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CHAPTER THREE
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF TWO-WAY SLABS
3.0 Introduction
Reinforced concrete slabs plate elements forming are used in floors, roofs and walls of buildings,
parking lots, air fields, and roadway and as the decks of bridges. The floor system of a structure
can take many forms such as in situ solid slab, ribbed slab or pre-cast units. Slabs may span in
one direction or in two directions and they may be supported on monolithic concrete beam, steel
beams, walls or directly by the structure’s columns, continuously supported on the ground.
If slab is supported on two opposite sides only, the structural action of the slab is essentially one-
way; and the loads being carried by the slab in the direction perpendicular to the supporting
beams or walls. Therefore, all the main reinforcing steel should be placed at right angles to those
beams or walls, except shrinkage and temperature reinforcement which may be placed in other
direction.

On other hand, there may be supporting beams or wall on all four sides of slab, the structural
action of slab is two-way. For such slab, the main reinforcing steel should be applied in two
directions. Slab Classification:

A) Beam supported slabs

1. One-way slabs – main reinforcement in each element runs in one direction only.
(Ly/Lx >2). There are two types- one way solid slabs and one way ribbed slabs.

2 Two – way slabs – main reinforcement runs in both direction where ratio of long to short
span is less than two. (Ly/Lx < 2)
B). Beamless (column supported) slab
Flat slab = a continuous two-way solid or ribbed slab, with or without drop-panels, having at
least two spans in each direction, supported internally by columns without beams and supported
externally by walls, or columns with or without spandrel beams, or both.

Flat Plate = particular type of flat slab, without either drop panels or capitals

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Criteria for Safe Design: Limit States

One criterion for a safe design is that the structure should not become unfit for use, i.e., it should
not reach a limit state during its design life. This is achieved, in particular, by designing the
structure to ensure that it does not reach two important limit states.
1. Ultimate limit state (ULS): This limit state is concerned with the safety of the people and of
the structure. This requires that the whole structure or its elements should not collapse, overturn
or buckle when subjected to the design loads.
2. Serviceability limit states (SLS): This limit state is concerned with
 Comfort of the occupants: For example the structure should not suffer from excessive
vibration or have large cracks or deflection so as to alarm the user of the building.
 Appearance of the structure. The structure should not become unfit for use due to excessive
deflection or cracking.
For reinforced concrete structures, the normal practice is to design for the ultimate limit state,
check for serviceability and take all necessary precautions to ensure durability.
Ultimate Limit State
The structure must be designed to carry the most severe combination of loads to which it is
subjected. Each and every section of the elements must be capable of resisting the axial and
shear forces, bending and twisting moments derived from the analysis. Overall stability of a
structure is provided by shear walls, lift shafts, staircases and rigid frame action or a combination
of these means. The structure should transmit all loads, dead, imposed, snow and wind, safely to
the foundations.
The design is made for ultimate loads and design strengths of materials with partial safety factors
applied to loads and material strengths. This permits uncertainties in the estimation of loads and
in the performance of materials to be assessed separately. The section strength is determined
using plastic analysis based on the short-term design stress−strain curves for concrete and
reinforcing steel. The planning and design should be such that damage to a small area or failure
of a single element should not cause collapse of a major part of a structure. This means that the

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design should be resistant to progressive collapse. The structure should resist the applied loads as
a unit. This can be ensured by adequately tying the different parts of the structure using vertical
and horizontal ties.
Serviceability Limit States
In checking for the serviceability limit states, account is to be taken of temperature, creep,
shrinkage, sway and settlement and possibly other effects.
The main serviceability limit states are as follows.
(a) Deflection
The deformation of the structure should not adversely affect its efficiency or appearance.
Deflections of beams may be calculated, but may tend to be complicated because of cracking,
creep and shrinkage effects. In normal cases span-to-effective depth ratios can be used to check
compliance with requirements.
(b) Cracking
Cracking should be kept within reasonable limits by correct detailing. Crack widths may be
calculated, but may tend to be complicated and in normal cases cracking can be controlled by
adhering to detailing rules with regard to bar spacing in zones where the concrete is in tension.
(c) Vibration
The structure should not under the action of wind loads or movement of the people vibrate so
much as to make people uncomfortable or in worst cases even to alarm people.
In analyzing a section for the serviceability limit states the behaviour is assessed assuming a
linear elastic relationship for steel and concrete stresses. Allowance is made for the stiffening
effect of concrete in the tension zone and for creep and shrinkage.
Actions (loads) can be classified as
 Permanent actions (G): These are fixed values such as the self-weight of the structure and
the weight of finishes, ceilings, services and partitions.
 Variable actions (Q): These are imposed loads due to people, furniture,and equipment etc. on
floors, wind actions on the whole structure including roofs and snow loads on roofs.
Accidental actions (A): These are loads due to crashing of vehicles against the building, bomb
blasts and other forces.
The characteristic value of an action (load) is its main representative value defined by a nominal
value which is normally expected to have a 95% probability of not being exceeded.

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The characteristic loads used in design are as follows:

1. The characteristic permanent action Gk is given by a single value as its value does not vary
significantly during the lifetime of the structure.
2. The characteristic variable action Qk is represented as follows.
 Combination value ψ0 Qk is used for irreversible ultimate limit states.
 Frequent value ψ1 Qk is used for reversible limit states.
 Quasi-permanent value ψ2 Qk is used for calculating long term effects such as
deflection due to creep and other aspects related to the appearance of the structure.
Note that combination factor ψ is a device for reducing the design value of variable loads when
they act in combination.
Table 3.1 Recommended values of ψ factors for imposed load on buildings

The design value of an action is a product of the representative value and a load factor γF, i. Thus
for permanent actions, design value is γF,i Gk. For variable actions, design value is γF, i ψi Qk,
where i = 0, 1, or 2 depending on whether it is a combination value, a frequent value or a quasi-
permanent value. The value of γF, i can be different for different Qk and different from that for
Gk.
The partial safety factor γF, i takes account of
a. Possible increases in load
b. Inaccurate assessment of the effects of loads
c. Unforeseen stress distributions in members

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d. Importance of the limit state being considered

3.1 Two-Way Simply Supported Slab
If the slab consist of one panel and end support are not restrained,(the slab and beam are not
connected monolithically) the slab are classify as two-way simply supported slab.
 The ratio of longer span to shorter span is less than or equal to 2.
 The bending is assumed both in short and longer direction .
 Main reinforcements are provided parallel to both shorter and longer direction

•When simply-supported slabs do not have adequate provision to resist torsion at the corners, and
to prevent the corners from lifting, the maximum moments per unit width are given by the
following equations:
Approximate methods of analysis of two way edge restrained solid slab
1. Coefficient method
2. Yield line method and
3. Strip method.
1. Analysis by using coefficient method

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Requirements for using coefficient method

1. The ratio of characteristic live load (Qk)to characteristic dead load(Gk)should be less than
1.25 or (Qk/Gk)  1.25.

2. The characteristic live load (Qk) should be less than or equal to 5KN/m2or Qk  5KN/m2.

3. The load should be uniformly distributed.

4. The slab should be rectangular.
5. The slab does not have large opening.
6. The slab should be supported by beam in all edges.

Bending moment of two-way restrained slab depends on the ratio of Ly/Lx and continuity of slab
edges.
Moments for individual panels with edge simply supported or fully fixed may be computed from:

Mi = αi pd Lx2

Where:- Mi- is the design initial moment per unit width at the point of reference.

Ly
Lx
α i- coefficient given in Table A -1 (as a function of ratio and support conditions.

Pd – design uniform load.

Lx, Ly – shorter and longer span of the panel respectively.

Notations for critical moments

The subscripts have the following meaning.

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S - Support

f – field (span)

y,x – directions in the long & short span, respectively

•There are 9 Cases of Two-Way restrained slab with of slab edge continuity that may be exist as
shown in figure below

Table 1: Bending moment coefficients for slab spanning in two direction at right angles, simply
supported on four sides

α = l y /l x 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0 2.5 3.0
xf 0.0625 0.074 0.084 0.093 0.099 0.104 0.113 0.118 0.122 0.124
yf 0.0625 0.061 0.059 0.055 0.051 0.046 0.037 0.029 0.020 0.014

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Table A-1: Bending moment coefficients for rectangular panels supported on four sides with
provision for torsion at corner

Long span
Values of
l y /l x coefficients,
Support Coeff α ys & α yf ,
Condition .
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0 for all
values
of
l y /l x

1 α xs 0 .032 0 . 037 0 . 042 0 . 046 0 . 050 0 . 053 0 .059 0.063 0 .032

α xf 0 .024 0 . 028 0 . 032 0 . 035 0 . 037 0 . 040 0 .044 0.048 0 .024

2 α xs 0.039 0 .044 0 . 048 0 . 052 0.055 0.058 0 . 063 0 . 067 0 . 039

α xf 0.029 0 .033 0 . 036 0 . 039 0.041 0.043 0 . 047 0 . 050 0 . 029

3 α xs 0 . 039 0 . 049 0 . 056 0 . 062 0.068 0.073 0 . 082 0 . 089 0 . 039

α xf 0 . 030 0 . 036 0 . 042 0 . 047 0.051 0.055 0 . 062 0 . 067 0 . 030

4 α xs 0 . 047 0 . 056 0 . 063 0 . 069 0 .074 0 . 078 0 . 087 0 . 093 0 . 047

α xf 0 . 036 0 . 042 0 . 047 0 . 051 0 .055 0 . 059 0 . 065 0 . 070 0 . 036

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α xs 0 .046 0 . 050 0 .054 0 . 057 0 . 060 0 . 062 0 . 067 0 . 070 −−

0 .034 0 . 038 0 .040 0 . 043 0 . 045 0 . 047 0 . 050 0 . 053 0 . 034
α xf

α xs −− −− −− −− −− −− −− −− 0 .045
6
0 . 034 0 . 046 0 . 056 0 . 065 0 . 072 0 . 078 0 . 091 0 . 100 0 .034
α xf

7 α xs 0 . 057 0.065 0.071 0 .076 0 .081 0 .084 0 .092 0 .098 −−

0 . 043 0.048 0.053 0 .057 0 .060 0 .063 0 .069 0 .074 0 . 044
α xf

8 α xs −− −− −− −− −− −− −− −− 0 .058
0 . 044 0 . 054 0 . 063 0 . 071 0 . 078 0 . 084 0 . 096 0 . 105 0 .044
α xf

9 α xf 0 . 056 0 . 065 0 . 074 0 . 081 0 . 087 0 . 092 0 . 103 0 . 111 0 . 056

Two methods to distribute the intermediate support moments:

Method I: - Dimensioning in this method is carried out either for:

a) initial moment directly, or

b) When ∆Ms < 0.2 Ms,large, average of initial moments at the support
This method may be used:

-When the difference between initial support moments are less than 20% of the larger
moment, and

-For internal structures where live load does not exceed 2.5 times the dead load or for
external structures 0.8 times dead load

Method II:- When ∆Ms > 0.2 Ms, large

The conditions given in method I are not met, method II or other more accurate method shall be
used to distribute unbalanced support moment. In method II consideration of change of support
moments is limited to the adjacent span. Therefore, the unbalanced support moment is locally
distributed at each edge without iteration using the moment distribution method depending on
the relative stiffness of the adjacent slab panels. The relative stiffness of each slab panels shall be
taken proportional to its gross moment of inertia divided by the smaller span.

If the support moment is decreased while carrying out moment distribution of unbalanced
M xf M yf
support moment, the span moments & are then increased to allow for the change of

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support moments. This increase is calculated as being equal to the change of the support moment
multiplied by the factor given in Table A-2. If a support moment is increased, no adjustment
shall be made to the span moments.

M xf M yf
Table A-2 Factors for adjusting span moments, &

ΔMxf = Cx*ΔMxs+Cx*ΔMys
ΔMyf = Cy*ΔMxs+Cy*ΔMys

At corners of discontinuous corners of two-way slab, special torsion reinforcement is required

at top along diagonal and at bottom perpendicular to the diagonal of rectangle extends for the
l x /5
length about from corner as shown below. Alternatively, mesh reinforcement may be
provided at top and bottom of the corner of the rectangle. This mesh reinforcement according to
BS: 8110 is as shown below.

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Corner reinforcement both along diagonal & Alternate corner reinforcement at top
perpendicular to diagonal for torsion & bottom for torsion (BS: 8110)

Placement of reinforcement of edge supported two-way slab in the short and long direction are as
shown in the below.

d (long span )
d ( short span )

d (long span ) d ( short span )

For positive reinforcement For negative reinforcement
Loads on supporting beams (Load transfer from slab to beam)

The load on two-way slab transferred to the supporting beams may be assumed as the load within
45 0
tributary area of slab bounded by the intersection of line from the corners with the median
line of the panel parallel to the long side as shown below. The lines that divide the load on slab
to the supporting beam correspond to the assumed crack-lines of yield-line theory of slab.

The design loads on supporting beam and the design shear-force of two-way slab subjected to a
uniformly distributed load considering torsion at corners may be determined using the following
equation.

V x = β vx . w d . l x

V y = β vy . w d . l x
and

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β vi l y /l x
where --are shear-force coefficient given by the code as a function of aspect ratio, and
supporting condition of slab panel (refer Table A-3)

wd
--service or factored uniform design load depending on method of design

The design load on supporting beam is assumed to be distributed over a length of 0.75 times the
span length of beam as shown below.

Table A-3 Shear-force coefficients for uniformly loaded rectangular panels supported on four
sides with provision for torsion at corner

β vx for values of l y /l x
Types of panel Edge β vy
and location
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0

1
Continuous 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.50 0.33

2 Continuous 0.36 0.39 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.47 0.50 0.52 0.36

Discontinuous -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.24

3 Continuous 0.36 0.40 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.51 0.55 0.59 0.36

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Discontinuous 0.24 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 --

4 Continuous 0.40 0.44 0.47 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.57 0.60 0.40

Discontinuous 0.26 0.29 0.31 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.38 0.40 0.26

5 Continuous 0.40 0.43 0.45 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.52 0.54 --

Discontinuous -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.26

Continuous -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.40
6
Discontinuous 0.26 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.44 0.47 --

7 Continuous 0.45 0.48 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.60 0.63 --

Discontinuous 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.30

8 Continuous -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.45

Discontinuous 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.45 0.48 0.30

9 Discontinuous 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.50 0.33

For purpose of design of slab and provision of reinforcement, the slab panel is divided into
middle and edge strips as shown below.

For reinforcement in short span For reinforcement in long span

The maximum design span moments calculated as above apply to the middle strips and no
redistribution shall be made.

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General procedures for two way solid slab design

Step-1 Determination of minimum depth for Serviceability and fire design.
Step-2 Determination of Design load by taking 1m strip width.
Step-3 Analysis (Determination of field and support moment and shear transferred in to
supporting beams ) by using coefficient method.
Step-4 Adjusting support and field (span moments)
Step -5 Determine Design constants.
Step-6 Check depth adequacy
a) For Flexure
b) For Shear
Step-7 Reinforcement Design.
Determination of As both in x and y direction.
Determination of spacing reinforcements.
7.1 Check minimum provision
7.1.1 Minimum area of reinforcement (Asmin)

7.1.2 Check maximum spacing of reinforcements

8. The minimum area of secondary reinforcement is 20% As, min. In areas near support,
transverse reinforcement is not necessary where there is not transverse bending moment.

Step -9 Determine Anchorage length

9.1 Basic Anchorage length (lb)
9.2 Design Anchorage length (lbd)
Step -10 Reinforcement Layout (Detailing)
10.1 Overlapping length (lo) if any.
10.2 Number of bars.
n = (Ln/s) +1, Ln is width of considered strip
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10.3 Length of each bar.

3.2 Flat Slab
A flat slab is a reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete columns without the
use of intermediary beams.
The flat slab is a slab with or without drops, supported generally without beams by columns
with or without column heads. The slab may be solid or have recesses formed on the soffit
to give a waffle slab
 Slab Carry the shear forces, which are concentrated around the column,
 Transmit the moment to the edge and corner columns,
 Suffer greater deflections.
Components of flat slabs:
Drops: Drop is a local thickening of the slab in the region of column

 Increase shear strength of slab

 Increase negative moment capacity of slab
 Stiffen the slab and hence reduce deflection.

Column heads: Column head is a local enlargement of the column at the junction with the slab
 Increase shear strength of slab (punching shear)
 Reduce the moment in the slab by reducing the clear or effective span

Flat slab with drop panel & column head

Components of flat slab design:
a) Column strip :

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Column strip means a design strip having a width of 0.25 I,, but not greater than 0.25 l, on each
side of the column centre-line, where I, is the span in the direction moments are being
determined, measured centre to centre of supports and 1, is the -span transverse to 1,, measured
centre to centre of supports.
b) Middle strip :
Middle strip means a design strip bounded on each of its opposite sides by the column strip.
c) Panel:
Panel means that part of a slab bounded on-each of its four sides by the centre -line of a
Column or centre-lines of adjacent-spans
d) Column head:
Where column heads are provided, that portion of a column head which lies within the largest
right circular cone or pyramid that has a vertex angle of 90”and can be included entirely within
the outlines of the column and the column head, shall be considered for design purposes.
Types of Flat Slab:-
Flat slabs can be classified as per the slab column junction. There are four types of flat slabs
commonly used in buildings. They are as follows
A) Slab without drop and without column head.
B) Slab with drop and without column head.
C) Slab without drop and with column head.
D) Slab with drop and with column head.

Figure 3.1. Types of Flat Slabs

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Flat slabs with capitals, drop panels, or both.

These slabs are very satisfactory for heavy loads and long spans.
Although the formwork is more expensive than for flat plates, flat slabs will require less concrete
and reinforcing than would be required for flat plates with the same loads and spans.
They are particularly economical for warehouses, parking and industrial buildings, and similar
structures, where exposed drop panels or capitals are acceptable.
Benefits of flat slab
Flexibility in room layout
 Introduce partition walls anywhere required
 Change the size of room layout
 Omit false ceiling
Saving in building height
 Lower storey height will reduce building weight
 approx. saves 10% in vertical members
 reduce foundation load
Shorter construction time
• flat plate design will facilitate the use of big table formwork to increase productivity
Ease of installation of M & E services
• All Mechanical & Electrical services can be mounted directly on the underside of the
slab instead of bending them to avoid the beams
• Avoids hacking through beams
The main disadvantage is their lack of resistance to lateral loads due to wind and earthquakes.
Lateral load resisting systems such as shear walls are often necessary.
Methods of Flat Analysis and Design
Using Euro code 2 for the analysis of flat slabs, the following methods may be used:
1. Direct Design Method
2. Equivalent frame method
3. Finite element analysis
4. Yield line analysis

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5. Grillage analogy

Direct Design Method

The calculation of moments in the direct design method is based on the total statical moment.
In this method, the slab is consider panel by panel, and statical moment then is divided
between positive and negative moments, and these are further divided between middle strips
and column strips.
Equivalent frame. This method is suitable for regular layouts of columns, but requires
engineering judgment for irregular layouts
Finite element analysis. This method allows the design of irregular column layouts and can
provide the design of reinforcement details. Where the appropriate software is available, it is
possible to obtain reasonable assessment of deflections.
Grillage analysis. This method has similar facilities to finite element models and can also be
used for irregular layouts of columns.
Yield-line methods. These can provide suitable designs for ULS but do not give adequate
information for serviceability design.
1. Direct Design Method
The direct-design method could have been called “the direct-analysis method” because this
method essentially prescribes values for moments in various parts of the slab panel without
the need for structural analysis.
It has to be noted that this method was introduced in the era when most engineering
calculations were made with slide rules, & no computer software was available.
Thus, for continuous-floor slab panels with relatively uniform lengths and subjected to
distributed loading, a series of moment coefficients were developed that would lead to safe
flexural designs of two-way floor systems.
Limitation of direct method
1. A minimum of three continuous spans in each direction
2. The ratio of the longer to the shorter span within a panel should not exceed 1.3
3. Successive span lengths in each direction should not differ by more than 10%
4. Non successive span lengths in each direction should not differ by more than 20%
5. Columns should not offset from the basic rectangular grid of the building more than 0.1
times the span parallel to the offset.

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6. All loads must be due to gravity only. The direct design method can not be used for
unbraced laterally loaded frames, foundation mats, or prestressed slabs.
7. The service live load shall not exceed two times the service dead load (to reduce effects
of pattern load).
8. For a panel with beams b/n supports on all sides, the relative stiffness of the beams in the
two perpendicular directions given by

( is the beam-to-slab stiffness ratio to be defined later)

The direct design method consists of a set of rules for distributing moments to slab and beam
sections to satisfy safety requirements and most serviceability requirements simultaneously.
Three fundamental steps are involved as follows:
(1) Determination of the total factored static moment (Section 8.10.3).
(2) Distribution of the total factored static moment to negative and positive sections (Section
8.10.4).
(3) Distribution of the negative and positive factored moments to the column and middle
strips and to the beams, if any (Sections 8.10.5 and 8.10.6). The distribution of moments
to column and middle strips is also used in the equivalent frame method (Section 8.11).

1) Total static moment of factored loads (Mo)

Mo: Total static moment in a panel (absolute sum of positive and average negative
factored moments in each direction).

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Circular or regular polygon-shaped supports shall be treated as square supports with the same
area

(2) Longitudinal distribution of Mo

(a) Interior spans: Mo is apportioned between the critical positive and negative bending sections
according to the following ratios:-

The critical section for a negative bending is taken at the face of rectangular supports, or at the
face of an equivalent square support having the same sectional area

(b) End span: In end spans, the apportionment of the total static moment (Mo) among the three
critical moment sections (interior negative, positive, and exterior negative) depends upon the flexural
restraint provided for the slab by the exterior column or the exterior wall and upon the presence or
absence of beams on the column lines. End span, Mo shall be distributed in accordance with Table
8.10.4.2.

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Table 8.10.4.2 –Distribution Coefficient for End Spans

Note: At interior supports, negative moment may differ for spans framing into the common
support. In such a case the slab should be designed to resist the larger of the two moments

Figure (4) longitudinal distribution of Mo

(3) Lateral distribution of moments

After the moment Mo distributed on long direction to the positive and negative moments, then
these moments must distribute in lateral direction across the width, which consider the moments
constant within the bounds of a middle strip or column strip. The distribution of moments
between middle strips and column strip and beams depends upon:
1. The ratio

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2. The relative stiffness of the beam and the slab.

3. The degree of torsional restraint provided by the edge beam.
The column strip shall resist the portion of interior negative Mu in accordance with Table 8.10.5.1.

Table 8.10.5.1 Portion of interior negative Mu in column strip

The column strip shall resist the portion of exterior negative Mu in accordance with Table
8.10.5.2.
Table 8.10.5.2 Portion of exterior negative Mu in column strip

The column strip shall resist the portion of positive Mu in accordance with Table 8.10.5.5

Table 8.10.5.5 Portion of positive Mu in column strip

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A convenient parameter defining the relative stiffness of the beam and slab spanning in either
direction is:

Where Ecb, Ecs are the moduli of elasticity of beam and slab concrete (usually the same),
respectively. Ib and Is are the moment of inertia of the effective beam and slab, respectively. The
flexural stiffnesses of the beam and slab are based on the gross concrete section. Variation due to
column capitals and drop panels are neglected (in applying DDM).
For monolithic or fully composite construction supporting two-way slabs, a beam includes
that portion of slab, on each side of the beam extending a distance equal to the projection of

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the beam above or below the slab, whichever is greater, but not greater than four times the
slab thickness.

The moment of inertia of flanged section

The relative restraint provided by the torsional resistance of the effective transverse edge
beam is reflected by the parameter ßt, defined by:

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The constant C is calculated by dividing the section into its component rectangles, each
having smaller dimension x and larger dimension y and summing the contributions of all the
parts by means of the equation:

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The subdivision can be done in such a way as to maximize C.

For slabs with beams between supports, the slab portion of column strips shall resist column
strip moments not resisted by beams. Beams between supports shall resist the portion of
column strip Mu in accordance with Table 8.10.5.7.1.

Table 8.10.5.7.1. Portion of column strip Mu in beams

The portion of the moment not resisted by the column strip is proportionately assigned to the
adjacent half-middle strips. Each middle strip is designed to resist the sum of the moment
assigned to its two half-middle strips. A middle strip adjacent and parallel to wall is designed
for twice the moment assigned to the half-middle strip corresponding to the first row of
interior support.

Steps in flat slab design

1) Choose the layout and type of slab to be used
2) Choose the slab thickness (deflection limitation and shear at both exterior and interior
columns)
3) Choose the design method (direct design or equivalent frame methods)
4) Compute +ve and –ve moments in the slab
5) Determine the distribution of the moments across the width of the slab
6) If there are beams, a portion of the moments must be assigned to the beams

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7) Reinforcement is designed for moments in 5 & 6.

8) The shear strengths at the columns are checked.
The slab is analyzed by dividing it as column (around the column) and middle strip (mid span of
transverse)
First total static moment is calculated which is then divided in to support and span moments
based on coefficients.
Support and span moments then divided in to column strip ad middle strip.
The static moment Mo is calculated as

MO = Wu*L2/8(L1-2*D/3) 4 in long direction ly = L1, lx =L2

MO = Wu*L1/8(L2-2*D/3) 2 in short direction
D in the above slab is the smallest distance at the intersection of column and slab.

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B: Moment distribution in exterior panels with marginal beam

Figure Distribution moment in flat slab using direct design method
2. Equivalent Frame Method ( As per ES EN 1992-1-1_2015)

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The structure should be divided longitudinally and transversely into frames consisting of
columns and sections of slabs contained between the centerlines of adjacent panels(area
bounded by four adjacent supports).
The stiffness of members may be calculated from their gross cross-sections. For vertical
loading the stiffness may be based on the full width of the panels
Total load on the panel should be used for the analysis in each direction.
The total bending moments obtained from analysis should be distributed across the width
of the slab.
Inelastic analysis negative moments tend to concentrate towards the centerlines of the
columns.
The panels should be assumed to be divided into column and middle strips.

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