Differential Calculus

Partial Differentiation
[Transformation of independent variables (Composite Functions),
Jacobian, Properties of Jacobians]
Prepared by

Dr. Sunil
NIT Hamirpur (HP)

Composite function:
If u = f (x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ,.............) and the independent variables x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ,......... are

further functions of other variables t 1 , t 2 , t 3 ,........ .

by the relations, x 1 = φ(t 1 , t 2 , t 3 ,...............) , x 2 = ψ(t 1 , t 2 , t 3 ,...........) etc.

Then u is said to be a composite function of the variables t 1 , t 2 , t 3 ,........ ,

For example if u to be function of x, y, i.e. u = f (x, y) and further if x ,y are function of

t1, t 2 , i.e. x = φ(t 1 , t 2 ) and if y = ψ(t1, t 2 ,) .

Then u is a composite function of variables t1, t 2 ,
Transformation of independent variables:
Now the necessary formulae for changing of independent variables are obtained:
∂u ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y
= . + . , = . + . ,…………
∂t1 ∂x ∂t1 ∂y ∂t1 ∂t 2 ∂x ∂t 2 ∂y ∂t 2

Further, if u = f (x, y) and if t1 = f1(x, y) and t 2 = f 2 (x, y ) .

Then the transformation equations are
∂u ∂u ∂t1 ∂u ∂t 2
= . + . ,
∂x ∂t1 ∂x ∂t 2 ∂x
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∂u ∂u ∂t1 ∂u ∂t 2
= . + . .
∂y ∂t1 ∂y ∂t 2 ∂y
Expansion:
Extending the above results, we may obtain.
In case u = f (x, y, z ) and x = ϕ1 (t1, t 2 , t 3 ) , y = ϕ2 (t1, t 2 , t 3 ) , z = ϕ3 (t1, t 2 , t 3 ) .
Then the transformation equations are
∂u ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂z
= . + . + . ,
∂t1 ∂x ∂t1 ∂y ∂t1 ∂z ∂t1
∂u ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂z
= . + . + . ,
∂t 2 ∂x ∂t 2 ∂y ∂t 2 ∂z ∂t 2
∂u ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂z
= . + . + . .
∂t 3 ∂x ∂t 3 ∂y ∂t 3 ∂z ∂t 3

Further, if u = f (x, y, z ) , t1 = f1(x, y, z ) t 2 = f 2 (x, y, z ) and t 3 = f3 (x , y, z ) . Then

∂u ∂u ∂t1 ∂u ∂t 2 ∂u ∂t 3
= . + . + . ,
∂x ∂t1 ∂x ∂t 2 ∂x ∂t 3 ∂x
∂u ∂u ∂t1 ∂u ∂t 2 ∂u ∂t 3
= . + . + . ,
∂y ∂t1 ∂y ∂t 2 ∂y ∂t 3 ∂y
∂u ∂u ∂t1 ∂u ∂t 2 ∂u ∂t 3
= . + . + . .
∂z ∂t1 ∂z ∂t 2 ∂z ∂t 3 ∂z
Partial Differentiation: Composite Functions 3
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Jacobian:
Definition: If u and v are functions of two independent variables x and y, then the
∂u ∂u
∂x ∂y ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
determinant = . − . ,
∂v ∂v ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
∂x ∂y
is called the functional determinant or Jacobian of u, v with respect to x, y, and is
 u, v  ∂ (u , v )
denoted by the symbol J  or .
 x, y  ∂ (x, y )

Similarly, if u, v, w are functions of three independent variables x, y, z, then the Jacobian

∂u ∂u ∂u
∂x ∂y ∂z
 u, v, w  ∂ (u , v, w ) ∂v ∂v ∂v
of u, v, w with respect to x, y, z is J  = = .
 x, y, z  ∂ (x, y, z ) ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂w ∂w ∂w
∂x ∂y ∂z
Properties of Jacobians:
I. If u, v are functions of r, s where r, s are functions of x, y
∂ (u , v ) ∂(u , v ) ∂(r, s )
then = × .
∂(x , y ) ∂ (r, s ) ∂(x , y )
Proof: Since u, v are composite functions of x, y
∂u ∂u ∂r ∂u ∂s
∴ = . + . = u r rx + u ss x ,
∂x ∂r ∂x ∂s ∂x
∂u ∂u ∂r ∂u ∂s
= . + . = u r ry + u ss y ,
∂y ∂r ∂y ∂s ∂y
∂v ∂v ∂r ∂v ∂s
= . + . = v r rx + vss x ,
∂x ∂r ∂x ∂s ∂x
∂v ∂v ∂r ∂v ∂s
= . + . = v r ry + vss y .
∂y ∂r ∂y ∂s ∂y

∂(u, v ) ∂(r, s ) u r u s rx ry
Now × = . .
∂ (r, s ) ∂(x, y ) v r vs s x sy

Interchanging rows and columns in the second determinant, we get

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∂u ∂u
ur u s rx sx u r rx + u ss x u r ry + u ss y ∂x ∂y ∂ (u , v )
. = = = .
vr vs ry sy v r rx + vss x v r ry + vss y ∂v ∂v ∂ (x , y )
∂x ∂y

II. If J1 is the Jacobian of u, v, with respect to x, y and J 2 is the Jacobian of x, y, with

∂(u , v ) ∂ (x , y )
respect to u, v, then J1J 2 = 1 i. e. × = 1.
∂ (x , y ) ∂ (u , v )
Proof: Let u = u(x, y) and v = v(x, y), so that u and v are functions of x, y.
Suppose on solving for x and y, we get x = φ (u, v) and y = ψ (u, v).
∂u ∂ u ∂x ∂ u ∂y
=1= . + . = u x x u + u y yu
∂u ∂ x ∂u ∂y ∂ u
∂u ∂u ∂x ∂ u ∂y
=0= . + . = u x x v + u y yv
∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v
∂v ∂v ∂x ∂ v ∂ y
=0= . + . = vx x u + v y yu
∂u ∂x ∂v ∂ y ∂u
∂v ∂ v ∂ x ∂v ∂ y
=1= . + . = vx x v + vy yv
∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂ v

∂ (u, v ) ∂ (x, y ) u x u y xu xv
Now × = . .
∂ (x, y ) ∂ (u, v ) v x v y yu yv

Interchanging rows and columns in the second determinant, we get

ux uy xu yu u x x u + u y yu u x x v + u y yv 1 0
. = = = 1.
vx vy xv yv vx x u + vy yu vx x v + vy yv 0 1

Now let us solve some more problems:

y ∂(r, θ )
Q.No.1.: If r = x 2 + y 2 , θ = tan −1 , evaluate .
x ∂ (x, y )
y
Sol.: Given r = x 2 + y 2 , θ = tan −1 .
x
∂r x ∂r y
Now = , =
∂x x 2 + y2 ∂y x 2 + y2
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∂θ 1  y  y ∂θ 1 1 x
= − 2  = − 2
2 2
, =  = 2
∂x y  x  x +y ∂y y  x  x + y2
2
1+ 1+
x2 x2

∂r ∂r x y
∂(r, θ ) ∂x ∂y 2 2
x 2 + y2
∴ = = x +y
∂ (x, y ) ∂θ ∂θ y x
− 2
∂x ∂y x + y2 x + y2
2

x2 y2 x 2 + y2 1
= + = = .
(x 2
+y )
2 3/ 2
(x 2
+y )
2 3/ 2
(x 2
+y )
2 3/ 2 2
x +y 2

Q.No.2.: If x = r sin θ cos φ , y = r sin θ sin φ , z = r cos θ ,

∂ (x , y , z )
show that = r 2 sin θ .
∂ (r, θ, φ )

∂x ∂x ∂x
∂r ∂θ ∂φ sin θ cos φ r cos θ cos φ − r sin θ sin φ
∂ (x, y, z ) ∂y ∂y ∂y
Sol.: = = sin θ sin φ r cos θ cos φ r sin θ cos φ
∂ (r, θ, φ) ∂r ∂θ ∂φ
∂z ∂z ∂z cos θ − r sin θ 0
∂r ∂θ ∂φ

Taking out common factor (r from second column and r sin θ from third column)
sin θ cos φ cos θ cos φ − sin φ
2
= r sin θ sin θ sin φ cos θ sin φ cos φ
cos θ − sin θ 0

Expanding by third row

 cos θ cos φ − sin φ sin θ cos φ − sin φ 
= r 2 sin θcos θ + sin θ 
 cos θ sin φ cos φ sin θ sin φ cos φ 

[ ( ) (
= r 2 sin θ cos θ cos θ cos 2 φ + cos θ sin 2 φ + sin θ sin θ cos 2 φ + sin θ sin 2 φ )]
= r2 sin θ(cos θ + sin θ) = r
2 2 2
sin θ
∂u ∂u ∂u
Q.No.3.: If u = f (y − z, z − x, x − y) , prove that + + = 0.
∂x ∂y ∂z

Sol.: Suppose u1 = y − z, u 2 = z − x, u 3 = x − y . (i)

∴ u = f (y − z, z − x, x − y ) becomes u = f (u1, u 2 , u 3 ) . (ii)

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From (i) and (ii) we conclude that u is composite function of x, y, z.

∂u ∂u ∂u1 ∂u ∂u 2 ∂u ∂u 3
∴ = . + . + . (iii)
∂x ∂u1 ∂x ∂u 2 ∂x ∂u 3 ∂x

∂u1 ∂u 2 ∂u 3
Now = 0, = −1 , =1
∂x ∂x ∂x
∂u ∂u ∂u
∴ (iii) becomes =− + . (iv)
∂x ∂u 2 ∂u 3
∂u ∂u ∂u
Similarly =− + , (v)
∂y ∂u 3 ∂u1
∂u ∂u ∂u
and =− + . (vi)
∂z ∂u 3 ∂u 2
Adding (iv), (v) and (vi), we get
∂u ∂u ∂u
+ + = 0, which is the required result.
∂x ∂y ∂z
Q.No.4.: If w = f ( x, y) , x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ ,
2 2 2 2
 ∂w  1  ∂w   ∂f   ∂f 
show that   + 2  =   +   .
 ∂r  r  ∂θ   ∂x   ∂y 
Sol.: The given equations define w as a composite function of r and θ .
∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂w
= . + . = . cos θ + . sin θ
∂r ∂x ∂r ∂y ∂r ∂x ∂y
∂w ∂f ∂f
⇒ = cos θ + sin θ [∵ w = f (x, y)] (i)
∂r ∂x ∂y
∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w
Also = . + . = (− r sin θ ) + ∂w (r cos θ )
∂θ ∂x ∂θ ∂y ∂θ ∂x ∂y
1 ∂w ∂f ∂f
⇒ = − sin θ + cos θ . (ii)
r ∂θ ∂x ∂y
Squaring and adding (i) and (ii), we get
2 2 2 2
 ∂w  1  ∂w   ∂f   ∂f 
  + 2  =   +   .
 ∂r  r  ∂θ   ∂x   ∂y 
dz
Q.No.5.: If z = x 2 + y 2 and x 3 + y3 + 3axy = 5a 2 , find the value of ,
dx
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when x = y = a .

Sol.: The given equation are of the form z = f ( x, y) and φ(x, y ) = c .

∴ z is the composite function of x.
dz ∂z dx ∂z dy ∂z ∂z dy
⇒ = . + . = + . (i)
dx ∂x dx ∂y dx ∂x ∂y dx

Now
∂z 1 2
= x + y2
∂x 2
( ) −1 / 2
.2x =
x
x + y2
2

∂z y
Similarly, =
∂y x 2 + y2

Also, differentiating x 3 + y3 + 3axy = 5a 2 , we get

3x 2 + 3y 2 .
dy
dx
+ 3ay + 3ax.
dy
dx
= 0 ⇒ y 2 + ax
dy
dx
(
= − x 2 + ay ) ( )
dy x 2 + ay
∴ =− 2
dx y + ax

dz x y  x 2 + ay 
∴ From (i), we get = + − 
dx 2  y 2 + ax 
x 2 + y2 2
x +y  

 dz  a a2 + a2a
 dx  x =a = − . 2 2
= 0.
  y =a a2 + a2 a2 + a2 a + a

du
Q.No.6.: If u = xe y z , where y = a 2 − x 2 , z = sin 2 x , find .
dx
Sol.: Here u is a function of x, y and z while y and z are functions of x.
du ∂u dx ∂u dy ∂z dz
∴ = . + . +
dx ∂x dx ∂y dx ∂y dx

= e y z.1 + xe y z.
2
(
1 2
a − x2 )
−1 / 2
(− 2x ) + xe y .2 sin x cos x


y x 2z 
= e z − + x sin 2x  . Ans.
 a2 − x2 

 ∂y   ∂z   ∂x 
Q.No.7.: If φ ( x, y, z ) = 0 , show that       = −1 .
 ∂z  x  ∂x  y  ∂y z
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Sol.: Since φ ( x, y, z ) = 0 , we have

∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
dφ = dx + dy + dz = 0 (i)
∂x ∂y ∂z
If x is kept constant, then dx = 0 , then from (i) we obtain
∂φ
 ∂y  ∂y
  = = − ∂z . (ii)
 x
∂z ∂z ∂φ
∂y
If y is kept constant, then dy = 0 , then from (i) we obtain
∂φ
 ∂z  ∂z
  = = − ∂x . (iii)
 y
∂x ∂x ∂φ
∂z
If z is kept constant, then dz = 0 , then from (i) we obtain
∂φ
 ∂x  ∂y
  = − ∂φ . (iv)
 ∂y  z
∂x
Multiplying (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get
 ∂φ   ∂φ   ∂φ 
 ∂y   ∂z   ∂x   ∂z   ∂x   ∂y 
      =  − ∂φ   − ∂φ   − ∂φ  = −1 .
 ∂z  x  ∂x  y  ∂y z    
 ∂y   ∂z   ∂x 
   
This completes the proof.
∂2z ∂ 2z ∂ 2z ∂2z
Q.No.8.: Prove that + = + ,
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂u 2 ∂v 2
where x = u cos α − v sin α , y = u sin α + v cos α .
or
By changing the independent variables u and v to x by means of the

∂ 2z ∂ 2z
relations x = u cos α − v sin α , y = u sin α + v cos α , show that +
∂u 2 ∂v 2
∂ 2z ∂ 2z
transforms into + .
∂x 2 ∂y 2
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Sol.: Here z is a composite function of u and v

∂z ∂z dx ∂z dy ∂z ∂z
= . + . = cos α + sin α
∂u ∂x du ∂y du ∂x ∂y

∂  
⇒ (z ) =  cos α ∂ + sin α ∂ z ⇒
∂ ∂ ∂
= cos α + sin α . (i)
∂u  ∂x ∂y  ∂u ∂x ∂y

∂z ∂z dx ∂z dy ∂z ∂z
Also = . + . = − sin α + cos α
∂v ∂x dv ∂y dv ∂x ∂y

∂  
⇒ (z ) =  − sin α ∂ + cos α ∂ z ⇒
∂
= − sin α
∂ ∂
+ sin α . (ii)
∂v  ∂x ∂y  ∂v ∂x ∂y

Now we shall make use of the equivalence of operations as given by (i) and (ii)

∂ 2z ∂  ∂z   ∂ ∂  ∂z ∂z 
=   =  cos α + sin α  cos α + sin α 
∂u 2 ∂u  ∂u   ∂x ∂y  ∂x ∂y 

2 ∂ 2z ∂ 2z ∂ 2z 2
2 ∂ z
= cos α 2 + cos α sin α + sin α cos α + sin α 2
∂x ∂x∂y ∂y∂x ∂y

∂ 2z ∂ 2z ∂ 2z
= cos 2 α + 2 cos α sin α + sin 2 α 2 . (iii)
∂x 2 ∂x∂y ∂y

∂ 2z ∂  ∂z   ∂ ∂  ∂z ∂z 
2
=   =  − sin α + cos α  − sin α + cos α 
∂v ∂v  ∂v   ∂x ∂y  ∂x ∂y 

∂ 2z ∂ 2z ∂ 2z ∂ 2z
= sin 2 α − sin α cos α − cos α sin α + cos 2 α 2
∂x 2 ∂x∂y ∂y∂x ∂y

2 ∂ 2z ∂ 2z 2
2 ∂ z
= sin α 2 − 2 cos α sin α + cos α 2 . (iv)
∂x ∂x∂y ∂y

∂ 2z ∂ 2z ∂ 2z ∂ 2z
Adding (iii) and (iv), we get + = + . Hence prove.
∂u 2 ∂v 2 ∂x 2 ∂y 2
∂u ∂u ∂u
Q.No.9: If u = f (r, s ) , r = x + y , s = x − y , prove that + =2 .
∂x ∂y ∂r

Sol.: Since u = f (r, s ) and r, s are the function of x and y.

∴ u is the composite function of x and y.
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∂u ∂u ∂r ∂u ∂s ∂u ∂u ∂u  ∂r ∂s 
= . + . ⇒ = + ∵ ∂x = 1 and ∂x = 1 (i)
∂x ∂r ∂x ∂s ∂x ∂x ∂r ∂s  

∂u ∂u ∂r ∂u ∂s ∂u ∂u ∂u  ∂r ∂s 
= . + . ⇒ = − ∵ = 1 and = −1 (ii)
∂y ∂r ∂y ∂s ∂y ∂y ∂r ∂s  ∂y ∂y 
Now by adding (i) and (ii), we get
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
+ = + + −
∂x ∂y ∂r ∂s ∂r ∂s
∂u ∂u ∂u
⇒ + = 2.
∂x ∂y ∂r
Hence this proves the result.
Q.No.10: If u = f (x, y) , x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ , then
2 2 2 2
 ∂u   ∂u   ∂u  1  ∂u 
  +   =   + 2   .
 ∂x   ∂y   ∂r  r  ∂θ 
Sol.: Here u is a composite function of r and θ
So we have
∂u ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂x ∂y
= . + . since = cos θ, = sin θ
∂r ∂x ∂r ∂y ∂r ∂r ∂r
∂u ∂u
= cos θ + sin θ
∂x ∂y
By squaring, we get
2 2 2
 ∂u   ∂u  2  ∂u  2  ∂u   ∂u 
  =   cos θ +   sin θ + 2 .  cos θ. sin θ . (i)
 ∂r   ∂x   ∂y   ∂x   ∂y 
Similarly we can get
∂u ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂u ∂x ∂y
= . + . since = −r sin θ, = r cos θ
∂θ ∂x ∂θ ∂y ∂θ ∂θ ∂θ
∂u ∂u
= −r . sin θ + r . cos θ
∂x ∂y
By squaring, we get

 ∂u 
2   ∂u 
2
 ∂u 
2
 ∂u   ∂u  
  = − r   .sin θ +   . cos θ − 2 .  sin θ cos θ
2 2 2
 ∂θ    ∂x   ∂y   ∂x   ∂y  
 
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2 2 2
1  ∂u   ∂u   ∂u   ∂u   ∂u 
⇒ 2   =   sin 2 θ +   cos 2 θ − 2 .  sin θ cos θ . (ii)
r  ∂θ   ∂x   ∂y   ∂x   ∂y 
Now by adding (i) and (ii), we get
2 2 2 2
 ∂u  1  ∂u   ∂u   ∂u 
 ∂r  r  ∂θ   ∂x 
2 2
( 2 2
  + 2   =   cos θ + sin θ +   cos θ + sin θ ) ( )
 ∂y 
2 2 2 2
 ∂u  1  ∂u   ∂u   ∂u 
⇒   + 2   =   +   .
 ∂r  r  ∂θ   ∂x   ∂y 
Hence this proves the result.
Q.No.11:If z be a function of x and y, and u and v be two other variables, such that
u = ℓx + my , v = ℓy − mx . Show that

∂2z ∂ 2z
) ∂ z + ∂ z  , assuming that z is a function of u and v.
2 2

2
(
+ 2 = ℓ2 + m2 2
∂x ∂y  ∂u ∂v 2 

Sol.: Let us assume that z is a function of u and v.

∂z ∂z ∂u ∂z ∂v ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
= . + . = .ℓ + .(− m ) = ℓ − m
∂x ∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
∂z
Let = f . Since f is a composite function of x and y. Noting that f is also a function of
∂x
u and v.
∂f ∂f ∂u ∂f ∂v
⇒ = . + .
∂x ∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x
∂ 2z ∂  ∂z  ∂u ∂  ∂z  ∂v  ∂z 
2
= .  +  . ∵ By putting f = ∂x 
∂x ∂u  ∂x  ∂x ∂v  ∂x  ∂x  
∂  ∂z ∂z  ∂u ∂  ∂z ∂z  ∂v
= . ℓ − m . +  ℓ − m .
∂u  ∂u ∂v  ∂x ∂v  ∂u ∂v  ∂x

∂ 2z  ∂ 2z ∂ 2z  ∂u  ∂ 2z ∂ 2z  ∂v
= ℓ − m + ℓ − m . . (i)
∂x 2  ∂u 2 ∂u∂v  ∂x  ∂v∂u ∂v 2  ∂x

∂z ∂z ∂u ∂z ∂v ∂z ∂z
Similarly = . + . =m +ℓ
∂y ∂u ∂y ∂v ∂y ∂u ∂v

∂ 2z ∂  ∂z  ∂u ∂  ∂z  ∂v
= . . +  .
∂y 2 ∂u  ∂y  ∂y ∂v  ∂y  ∂y
Partial Differentiation: Composite Functions 12
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∂ 2z  ∂ 2z ∂ 2z  ∂u  ∂ 2 z ∂ 2 z  ∂v
= .m + ℓ + m + ℓ . . (ii)
∂y 2  ∂u 2 ∂u∂v  ∂y  ∂u∂v ∂v 2  ∂y
By adding (i) and (ii) we get,
 ∂ 2z   ∂ 2 z  ∂u  ∂ 2z ∂ 2z   ∂v  ∂ 2 z ∂ 2z 
 + = ℓ − m +   ℓ − m
 ∂x 2   ∂y 2  ∂x  ∂u 2 ∂u∂v   ∂x  ∂u∂v ∂v 2 
    

 ∂u  ∂ 2 z ∂ 2z   ∂v  ∂ 2z ∂ 2z 
+   m 2 + ℓ +   m +ℓ 2
 ∂y  ∂v ∂u∂v   ∂y  ∂u∂v ∂v 

∂ 2z ∂ 2z ∂ 2z ∂ 2z ∂ 2z ∂ 2z
⇒ + = ℓ2 − ℓm − ℓm + m2 2
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂u 2 ∂u∂v ∂u∂v ∂v

2 ∂ 2z ∂ 2z ∂ 2z 2
2 ∂ z
+m + ℓm + ℓm +ℓ
∂v 2 ∂u∂v ∂u∂v ∂v 2

2 
2 
∂ 2z ∂ 2z 2
⇒
∂x 2
+
∂y 2
= ℓ(2
+ m )
 ∂ z + ∂ z .
 ∂u 2 ∂v 2 
 
Hence this proves the result.

Q.No.12: If z = f (u, v) and u = x 2 − 2xy − y 2 and v = y. Show that

(x + y ) ∂z + (x − y ) ∂z = (x − y ) ∂z .
∂x ∂y ∂v
Sol.: Clearly z is a composite function of x and y
∂z ∂z ∂u ∂z ∂v ∂z ∂z
∴ = . + . ⇒ = (2x − 2y ) + ∂z (0)
∂x ∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x ∂x ∂u ∂v
∂z ∂z
⇒ = 2(x − y ) . (i)
∂x ∂u
Also
∂z ∂z ∂u ∂z ∂v
= . + .
∂y ∂u ∂y ∂v ∂y

∂z ∂z ∂z
⇒ = ( −2x − 2y ) + (1)
∂y ∂u ∂v
∂z ∂z ∂z
⇒ = −2(x + y ) + . (ii)
∂y ∂u ∂v
Taking L.H.S., we get
Partial Differentiation: Composite Functions 13
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∂z ∂z  ∂z    ∂z ∂z 
(x + y) + (x − y) = ( x + y ) 2 ( x − y )  + ( x − y ) ( −2 )( x + y ) + 
∂x ∂y  ∂u    ∂u ∂v 

∂z ∂z ∂z
= 2 ( x + y )( x − y ) − 2 ( x − y )( x + y ) + ( x − y )
∂u ∂u ∂v
∂z
= (x − y ) = R.H.S.
∂v
Hence this proves the result.

∂ 2u ∂ 2u
Q.No.13: Transform the equation + = 0 into polar co-ordinates.
∂x 2 ∂y 2

Sol.: The relations connecting Cartesian co-ordinates (x, y) with polar co-ordinates (r, θ)
are x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ .

Squaring and adding, we get r 2 = x 2 + y 2 .

y
Dividing, we get θ = tan −1 
x
y
∴ r = x 2 + y 2 and θ = tan −1 
x
∂r x r cos θ
= = = cos θ and
∂x (x 2
+ y2 ) r

∂θ 1  y  y y r sin θ sin θ
= − =− =− =− =−
∂x y  x2 
2
(x 2
+ y2 )
2 2
x +y 2
r 2 r
1+ 2
x
∂u ∂u ∂r ∂u ∂θ ∂u sin θ ∂u
Now = . + . = . cos θ − .
∂x ∂r ∂x ∂θ ∂x ∂r r ∂θ
∂ 2u ∂  ∂u  ∂ f ∂u
⇒ 2
= .  = , where f =
∂x ∂x  ∂x  ∂x ∂x

∂ 2u ∂f sin θ ∂f ∂  ∂u  sin θ ∂  ∂u 
⇒ 2
= cos θ − . = cos θ   − .  
∂x ∂r r ∂θ ∂r  ∂x  r ∂θ  ∂x 
∂ ∂u sin θ ∂u  sin θ ∂  ∂u sin θ ∂u 
= cos θ  cos θ − . − .  cos θ − . 
∂r  ∂r r ∂θ  r ∂θ  ∂r r ∂θ 

∂ 2 u cos θ. sin θ ∂ 2 u cos θ. sin θ ∂ 2 u sin 2 θ ∂ 2 u

2
= cos θ 2 − . − . + 2 . 2
∂r r ∂r∂θ r ∂θ∂r ∂ r ∂θ
Partial Differentiation: Composite Functions 14
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sin 2 θ ∂u cos θ. sin θ ∂u cos θ. sin θ ∂u

+ + . + . . (i)
r ∂r r2 ∂θ r2 ∂θ
Similarly, we get
∂ 2 u ∂  ∂u  2 ∂ 2 u 2 cos θ.sin θ ∂ 2 u cos 2 θ ∂ 2 u
= .   = sin θ + . + 2
∂y 2 ∂y  ∂y  ∂r 2 r ∂r∂θ r ∂θ2

cos 2 θ ∂u cos θ. sin θ ∂u cos θ. sin θ ∂u

+ − . − . . (ii)
r ∂r r2 ∂θ r2 ∂θ
Adding (i) and (ii) we get

∂ 2u ∂ 2u 2 2
θ + sin 2 θ ∂ 2 u cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ ∂u
∂x 2
+
∂y 2
(
= cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ )∂∂r u + cos
2
r2 ∂θ2
+
r ∂r

∂ 2u 1 ∂ 2u 1 ∂u
= + +
∂r 2 r 2 ∂θ2 r ∂r

∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u 1 ∂ 2u 1 ∂u
2
+ 2
= 2
+ 2 2
+ = 0.
∂x ∂y ∂r r ∂θ r ∂r

Hence this proves the result.

Q.No.14: If v = r 3 and r 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 then show that

∂ 2v ∂2v ∂2v ∂ 2v 2 ∂v
2
+ 2
+ 2
= 2
+ .
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂r r ∂r

∂v ∂v ∂r x
Sol.: Let = . = 3r 2 . = 3rx
∂x ∂r ∂x r

⇒
∂2v
= 3r + 3x.
∂r x 3 r2 + x2
= 3r + 3x. = .
( ) (i)
2 ∂x r r
∂x
Similarly we can find

∂ 2v
=
(
3 r 2 + y2 ) (ii)
∂y 2 r

∂ 2v
=
(
3 r 2 + z2
.
) (iii)
2 r
∂z
By adding (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
Partial Differentiation: Composite Functions 15
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∂ 2v
+
∂ 2v
+
∂ 2v
=
(
3 3r 2 + x 2 + y 2 + z 2
=
) (
3 3r 2 + r 2
=
)
3 × 4r 2
= 12r .
2 2 2 r r r
∂x ∂y ∂z
(iv)

By differentiating v = r 3 w. r. t. r, we get
dv
= 3r 2 .
dr
d 2v
Again differentiating, we get = 6r
dr 2
d 2v 2 dv 2
∴ Let R. H. S. + . = 6r + .3r 2 = 6r + 6r = 12r .
2
(v)
dr r dr r
Hence from (iv) and (v), we get

∂ 2v ∂2v ∂2v ∂ 2v 2 ∂v
2
+ 2
+ 2
= 2
+
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂r r ∂r

Hence this proves the result.

Q.No.15: If z = f (x, y) , x = u cos α − v sin α , y = u sin α + v cos α , prove that

∂ 2z ∂ 2z ∂ 2z ∂ 2z
+ = + .
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂u 2 ∂v 2
Sol.: Since z is a composite function of u and v
∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂z
Thus = . + . = . cos α. + .sin α = f
∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂v ∂x ∂y

∂ 2z ∂  ∂z  ∂f ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y
Now, 2
=  = = . + .
∂u ∂u  ∂u  ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u

∂ 2z  2 2   2 2 
⇒ = cos α  cos α ∂ z + sin α ∂ z  + sin α cos α ∂ z + sin α ∂ z 
∂u 2  ∂x 2 ∂x∂y   ∂x∂y ∂y 2 
 

∂ 2z ∂ 2z ∂ 2z ∂ 2z
⇒ = cos 2 α + 2 cos α sin α + sin 2 z 2 . (i)
∂u 2 ∂x 2 ∂x∂y ∂y
∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂z
Similarly, = . + . = − sin α + cos α =g
∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v ∂x ∂y

∂ 2z ∂  ∂z  ∂f ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y
⇒ 2
=  = = . + .
∂v ∂v  ∂v  ∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v
Partial Differentiation: Composite Functions 16
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 ∂ 2z ∂ 2 z   ∂ 2z ∂ 2z 
= − sin α − sin α 2 + cos α + cos α − sin α + cos α 2 
 ∂x ∂x∂y   ∂x∂y ∂y 
 

∂ 2z 2 ∂ 2z ∂ 2z 2
2 ∂ z
⇒ 2 = sin α 2 − 2 cos α sin α + cos α 2 . (ii)
∂v ∂x ∂x∂y ∂y
Now by adding (i) and (ii), we get

∂ 2z ∂ 2z 2 2 2 2

∂u 2
+
∂v 2
(
= cos 2 α + sin 2 α )∂∂xz + (cos
2
2
α + sin 2 α )∂∂yz = ∂∂xz + ∂∂yz .
2 2 2

Hence this proves the result.

 dp   dt   dv 
Q.No.16: If f (p, t, v) = 0 . Prove that   ×   ×   = −1 .
 dt  v = c  dv  p = c  dp  t = c

Sol.: When v = c then

f1 = f (p, t, v) = f (p, t, c ) = f (p, t ) = 0

 dp  − ∂f1 / ∂t
Now   = (i)
 dt  v = c ∂f1 / ∂p

 dt  − ∂f 2 / ∂v
Similarly   = (ii)
 dv  p = c ∂f 2 / ∂t

 dv  − ∂f3 / ∂p
and   = (iii)
 dp  t =c ∂f3 / ∂v

Multiplying (i), (ii) and (iii), we get

 dp   dt   dv  − ∂f1 / ∂t − ∂f 2 / ∂v − ∂f3 / ∂p
  ×   ×   = × ×
 dt  v = c  dv  p = c  dp p = c ∂f1 / ∂p ∂f 2 / ∂t ∂f3 / ∂v

 ∂f   ∂f   ∂f 
⇒   =  1  =  3 
 ∂p  v, t =0  ∂p  v =c  ∂p  t =c

∂f1 ∂f 2 ∂f ∂f
Similarly = and 2 = 3
∂t ∂t ∂v ∂v
Thus, we get

 dp   dt   dv  ∂f 1 ∂f
  ×   ×   = 1 × × 2 = −1 = R. H. S..
 dt  v = c  dv p = c  dp  t = c ∂t ∂f1 / ∂p ∂v
Hence this proves the result.
Partial Differentiation: Composite Functions 17
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Q.No.17: If f (u, v) = 0 , u = ℓx + my + mz and v = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 . Hence show that

(ℓy − mx ) + (ny − mz) ∂z + (ℓz − nx ) ∂z = 0.

∂x ∂y
Sol.: Since f is a composite function of x, y, and z. Then we have
∂f ∂f ∂u ∂f ∂v ∂f ∂f ∂f
= . + . ⇒ = ℓ + 2x (i)
∂x ∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x ∂x ∂u ∂v
∂f ∂f ∂u ∂f ∂v ∂f ∂f ∂f
and = . + . ⇒ = m + 2y (ii)
∂y ∂u ∂y ∂v ∂y ∂y ∂u ∂v
∂f ∂f ∂f
and = n + 2z (iii)
∂z ∂u ∂v
Solving (i) and (ii), we get
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
y −x m −ℓ
∂f ∂x ∂y ∂f ∂x ∂y
= and =
∂u ℓy − mx ∂v 2 xm − 2ℓy

 ∂f ∂f   ∂f ∂f 
y −x  m −ℓ 
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂x ∂y  ∂x ∂y 
∴ = n + 2z = n + 2 z
∂z ∂u ∂v  ℓy − mx   2(mx − ℓy ) 
   
   
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
⇒ (ℓy − mx ) = ny − nx − mz + zℓ
∂z ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
∂f ∂f ∂f
⇒ (ℓy − mx ) = (ny − mz) + (ℓz − nx )
∂z ∂x ∂y
∂f / ∂x ∂f / ∂y
⇒ (ℓy − mx ) − (ny − mz ) − (ℓz − nx ) =0
∂f / ∂z ∂f / ∂z
 ∂z ∂f / ∂x 
∂z ∂z ∴ ∂x = − ∂f / ∂z 
⇒ (ℓy − mx ) + (ny − mz ) + (ℓz − nx ) = 0 .  
∂x ∂y  ∂z = − ∂f / ∂y 
 ∂y ∂f / ∂z 
Hence this proves the result.
Q.No.18.: If z = f (x, y ) , x = u + v , y = uv , prove that
∂z ∂z ∂z
(i) (u − v ) = u −v .
∂x ∂u ∂v
Partial Differentiation: Composite Functions 18
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∂z ∂z ∂z
(ii) (u − v ) = − .
∂y ∂v ∂u
Sol.: Here z is a composite function of u and v
∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
Hence = . + . = (1) + v = +v (i)
∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
Similarly we get
∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
= . + . = (1) + u = +u (ii)
∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y

∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
Let u −v =u + uv − v − uv =u −v ⇒ (u − v ) .
∂u ∂v ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂x
Hence this prove the (i) relation.
Let us subtract (ii) from (i), we get
∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
− = +u − −v = (u − v ) .
∂v ∂u ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y
Hence this proves the (ii) relation.
x y z
Q.No.19.: If z = f (r, s, t ) and r = , s = and t = , prove that
y z x
∂u ∂u ∂u
x +y +z = 0.
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂u ∂u ∂r ∂u ∂s ∂u ∂t ∂u 1 ∂u  z  ∂u
Sol.: Here = . + . + . = . + .(0) +  − 2 .
∂x ∂r ∂x ∂s ∂x ∂t ∂x ∂r y ∂s  x  ∂t
1 ∂u z ∂u
= − .
y ∂r x 2 ∂t
Similarly, we get
∂u 1 ∂u x ∂u ∂u 1 ∂u y ∂u
= − 2 and = −
∂y z ∂s y ∂r ∂z x ∂s z 2 ∂s

∂u ∂u ∂u x ∂u z ∂u y ∂u x ∂u z ∂u y ∂u
⇒x +y +z = − + − + −
∂x ∂y ∂z y ∂r x ∂t z ∂s y ∂r x ∂t z ∂s
∂u ∂u ∂u
x +y +z = 0.
∂x ∂y ∂z
Hence this proves the result.
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∂ 2z ∂ 2z
Q.No.20: If z = f (x, y ) and x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ express the equation + =0
∂x 2 ∂y 2
in terms of r θ . Is the equation in terms of r and θ valid at r = 0 .

Sol.: Let x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ ⇒ r = x 2 + y 2

y
And θ = tan −1 
x
∂r x
⇒ = = cos θ
∂x x + y2
2

∂θ y y sin θ
⇒ =− 2
=− 2 2
=−
∂x  x 2 + y 2  x +y r
 
∂u ∂u ∂r ∂u ∂θ ∂u sin θ ∂u
⇒ = . + . = . cos θ − .
∂x ∂r ∂x ∂θ ∂x ∂r r ∂θ
∂ 2u ∂  ∂u  ∂f ∂u
⇒ 2
=  = where f =
∂x ∂x  ∂x  ∂x ∂x

∂ 2u ∂f sin θ ∂f ∂  ∂u  sin θ ∂  ∂u 
⇒ 2
= cos θ. − = cos θ   −  
∂x ∂x r ∂θ ∂r  ∂x  r ∂θ  ∂x 
∂ ∂u sin θ ∂u  sin θ ∂  ∂u sin θ ∂u 
= cos θ.  cos θ − . − .  cos θ. − . 
∂r  ∂r r ∂θ  r ∂θ  ∂r r ∂θ 

2 ∂ 2u
2 sin θ. cos θ ∂ 2u sin 2 θ ∂ 2u sin 2 θ ∂u
= cos θ 2 − . + 2 . 2 + .
∂r r ∂r.∂θ r ∂ θ r ∂r
sin θ cos θ ∂u sin θ. cos θ ∂u
+ . − . . (i)
r2 ∂θ r2 ∂θ
Similarly, we get

∂ 2u ∂ 2u 2 sin θ. cos θ ∂ 2u cos2 θ ∂ 2 u cos2 θ ∂u

= sin 2 θ + . + 2 . 2+ .
∂y 2 ∂r 2 r ∂r.∂θ r ∂θ r ∂r

sin θ cos θ ∂u sin θ. cos θ ∂u

− . + . . (ii)
r2 ∂r r2 ∂r
By adding (i) and (ii), we get

∂ 2u ∂ 2u 2 2

∂x 2
+
∂y 2
(
= sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ . ) ∂∂r u + r1 .(sin
2 2
2
) ∂∂θu + 1r .(sin
θ + cos2 θ . 2
2
) ∂∂ur
θ + cos 2 θ .
Partial Differentiation: Composite Functions 20
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∂ 2u 1 ∂ 2θ 1 ∂u
= + . + .
∂r 2 r 2 ∂θ2 r ∂r
From this equation, we get

2 ∂ 2z ∂z ∂ 2 z
r + r + 2 = 0.
∂r 2 ∂r ∂θ
When r = 0 then we have

∂ 2z
= 0 . Thus the equation is valid.
∂θ2
Hence this proves the result.

Q.No.21: If x = u + v + w , y = u 2 + v 2 + w 2 , z = u 3 + v3 + w 3 then prove that

∂u vw
= .
∂x (u − v )(u − w )
Sol.: Let x = u + v + w
By differentiating w. r. t. x, we get
∂x ∂u ∂v ∂w ∂u ∂v ∂w
= + + ⇒ + + =1 (i)
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x

Also y = u 2 + v 2 + w 2
Again by differentiating partially w. r. t. x, we get
∂u ∂v ∂w ∂u ∂v ∂w
0 = 2u + 2v + 2w ⇒u +v +w =0 (ii)
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x

and z = u 3 + v3 + w 3
Again by differentiating partially w. r. t. x, we get
∂u ∂v ∂w ∂u ∂v ∂w
0 = 3u 2 + 3v 2 + 3w 2 ⇒ u2 + v2 + w2 =0 (iii)
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
∂u ∂v ∂w
Let =a, = b and =c
∂x ∂x ∂x
Putting these values in (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
a +b+c =1 (iv)
ua + vb + wc = 0 (v)

u 2a + v 2 b + w 2c = 0 (vi)
a + b + c = 1 ⇒ wa + wb + wc = w (vii)
Partial Differentiation: Composite Functions 21
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ua + vb + wc = 0 ⇒ wua + wvb + w 2c = 0 (viii)

Now subtracting (v) from (vii), we get
(w − u )a + (w − v)b = w
Now subtracting (vi) from (viii), we get

(wu − u )a + (wv − v )b = 0 i. e.
2 2

(w − u )a + (w − v)b = w ⇒ v(w − u )a + v(w − v)b = wv (ix)

and u(w − v )a − v(w − v )b = 0 (x)

By solving, we get
vw
v(w − u )a − u (w − v)a = vw ⇒ (v − u )(w − v )a = vw ⇒ a =
(v − u )(w − v )
∂u uw
Hence = .
∂x (u − v )(u − w )
Hence this proves the result.
Q.No.22: If x = cosh θ. cos φ , y = sinh θ.sin φ then show that

 x, y  1
J  = (cosh 2θ − cos 2φ) .
 θ, φ  2
∂x ∂x
 x, y  ∂φ = ∂x . ∂y − ∂x . ∂y
Sol.: Let J  = ∂θ
 θ, φ  ∂y ∂y ∂θ ∂φ ∂φ ∂θ
∂θ ∂θ
∂x ∂x
⇒ = sinh θ cos φ ; = − cosh θ.sin φ
∂θ ∂φ
∂y ∂x
and = cosh θ sin φ ; = sinh θ. cos φ
∂θ ∂φ

 x, y 
∴ J  = (sinh θ. cos φ)(
. sinh θ. cos φ) + (cosh θ.sin φ)(
. cosh θ.sin φ)
 θ, φ 

= cos 2 φ.sinh 2 θ + cosh 2 θ sin 2 φ

ex − e− x ex + e− x
Now here sinh θ = and cosh θ =
2 2
Partial Differentiation: Composite Functions 22
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2 2 2 2
2 e x + e − x + 2e x − x e x + e − x 1
⇒ cosh θ = = +
4 4 2
2 2
2 ex + e− x 1
and sinh θ = −
4 2

 x, y   x 2 + e− x 2 1   x 2 + e− x 2 1 
2 e  2 e
J  = cos φ − + sin φ + 
 θ, φ   4 2   4 2
   
2 2
ex + e− x
=
4
( 1
) (
cos 2 φ + sin 2 φ − cos 2 φ − sin 2 φ
2
)
2 2 2 2
ex + e− x 1 1 e x + e− x 1
= − cos 2φ = . − cos 2φ
4 2 2 2 2

1  e x + e − x  1
2 2
 ex + e− x 
= . − cos 2φ  = .(cos 2hθ − cos 2φ) ∵ = cosh θ
2 2  2
 2 
 
Hence this proves the result.
yz zx xy ∂(u , v, w )
Q.No.23.: If u = , v= , w= , show that = 4.
x y z ∂ ( x , y, z )
∂u yz ∂v zx ∂w xy
Sol.: Here =− 2, = − 2 and =− 2
∂x x ∂y y ∂z z

∂u z ∂v x ∂w y
= , = and =
∂y x ∂z y ∂x z
∂u y ∂v z ∂w x
and = , = and =
∂z x ∂x y ∂y z
∴ Taking L. H. S., we get
 u, v, w  ∂(u, v, w )
J  =
 x, y, z  ∂ (x, y, z )

∂u ∂u ∂u yz z y yz
− − z y
∂x ∂y ∂z x2 x z x
∂v ∂v ∂v z zx x 1 zx
= = − 2
= z − x
∂x ∂y ∂z y y y x yz y
∂w ∂w ∂w y x xy xy
− 2 y x −
∂x ∂y ∂z z z z z
Partial Differentiation: Composite Functions 23
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1  yz  (zx )(xy )  
= −  − x 2  − z(− xy − yx ) + y(zx + zx )
x y z  x  zy  
1
= [(− yzx + yzx ) − z(− 2xy) + y(2zx )]
x yz
1
= ((0) + 2xyz + 2xyz ) = 1 (4xyz) = 4 = R. H. S..
xyz xyz
Hence this proves the result.
 r, θ  1
Q.No.24.: If x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ , prove that J  = .
 x, y  r
Sol.: Given that x = r cos θ (i)
And y = r sin θ (ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get
y
r = x 2 + y 2 and θ = tan −1
x
∂r 2x x
So we get = = = cos θ
∂x 2 x 2 + y 2 x 2 + y2

∂r 2y y
And = = = sin θ
∂y 2 x 2 + y 2 x 2 + y2

∂θ 1  y  y
Similarly = 2  − 2  = −
∂x  y  x  x 2 + y2
1+  
x
∂θ 1 1 x
And = 2
. = 2
∂y  y x x + y2
1+  
x
Let L. H. S.
∂r ∂r
 r, θ  ∂x ∂y ∂r ∂θ ∂θ ∂r x x y y
J  = = . − . = . + .
 x, y  ∂θ ∂θ ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y 2 2 2
2
x 2 + y2 x + y x 2 + y2 x + y
∂x ∂y

x2 y2 x 2 + y2 1 1
= + = = =
x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2 r
Partial Differentiation: Composite Functions 24
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= R. H. S..
Hence this proves the result.
∂(x, y, z )
Q.No.25.: If x = ρ cosθ , y = ρ sin θ , z = z, show that = ρ.
∂ (ρ, θ, z )
Sol.: Let x = ρ cosθ , y = ρ sin θ and z = z
∂x ∂y ∂z
⇒ = cos θ , = sin θ and =0
∂ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ
∂x ∂y ∂z
= −ρ sin θ , = ρ cos θ and =0
∂θ ∂θ ∂θ
∂x ∂y ∂z
and = 0, = 0 and =1
∂z ∂z ∂z
Taking L. H. S., we get
∂x ∂x ∂x
cos θ − ρ sin θ 0
∂ρ ∂θ ∂z
∂(x, y, z ) ∂y
=
∂ (ρ, θ, z ) ∂ρ
∂y
∂θ
∂y
∂z
(
= sin θ ρ cos θ 0 = 1 ρ cos 2 θ + ρ sin 2 θ )
∂z ∂z ∂z
0 0 1
∂ρ ∂θ ∂z

( )
= ρ cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ = ρ = R. H. S..
Hence this proves the result.
Q.No.26.: If x = f (u, v) , y = φ(u, v) are two functions which satisfy the equations
∂f ∂φ ∂f ∂φ
= , =− and z is a function of x and y, then prove that
∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u

∂ 2z ∂ 2z  ∂ 2z ∂ 2z   ∂f  2  ∂f  2 
+ =  +    +    .
∂u 2 ∂v 2  ∂x 2 ∂y 2   ∂u   ∂v  

∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y
Sol.: Given that = . + .
∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u

∂z ∂f ∂z ∂φ ∂  ∂z  ∂
⇒g= . + . ⇒  = g
∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂u  ∂u  ∂u
∂g ∂x ∂g ∂y
= . + .
∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u
Partial Differentiation: Composite Functions 25
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∂f  ∂f ∂ 2 z ∂z ∂ 2f ∂ 2 z ∂φ ∂ 2θ ∂z 
= . 2+ . + . + .
∂u  ∂u ∂x ∂x ∂x∂u ∂x∂y ∂u ∂x∂u ∂y 

∂φ  ∂f ∂ 2 z ∂z ∂ 2f ∂ 2 z ∂φ ∂ 2θ ∂z 
+ . + . + 2. + . .
∂u  ∂u ∂x∂y ∂x ∂y∂u ∂y ∂u ∂y∂u ∂y 

∂ 2f ∂ 2f ∂  ∂f  ∂ 2
Now we have = −  = (1) = 0 − ∂ f .
∂x∂u ∂u∂x ∂u  ∂x  ∂u ∂y∂v

∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ
Similarly, we can have =0= .
∂y∂u ∂y∂v
So that

∂ 2z ∂f  ∂f ∂ 2 z ∂ 2 z ∂φ ∂ 2φ ∂z  ∂φ  ∂f ∂ 2 u ∂z ∂f ∂φ ∂ 2z 
= . 2+ . + . + . + . + . 2 (i)
∂u 2 ∂u  ∂u ∂x ∂x∂y ∂v ∂x∂u ∂y  ∂u  ∂u ∂x∂y ∂x ∂y∂u ∂u ∂y 

Similarly, we can find

∂ 2z ∂f  ∂f ∂ 2 z ∂ 2 z ∂φ ∂ 2φ ∂z  ∂φ  ∂f ∂ 2u ∂z ∂ 2f ∂φ ∂ 2 z 
= . + . + . + . + . + . (ii)
∂v 2 ∂v  ∂v ∂x 2 ∂x∂y ∂v ∂x∂u ∂y  ∂v  ∂v ∂x∂y ∂x ∂y∂v ∂v ∂y 2 

∂f ∂φ ∂f ∂φ
Since = and =
∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u
Taking L. H. S., we get

∂ 2z ∂ 2z ∂f  ∂f ∂ 2 z ∂ 2 z ∂f ∂ 2f ∂z  ∂f  ∂f ∂ 2 z ∂ 2f ∂z ∂f ∂ 2 z 
+ = . 2− . − . − . + . − .
∂u 2 ∂v 2 ∂u  ∂u ∂x ∂x∂y ∂v ∂x∂v ∂y  ∂v  ∂u ∂x∂y ∂y∂u ∂x ∂v ∂y 2 

∂f  ∂f ∂ 2 z ∂ 2 z ∂f ∂ 2f ∂z  ∂f  ∂f ∂ 2z ∂ 2f ∂z ∂f ∂ 2 z 
+ . 2+ . + . + . + . + .
∂v  ∂v ∂x ∂x∂y ∂u ∂x∂u ∂y  ∂u  ∂v ∂x∂y ∂y∂v ∂x ∂u ∂y 2 
2
2 22 2 2 2 2
 ∂f  ∂ z  ∂f  ∂ z  ∂f  ∂ z  ∂f  ∂ z
=   . 2 +  . 2 +  . 2 +  . 2
 ∂u  ∂x  ∂u  ∂y  ∂v  ∂x  ∂v  ∂y

∂f  ∂z ∂ 2f ∂z ∂ 2f  ∂f  ∂z ∂ 2f ∂z ∂ 2f 
+ − . + . + − . − .
∂v  ∂x ∂u∂y ∂y ∂u∂x  ∂u  ∂x ∂v∂y ∂y ∂v∂x 

 ∂f ∂f 
 ∂u∂x ∂v∂x = 0
∵ =
 
Partial Differentiation: Composite Functions 26
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 ∂ 2z ∂ 2 z   ∂f  2  ∂f  2  ∂f  ∂z ∂ 2φ  ∂f  ∂z ∂ 2φ 
=  2 + 2    +    +  − −  + − − 
 ∂x ∂y   ∂u   ∂v   ∂v  ∂x ∂v∂y  ∂u  ∂x ∂u∂y 
      

 ∂ 2u ∂ 2φ 
 ∵ = = 0
 ∂v∂y ∂u∂y 

 ∂ 2z ∂ 2 z   ∂f 2  ∂f  2 
=  2 + 2    +    = R. H. S..
 ∂x ∂y   ∂u   ∂v  

Hence this proves the result.
∂z
Q.No.27: If z = u 2 + v 2 , x = u 2 − v 2 and y = uv . Find the value of .
∂x
∂z ∂z ∂u ∂z ∂v ∂z ∂u ∂v
Sol.: Here = . + . ⇒ = 2u + 2 v
∂x ∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x

Now u 2 − v 2 = x .
Differentiating w.r.t. to x, we get
∂u ∂v ∂x ∂u ∂v
2u − 2v = = 2u − 2v =1 , (i)
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
and v u = y .
Differentiating w. r. t. to x, we get
∂v ∂u
u. + v. = 0 . (ii)
∂x ∂x
Solving (i) and (ii), we get
∂u ∂v
∂x = ∂x = 1
0 + u − v − 0 2u 2 + 2 v 2
∂u u u ∂v −v −v
⇒ = = and = =
2
(
∂x 2 u + v 2 2z ) 2
∂x 2 u + v 2
(
2z )
∂z u v u 2 − v2 x
⇒ = 2u. − 2v. = =
∂x 2z 2z z z
∂z x
Hence = . Ans.
∂x z
Partial Differentiation: Composite Functions 27
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 ∂y   ∂z   ∂x 
Q.No.28.: If F ( x, y, z ) = 0 , show that   ×  ×  = −1 .
 ∂x  z = const  ∂y  x =const  ∂z  y =const

Sol.: Since F ( x, y, z ) = 0 , we have

∂F ∂F ∂F
dF = dx + dy + dz = 0 (i)
∂x ∂y ∂z
If x is kept constant, then dx = 0 , then from (i) we obtain
∂F
 ∂z  dz ∂y
  = =− . (ii)
 ∂y ×=const dy ∂F
∂z
If y is kept constant, then dy = 0 , then from (i) we obtain
∂F
 ∂x  dz
  = = − ∂x . (iii)
  y = const
∂z dx ∂F
∂z
If z is kept constant, then dz = 0 , then from (i) we obtain
∂F
 ∂y  dy ∂y
  = =− . (iv)
 ∂x  z = const dx ∂F
∂x
Multiplying (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get
 ∂F   ∂F   ∂F 
 ∂y   ∂z   ∂x     ∂y   
  ×  ×  =  − ∂x   −   − ∂z  = −1 .
 ∂x z =const  ∂y  x = const  ∂z  y =const  ∂F   ∂F   ∂F 
 ∂y   ∂z   ∂x 
  
This completes the proof.

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Partial Differentiation: Composite Functions 28
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