2) ... (–n) (x – 1)–n–1]
y r = nr[1 + (– 1)r sin 2nx]1/2 (–1) n n!
= [(x + 1)–n–1 + (x – 1)–n–1].
[NUH–2015, 2016, NUH(NM)–2005, 2015] 2
Solution : y = sin nx + cos nx Case–II. When some or all of the linear factors of g(x) are
y 1 = n cos nx – n sin nx complex or imaginary. In this case, put the imaginary parts into
π  π  the form (cos θ + i sin θ) = reiθ in yn and then De-Moivre’s
= n sin  2 + nx  + n cos  2 + nx 
    theorenm is applied to simplify the result.

26
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

1 Now, x + ai = reiθ = r(cos θ + i sin θ) ⇒ x = r cos θ

Example–43. If y = x 2 – 3x + 2 , find y n .
a
a = r sin θ ⇒ r = and θ = cot–1 cot θ
1 1 sin θ
Solution : y = x 2 – 3x + 2 = (x – 2) (x – 1)
r cos θ x
= cot–1 = cot–1 a .
⇒ y = (x – 2)–1 – (x – 1)–1 r sin θ
(–1) n–1 (n – 1)!
y 1 = (–1) (x – 2)–2 – (–1) (x – 1)–2 So that (1) ⇒ yn = [(re–iθ )–n – (reiθ )–n ]
2i
y 2 = (–1) (–2) (x – 2)–3 – (–1) (–2) (x – 1)–3 (–1) n–1 (n – 1)! inθ
= [e – e–in θ ]
2ir n
Proceding in the same way, we get (–1) n–1 (n – 1)!
= 2i sin nθ
y n = (–1) (–2) ... (–n) (x – 2)–n–1 – (–1) (–2) ... (–n) (x – 1)–n–1 2i rn
(–1) n–1 (n – 1)!
= (–1)n n![(x – 2)–n–1 – (x – 1)–n–1]. = sin nθ
 a n
 sin θ
Example–44. What is the n-th derivative of y =e2x w.r.t. x.  
[NUH(NM)–2016] (–1) n–1 (n – 1)! x
= sinn θ sin nθ, where θ = cot–1 a .
an
Solution : Given y = e2x ⇒ y1 = 2e2x for n-th derivative
Example–46. If x = (A + Bt)e–nt , then show that
y n = 2n e2x d2x dx 2
x dt2 + 2n dt + n x = 0.
Example–45. If y = tan–1 a, find y n .
Solution : Hear x = (A + Bt)e–nt
x dx d
Solution : y = tan–1 a ⇒ dt = dt [(A + Bt)e–nt ]

1 1 a a = Be–nt – n(A + Bt)e–nt = Be–nt – nx ...... (1)

y 1 = a 1 + (x/a)2 = x 2 + a2 = (x + ai) (x – ai)
d2x d dx
⇒ dt2 = dt (Be–nt – nx) = – Bne–nt – n dt
1  1 1  1
2i  x – ai x + ai 2i [(x – ai) – (x + ai) ]
= – = –1 –1
 dx  dx
= – n  dt + nx  – n dt [By (1)]
1  
y 2 = 2i [(–1) (x – ai)–2 – (–1) (x + ai)–2] dx
= – 2n dt – n2x
1
y 3 = 2i [(–1) (–2) (x – ai)–3 – (–1) (–2) (x + ai)–3] d2x dx
⇒ dt2 + 2n dt + n2x = 0.
... ... ... ...
Example–47. If y = sin(sin x), then show that
1
yn = [(–1) (–2) ... (–n + 1) (x – ai)–n – (–1) (–2) ... (–n + 1) (x + ai)–n] d2y dy
2i 2
dx2 + tan x dx + y cos x = 0.
(–1) n–1 (n – 1)!
= [(x – ai)–n – (x + ai)–n ] ...... (1) Solution : Here y = sin(sin x)
2i
dy d
Let x + ai = reiθ , so that x – ai = re–iθ ⇒ dx = dx sin(sin x)

27
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

dy (ii) Radius of circle and its area related problems : Let A be the
⇒ dx = cos(sin x)cos x ...... (1)
area of a square whose radins is ‘r’
d2y d
⇒ dx = dx [cos(sin x)cos x] ∴ A = πr 2
dA dr
= – sin(sin x)cos2x – cos(sin x)sin x or dt = 2πr dt
dy sin x
= – y cos2x – dx cos x [by (1)] Example–49. If the area of a circle increases at a uniform
dy rate, then show that the rate of increase of the circumference will
= – y cos2x – tan x dx
vary inversely as the radius. [NUH–2007]
d2y dy
⇒ dx2 + tan x dx + y cos2x = 0. Solution : If r be the radius of a circle, then its circumference,
s = 2πr and area A = πr 2.
5.10. Applications Differential question : [NUH(NM)–2007]
By question,
(i) Length of a square and its area related rate problems : Let x
dA
be the length of each side of a square and A be its area. ∴ dt = k (constant) ...... (1)

∴ A = x2 Now A = πr 2
dA dx
⇒ dt = 2x dt dA dr dr dr k
∴ dt = 2πr dt ⇒ k = 2πr dt ⇒ dt = 2πr
dA
Hare dt = Rate of change of area of square. Again s = 2πr
dx ds dr k 1
and dt = Rate of change of length of square. ∴ dt = 2π dt = 2π • 2πr = k • r

Example–48. At a certain instant the side of a square is 3 ft ds 1

⇒ dt ∝ r
long and increasing at a rate of 2 ft/minute. How fast is the area
increasing at that instant? [NUH(NM)–2007] ∴ The increasing rate of the circumference varies inversely as
the radius.
Solution : Let x feet be the length of a square and A square
feet be its area, then we set Example–50. At a certain instant the area of a circle is 25π
dA dx ...... (ft)2
and increasing at a rate of 20π(ft)2/minute. How fast is the
dt = 2x dt (1)
radius increasing at that instant?
dx
When x = 3 ft then dt = 2 ft/minute Solution : If A be the area of a circle with radius r, then

dA A = πr 2
From (1), dt = 2. 3. 2 ft 2/minute
A
or, r =
= 12 ft 2/minute π
So when the side of the square increases 2 ft/minute then its dr 1 dA ......
∴ dt = (1)
area increases 12 ft/minute. 2 πA dt

28
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

dA
Where A = 25π ft 2, then dt = 20π ft 2/minute (iv) Radius, volume and surface area related problems of a
dr 1 spherical ballon : Let r be the radius of a spherical ballon, V its
∴ (1) ⇒ dt = 10π . 20π ft/minute
volume and A its surface area.
= 2 ft/minute. 4
Then, V = 3 πr 3 and A = 4πr 2
(iii) Length of the edge of a cube, volume and its surface area
related problems : Let x be the length of each edge of a cube, V its dV dr dA dr
∴ dt = 4πr 2 dt and dt = 8πr dt .
volume and A its surface area. Then
V = x3 and A = 6x2 Example–52. The volume of a spherical balloon is
dV dx dA dx increasing at the rate of 10cc/sec. Find the rate of change of its
∴ dt = 3x2 dt and dt = 12x dt .
surface at the instant when its radius is 16 cm. [NUH–2008]
Example–51. At a certain instant the edge of a cube is 5 cm
Solution : Let at time t the radius is r, volume is V and area of
and the volume is increasing at a rate of 2(cm)3/minute. At what
rate is the area of surface increasing? the lateral surface of spherical ballon is A.
4
Solution : Let x cm be the length of each edge V cm3 its ∴ V = 3 πr 3 ...... (1)
volume.
dV dx and A = 4πr 2 ...... (2)
We know, dt = 3x2 dt ...... (1)
dV
dV Given that dt = 10 ...... (3)
Now x = 5 cm, so dt = 2 cm3/minute
dx 1 dV dA
∴ (1) ⇒ dt = 3x2 . dt Now we are to determine dt when r = 16 cm.

1 . dV dr
= (1) ⇒ dt = 4πr 2 dt
75 2 cm
2
= dr
75 cm/minute ⇒ 10 = 4π (16)2 dt
Again if A be its surface area, then
dr 5
dA dx ...... ⇒ dt = 512π
dt = 12x dt (2)
dx 2 dA dr
when x = 5 cm, then dt = 75 cm/minute (2) ⇒ dt = 8πr dt

dA 2 5
∴ (2) ⇒ dt = 12.5 • 75 cm2/minute = 8π • 16 • 512π
8 5
= cm2/minute =
5 4 = 1.25
8
So the rate of the area of surface increases 5 cm2/minuets. So the rate of change of surface is 1.25 cm2/sec.

29
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

Example–53. The volume of a spherical balloon is Let C be the position of man at any time t at a distance x,
increasing at the rate of 12 cm3/sec. Find the rate of change of its i. e. CD = 5 ft. and MC = x, If AP be the shadow on the pavement,
surface at the instant when its radius is 6 cm. [NUH(NM)–2008] join EDL they lie in the same straight line.

Solution : Let at time t, r be the radius, V be the volume and A

be the surface of the spherical ballon.
4
∴ V = 3 πr 3 ...... (1)

and A = 4πr 2 ...... (2)

dV
Given that dt = 12 ...... (3)

dA (i) Let CE = y, then

Now it is required to determine dt when r = 6 cm.
ME ML
CE CD [{ ∆ MLE and ∆CDE similar w. r. is angle]
=
dV dr
(1) ⇒ dt = 4πr 2 dt
CM + CE ML
⇒ =
dr CE CD
⇒ 12 = 4π • 36 • dt
x + y 25 5
⇒ = =
dr 1 y 15 2
⇒ dt = 12π
⇒ 2y + 2x = 5y
dA dr
(2) ⇒ dt = 8πr dt
⇒ 3y = 2x
1 dy 2 dx
= 8π • 6 • 12π = 4 ∴ dt = 3 dt

2
3
dx
So the area of the surface increases at the rate 4 cm2/sec. = 4
3 3 { dt = 3
Example–54. A man 5 ft tall walks away from a light post
1 = 2 mile/hour.
12 2 ft high at the rate of 3 mile/hour.

(i) How fast is his shadow lengthening?

(ii) How fast is the farther end of his shadow moving on the
pavement?

Solution : Suppose LM is the light post, L being the light

1 25
where LM = 12 2 ft = 2 ft.

30
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

EXERCISE–5 6. What is the n-th derivative of y = xn w.r.t.x.

Part–A : Brief/Quiz Questions with Answers [NU(Pass)–2016, DUH(Aff. Coll)–2017]
Ans : y n = n!.
1. Define Parametric equation. 7. Differentiale sin 2x w.r.t sin x. [NUH(NM)–2016]
Ans : If x and y are expressed in terms of a third variable dy
Ans : Let, y = sin2 x, z = sin x, we have to find dx.
(θ or t) then the variable is called the parameter,
equation containing parameter is known as Now, y = sin2x
parametric equation. dy
⇒ dx = 2sin x • cos x
If x = f(t), and y = g(t) is a parametric equation.
dy dy dx
@
Then the defferential co-efficient, dx = dt dt . And z = sin x
dz
⇒ dx = cos x
2. Define derivative of a function.
Ans : The function f defined by the formula– dy dy dz 2 sin x • cos x
Therefore, dz = dx/ dx = 2 sin x.
cos x
f(x + h) – f(x)
f (x) = lim h 8. What is the n–th derivative of y = e2x with respect to x?
h➝ 0
[NUH(NM)–2016]
is called the derivative of f with respect to x.
Ans : What is the n-th derivative of y =e2x w.r.t. x.
3. Write the equation of the tangent of f(x) at (x1, y1).
[NUH–2017] Given y = e2x ⇒ y1 = 2e2x

Ans : The equation of tangent line at x0 is y – y0 = m(x – x0). for n-th derivative

4. Write down the chain rule formula. y n = 2n e2x.

Ans : If y = f(u) and u = g(x) then 9. What is the equation of the normal of the curve y = f(x)
dy dy du ...... at the point (x, y)? [NUH–2018]
= • (1)
dx du dx 1
Ans : y – y0 = – m (x – x0).
Similarly, If y = f(u) where u = g(v) and v = h(x) then
dy dy du dv ...... 10. Differentiate ex w.r.t. x. [NUH–2016]
= • • (2)
dx du dv dx dy
Ans : Let y = ex and z = x, we have to find dx.
The results (1) and (2) are often called chain rules for
differentiation. dy
Now y = ex ⇒ dx = ex
5. If y = x150 then y110 = ? [NUH–2017]
dz 1
m! and z = x ⇒ dx =
Ans : We know yn = (m – n)! xm–n , n ≤ m 2 x
dy dy dz ex
Here m = 150, n = 110 ∴ dz = dx/dx = 1 = 2ex x.
150!
y 110 = 40! x40 2 x

31
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

2
11. If y = xn+1 then yn = ? [NUH–2018] Ans : (a) sec x (b) x sin 2(log x2)
Ans : y n = (n + 1) 1 sec2x
(c) 10log sinx • log 10 • cot x (d) – x sin(log x) + tan x
12. If y = zx then yn = ? [NUH–2016]
a
Ans : y= zx (e) (1 + a2x 2) tan –1 ax (f) 2x cot(x2 + 5)

∴ yn = zx (ln z)n . (g) sec x{(x + 1) + (x tan x + 1) log(xex)}

1
Part–B : Short Questions (h)
2 (x – a) (x – b)
1. Differentiate the following function from the first {1 – 2x cos x (1 + log x)}
(i)
principle with respect to x. { (1 + log x) – sin x} 2x (1 + log x)
1 2x – 3 2
(a) x 2 + 1 (b) 2x + 5 (j) –
2
x +1
(c) cos(ax + b) (d) log e cos x x x x 1
(k) sec2 (loge sin e ) • cot(e )• e •

x 2 x
(e) log 10 sin–1 x (f) log sin a 2 sec2(loge x2)
(l)
– 2x 16 x
Ans : (a) (x 2 + 1)2 (b) (2x + 5)2 dy
3. Find dx of the following functions :
(c) – a sin(ax + b) (d) – tan x
x−a
12
a
log e 1 1 (a) y = cot–1 x + log
12
x
(e) sin 10
–1 x • (f) a cot a x+a
1 – x2 x
(b) y = sin–1 x2 – xe x2 (c) y = tan–1 a
Part–C : Borad Questions
4 x
(d) y = esin –1 x2 (e) y = tan–1 1 – 4x
2. Find the differential co-efficient of the following
1 – x2
functions w. r. t. x. (f) y = cos–1 1 + x2 (g) y = cos–1 {2x 1 – x 2}
(a) y = log(sec x + tan x) (b) y = sin2 (log x2) x2 + 1
(c) y = 10logsinx (d) y = cos (log x) + log(tan x)
1
(h) y = sec–1 x 2 – 1 2
2ax 2 2x
Ans : (a) x 4 – a 4 (b) – (2x2 + 1) ex2
(e) y = log[x + x 2 + a2] (f) y = log sin[x2 + 5] 1 – x4
(g) y = x sec x log(xex) (h) y = log[ (x – a) + (x – b)] a 2xesin –1 x2
(c) a2 + x2 (d)
(i) y = log [ 1 + log x – sin x] 1 – x4
2 2
x2 + 1 – x (e) (f) (1 + x2)
(j) y = log (k) y = loge (tan ex1/3) x (1 + 4x)
x2 + 1 + x –2 2
(g) (h) – 1 + x2
(l) y = tan(loge x2) 1 – x2

32
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

dy ax y
4. Find dx of the following functions : (c) y = sin–1 y (d) x + y = sin–1 x

(a) y = x2 sin x (b) y = (sin x)tanx x y

(e) sin y = x sin(a + y) (f) + =1
x cos–1 x y x
(c) y = (d) y = (1 + x)x
1 – x2 (g) x y = yx [NUH–2015, NU(Pass)–2016]
(e) y = xsinx (f) y = x sin –1x
(h) y = x log y
(g) y = (sin x)cos –1 x (h) y = (sin x)cos x + (tan x)sin x n–1

12
x y
Ans : (a) – y (b) x
(i) y = (x2 + 2)2–x (j) y = (tan–1 x)sinx+cosx
ay y + x 2 cos(x + y)
(c) ax + y 2 cos y (d) x{1 – x cos(x + y)}
Ans : (a) x 2 cos x + 2x sin x

(b) (sin x) tanx [1 + sec2x log sin x] sin 2(a + y) y – 2x

(e) (f) 2y – x
sin a
{cos –1 x – x 1 – x 2}
(c) y(x log y – y) y log y
(1 – x 2)3/2 (g) (h) y – x
x(y log x)

3
x
(d) (1 + x)x 1 + x + loge (1 + x) 4 6.
nπ
1
If y = sin(ax + b), then show that yn = an sin 2 + ax + b . 2
1
sin x
(d) x sinx x + cos x log x 2 7. If y = cos(ax + b), then show that yn = an cos 1 2 + ax + b2.
nπ

sin –1 x
3
log x
(f) x sin –1 x x
+
1 – x2 4 8.
2a3 xy
If x 3 + y3 = 3axy, then show that y 2 = (ax – y2)3

3
log sin x
(g) (sin x) cos –1 x cot x cos–1 x –
1– x2 4 9. If y = e–x cos x, then show that y 4 + 4y = 0
10. If y = e–x sin x, then show that y 4 + 4y = 0
(h) (sin x) cos x (cos x cot x – sin x log sin x)
11. If y = e3x sin 4x, then show that y 2 – 6y1 + 25y = 0
+ (tan x)sin x (sec x – cos x log tan x)
12. If y = aemx + be–mx , then show that y 2 = m2y

3
2x(2 – x)
(i) (x 2 + 2)2–x 2
x 2 + 2 – log(x + 2) 4 13. If y = eax sin bx, then show that y 2 – 2ay1 + (a2 + b2)y = 0

3(1 + x )
sin x + cos x 14. If y = eax cos bx, then show that y 2 – 2ay1 + (a2 + b2)y = 0
(j) (tan –1 x)sinx+cosx 2 tan –1 x
15. If y = sinh(sinh x) , then show that
+ (cos x – sin x) log tan–1 x 4 y 2 – y1 tanh x – y cosh2x = 0.
5. Find the differential coefficient of the following 16. If y = cosh(sinh x), then show that
function w. r. t. x : y 2 – y1 tanh x – y cosh2x = 0
(a) x n + yn = an (b) (x + y)m+n = xm yn 17. If y = ln (x + a2 + x2), then show that (a2 + x2)y 2 + xy1 = 0

33
 Successive Differentiation (Ch–5) Differential Calculus–I

18. If y = a cos(ln x) + b sin(ln x), then show that 31. If y = x ln [(ax) –1 + a–1], then show that
x 2y 2 + xy1 + y = 0 x(x + 1)y2 + xy1 – y + 1 = 0
d2  ln x  2  1 32. If y = ae–bt cos(ct + p), then show that
19. Prove that, dx2  x  = x 3  ln x – 1 – 2 
    y 2 + 2by1 + q2y = 0 where q 2 = b2 + c2
20. If y = ecot –1x , then show that (1 + x2)y 2 + (2x – 1)y1 = 0 33. If y = sin x sin 2x sin 3x, then show that
21. If y = (x2 – 1)n , then show that 1 1  1 
y n = 4  4n sin  2 nπ + 4x  – 6 n sin  2 nπ + 6x 
(x 2 – 1)y2 – 2(1 – n)xy1 – 2ny = 0     
d2  sin x  1 1 
22. Show that, dx2  x  = x 3 [(2 – x2)sin x – 2x cos x)] + 2n sin  2 nπ + 2x  
   
d2  cos x  1 34. If y = cos x cos 2x cos 3x, then show that
23. Show that, dx2  x  = x 3 [(2 – x2)cos x + 2x sin x]
  1 1  n 
y n = 4  6n cos  2 nπ + 6x  + 4n cos 2 π + 4x 
24. If y = sin ln (x 2 + 2x + 1), then show that     
1 
+ 2n cos  2 nπ + 2x  
(1 + x)2 y 2 + (1 + x)y1 + 4y = 0
25. If y = x2 ln x, then show that xy 3 = 2  
26. If y = x28, then show that y 14 = 1.3. 5 ... 27(2x)14 35. If y = eax cos3 bx, then show that
1  3b 
27. If y = e3x sin(7 – 4x), then show that y n = 4  (a2 + 9b2)n/2 eax cos  3bx + n tan –1 a 
  
 4
y n = 5n e3x sin 7 – 4x – n tan–1 3 
   b 
+ 3(a2 + b2)n/2 eax cos bx + n tan –1  
 a 
28. If y = eax cos bx + pn–1 (x) then find y n where pn–1 (x) is a
2x
polynomial of order (n – 1). 36. Find yn from each of the functions : y = x 2 – a 2
  b  
Ans :  y n = (a2 + b2)n/2 eax cos bx + n tan –1 a   Ans : y n = (–1)n n! [(x – a)–n–1 + (x + a)–n–1].

29. If y = eax sin(bx + c) find yn .

  b  
Ans :  y n = (a2 + b2)n/2 eax sin  bx + c + n tan–1 a  
n
30. If y = eax cos bx + pn (x) find y n , where pn (x) = arx r
r=0
  b 
Ans :  y n = (a2 + b2)n/2 eax cos bx + n tan –1 a  + an n! --------------×-----------––

34