Part II Vectors, Matrices, and Vector Calculus

7 Vectors

EXERCISES 7.1
Vectors in 2-Space

√ √
3. (a)
12, 0 (b)
4, −5 (c)
4, 5 (d) 41 (e) 41
√ √
6. (a)
3, 9 (b)
−4,−12 (c)
6, 18 (d) 4 10 (e) 6 10

9. (a)
4, −12 −
−2, 2 =
6, −14 (b)
−3, 9 −
−5, 5 =
2, 4

12. (a)
8, 0 −
0, −6 =
8, 6 (b)
−6, 0 −
0, −15 =
−6, 15

15. 18.

−−−→ −−−→
P1 P2 =
2, 5 P1 P2 =
2, −3

21. a(= −a), b(= − 14 a), c(= 52 a), e(= 2a), and f (= − 12 a) are parallel to a.
24.
5, 2

27. a = 5; (a) u = 15
0, −5 =
0, −1; (b) −u =
0, 1

√ √
30. 2a − 3b = 
−5, 4 = 25 + 16 = 41 ; u = √141
−5, 4 =
− √541 , √441 

33. − 34 a =
−3, −15/2

36. 39.

b = (−c) − a; (b + c) + a = 0; a + b + c = 0
42. From 2i + 3j = k1 b + k2 c = k1 (−2i + 4j) + k2 (5i + 7j) = (−2k1 + 5k2 )i + (4k1 + 7k2 )j we obtain the system of
equations −2k1 + 5k2 = 2, 4k1 + 7k2 = 3. Solving, we find k1 = 34 1
and k2 = 17 7
.

101
7.1 Vectors in 2-Space

45. (a) Since Ff = −Fg , Fg  = Ff  = µFn  and tan θ = Fg /Fn  = µFn /Fn  = µ.
(b) θ = tan−1 0.6 ≈ 31◦
48. Place one corner of the parallelogram at the origin and let two adja-
−−→ −−→
cent sides be OP1 and OP2 . Let M be the midpoint of the diagonal
connecting P1 and P2 and N be the midpoint of the other diagonal.
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
Then OM = 12 (OP1 + OP2 ). Since OP1 + OP2 is the main diagonal of the parallelogram and N is its midpoint,
−−→ 1 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
ON = 2 (OP1 + OP2 ). Thus, OM = ON and the diagonals bisect each other.

EXERCISES 7.2
Vectors in 3-Space

3. 6.

9. A line perpendicular to the xy-plane at (2, 3, 0)

12.

15. The union of the planes x = 0, y = 0, and z = 0

18. The union of the planes x = 2 and z = 8

√
21. d = (3 − 6)2 + (−1 − 4)2 + (2 − 8)2 = 70


24. (a) 2; (b) d = (−6)2 + 22 + (−3)2 = 7

√
27. d(P1 , P2 ) = (4 − 1)2 + (1 − 2)2 + (3 − 3)2 = 10

√
d(P1 , P3 ) = (4 − 1)2 + (6 − 2)2 + (4 − 3)2 = 26

√
d(P2 , P3 ) = (4 − 4)2 + (6 − 1)2 + (4 − 3)2 = 26 ; The triangle is an isosceles triangle.

√
30. d(P1 , P2 ) = (1 − 2)2 + (4 − 3)2 + (4 − 2)2 = 6

102
 7.3 Dot Product

√
d(P1 , P3 ) = (5 − 2)2 + (0 − 3)2 + (−4 − 2)2 = 3 6

√
d(P2 , P3 ) = (5 − 1)2 + (0 − 4)2 + (−4 − 4)2 = 4 6
Since d(P1 , P2 ) + d(P1 , P3 ) = d(P2 , P3 ), the points P1 , P2 , and P3 are collinear.
 
1 + 7 3 + (−2) 1/2 + 5/2
33. , , = (4, 1/2, 3/2)
2 2 2
36. (−3 + (−5))/2 = x3 = −4; (4 + 8)/2 = y3 = 6; (1 + 3)/2 = z3 = 2.
The coordinates of P3 are (−4, 6, 2).
 
−3 + (−4) 4 + 6 1 + 2
(a) , , = (−7/2, 5, 3/2)
2 2 2
 
−4 + (−5) 6 + 8 2 + 3
(b) , , = (−9/2, 7, 5/2)
2 2 2
−−−→
39. P1 P2 =
2, 1, 1
42. 2a − (b − c) =
2, −6, 4 −
−3, −5, −8 =
5, −1, 12
√ √
45. a + c = 
3, 3, 11 = 9 + 9 + 121 = 139
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
48. ba + ab = 1 + 1 + 1
1, −3, 2 + 1 + 9 + 4
−1, 1, 1 =
3 , −3 3 , 2 3  +
− 14 , 14 , 14 
√ √ √ √ √ √
=
3 − 14 , −3 3 + 14 , 2 3 + 14 
51. b = 4a = 4i − 4j + 4k

EXERCISES 7.3
Dot Product

3. a · b = 2(−1) + (−3)2 + 4(5) = 12 6. a · (b + c) = 2(2) + (−3)8 + 4(4) = −4

9. a · a = 2 + (−3) + 4 = 29
2 2 2

12. (2a) · (a − 2b) = 4(4) + (−6)(−7) + 8(−6) = 10

15. a and f, b and e, c and d
18. If a and b represent adjacent sides of the rhombus, then a = b, the diagonals of the rhombus are a + b
and a − b, and

(a + b) · (a − b) = a · a − a · b + b · a − b · b = a · a − b · b = a2 − b2 = 0.

Thus, the diagonals are perpendicular.

√ √
21. a · b = 3(2) + (−1)2 = 4; a = 10 , b = 2 2
4 1 1
cos θ = √ √ =√ =⇒ θ = cos−1 √ ≈ 1.11 rad ≈ 63.43◦
( 10)(2 2) 5 5
√ √
24. a · b = 12 (2) + 12 (−4) + 32 (6) = 8; a = 11/2, b = 2 14
8 8 √
cos θ = √ √ =√ =⇒ θ = cos−1 (8/ 154 ) ≈ 0.87 rad ≈ 49.86◦
( 11/2)(2 14 ) 154

103
7.3 Dot Product

√
27. a = 2; cos α = 1/2, α = 60◦ ; cos β = 0, β = 90◦ ; cos γ = − 3/2, γ = 150◦
30. If a and b are orthogonal, then a · b = 0 and
a1 b1 a2 b2 a3 b3
cos α1 cos α2 + cos β1 cos β2 + cos γ1 cos γ2 = + +
a b a b a b
1 1
= (a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 ) = (a · b) = 0.
a b a b
33. compb a = a · b/b =
1, −1, 3 ·
2, 6, 3/7 = 5/7
36. a + b =
3, 5, 6; 2b =
4, 12, 6; comp2b (a + b) · 2b/|2b| =
3, 5, 6 ·
4, 12, 6/14 = 54/7
39. compb a = a · b/b = (−5i + 5j) · (−3i + 4j)/5 = 7
projb a = (compb a)b/b = 7(−3i + 4j)/5 = − 21
5 i+
28
5 j

42. compb a = a · b/b =
1, 1, 1 ·
−2, 2, −1/3 = −1/3

projb a = (compb a)b/b = − 13
−2, 2, −1/3 =
2/9, −2/9, 1/9
45. We identify F = 20, θ = 60◦ and d = 100. Then W = F d cos θ = 20(100)( 12 ) = 1000 ft-lb.
48. Using d = 6i + 2j and F = 3( 35 i + 45 j), W = F · d =
95 , 12
5  ·
6, 2 =
78
5 ft-lb.
51. a + b = (a + b) · (a + b) = a · a + 2a · b + b · b = a + 2a · b + b2
2 2

≤ a2 + 2|a · b| + b2 since x ≤ |x|

≤ a2 + 2a b + b2 = (a + b)2 by Problem 50
Thus, since a + b and a + b are positive, a + b ≤ a + b.

EXERCISES 7.4
Cross Product

 
i j k       

   −3 1  1 1
 
 1 −3 
 
3. a × b =  1 −3 1  =   i −  2 4  j +  2 0  k =
−12, −2, 6
  0 4
2 0 4 
 
i j k  
   1 −5  
 4 −5 
 
4 1

       
6. a × b =  4 1 −5  =   i −  2 −1  j +  2 3  k = 14i − 6j + 10k
  3 −1
 2 3 −1 
 
 i j k       

   2 −4   2 −4  
j +  2
2 
9. a×b= 2 2 −4  =  i − 
 −3 −3  k =
0, 0, 0
  −3 6   −3 6 
 −3 −3 6 
 
 i j k 
   1 1  
0 1
 
0

1 
−−−→ −−−→ −−−→ −−−→      
12. P1 P2 = (0, 1, 1); P1 P3 = (1, 2, 2); P1 P2 × P1 P3 =  0 1 1  =   i−  j +  k=j−k
  2 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 2 
 
i j k       

   −2 1  5 1 
 
 5 −2 
 
15. a × b =  5 −2 1  =   i −  2 −7  j +  2 0  k =
14, 37, 4
  0 −7
 2 0 −7 

104
 7.4 Cross Product

a · (a × b) =
5, −2, −1 ·
14, 37, 4 = 70 − 74 + 4 = 0; b · (a × b) =
2, 0, −7 ·
14, 37, 4 = 28 + 0 − 28 = 0

 
 i j k       

   2 −1   1 −1 
 
 1 2
  k = 21i − 7j + 7k
18. (a) b × c =  1 2 −1  =  i− j+
  5 8  −1 8  −1 5 
 −1 5 8 
 
 i j k       

   0 −4   3 −4   3 0 
a × (b × c) =  3 0 −4  =  i −  j +  
 21 −7  k = −28i − 105j − 21k
  −7 7   21 7 
 21 −7 7 

(b) a · c = (3i − 4k) · (−i + 5j + 8k) = −35; (a · c)b = −35(i + 2j − k) = −35i − 70j + 35k
a · b = (3i − 4k) · (i + 2j − k) = 7; (a · b)c = 7(−i + 5j + 8k) = −7i + 35j + 56k
a × (b × c) = (a · c)b − (a · b)c = (−35i − 70j + 35k) − (−7i + 35j + 56k) = −28i − 105j − 21k
21. k × (2i − j) = k × (2i) + k × (−j) = 2(k × i) − (k × j) = 2j − (−i) = i + 2j
24. (2i − j + 5k) × i = (2i × i) + (−j × i) + (5k × i) = 2(i × i) + (i × j) + 5(k × i) = 5j + k
27. k · (j × k) = k · i = 0
30. (i × j) · (3j × i) = k · (−3k) = −3(k · k) = −3
33. (i × i) × j = 0 × j = 0
36. (i × k) × (j × i) = (−j) × (−k) = (−1)(−1)(j × k) = j × k = i
39. (−a) × b = −(a × b) = −4i + 3j − 6k
42. (a × b) · c = 4(2) + (−3)4 + 6(−1) = −10
−−→ −→
45. (a) Let A = (1, 3, 0), B = (2, 0, 0), C = (0, 0, 4), and D = (1, −3, 4). Then AB = i − 3j, AC = −i − 3j + 4k,
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −→ −−→
CD = i − 3j, and BD = −i − 3j + 4k. Since AB = CD and AC = BD, the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
(b) Computing
 
 i j k 

−−→ −→  
AB × AC =  1 −3 0  = −12i − 4j − 6k
 
 −1 −3 4 
√
we find that the area is  − 12i − 4j − 6k = 144 + 16 + 36 = 14.
−−−→ −−−→
48. P1 P2 = j + 2k; P2 P3 = 2i + j − 2k
 
i j k  
   1 2  
0 2 
 
0 1

−−−→ −−−→  
P1 P2 × P2 P3 =  0 1 2  =  i − 

j + 
 2 −2 

 2 1  k = −4i + 4j − 2k
  1 −2
 2 1 −2 
A = 12  − 4i + 4j − 2k = 3 sq. units
 
 i j k       

   4 0   −1 0   −1 4 
51. b × c =  −1 4 0  =   i − 
 2  j + 
 2 k = 8i + 2j − 10k
  2 2 2 2
 2 2 2
v = |a · (b × c)| = |(i + j) · (8i + 2j − 10k)| = |8 + 2 + 0| = 10 cu. units
−−−→ −−−→ −−−→
54. The four points will be coplanar if the three vectors P1 P2 =
3, −1, −1, P2 P3 =
−3, −5, 13, and P3 P4 =

−8, 7, −6 are coplanar.
 
 i j k       

−−−→ −−−→    −5 13   −3 13 
 
 −3 −5 
 
P2 P3 × P3 P4 =  −3 −5 13  =   i −  −8 −6  j +  −8 7  k =
−61, −122, −61
  7 −6
 −8 7 −6 

105
7.4 Cross Product

−−−→ −−−→ −−−→

P1 P2 · (P2 P3 × P3 P4 ) =
3, −1, −1 ·
−61, −122, −61 = −183 + 122 + 61 = 0
The four points are coplanar.
57. (a) We note first that a × b = k, b × c = 12 (i − k), c × a = 12 (j − k), a · (b × c) = 1
2 , b · (c × a) = 1
2 , and
c · (a × b) = 12 . Then
1
2 (i − k) 1
2 (j − k) k
A= 1 = i − k, B= 1 = j − k, and C = 1 = 2k.
2 2 2

(b) We need to compute A · (B × C). Using formula (10) in the text we have
(c × a) × (a × b) [(c × a) · b]a − [(c × a) · a]b
B×C= =
[b · (c × a)][c · (a × b)] [b · (c × a)][c · (a × b)]
a
= since (c × a) · a = 0.
c · (a × b)
Then
b×c a 1
A · (B × C) = · =
a · (b × c) c · (a × b) c · (a × b)
and the volume of the unit cell of the reciprocal latrice is the reciprocal of the volume of the unit cell of
the original lattice.
60. The statement is false since i × (i × j) = i × k = −j and (i × i) × j = 0 × j = 0.
63. Since
a × b2 = (a2 b3 − a3 b2 )2 + (a1 b3 − a3 b1 )2 + (a1 b2 − a2 b1 )2
= a22 b23 − 2a2 b3 a3 b2 + a23 b22 + a21 b23 − 2a1 b3 a3 b1 + a23 b21 + a21 b22 − 2a1 b2 a2 b1 + a22 b21
and
a2 b2 − (a · b)2 = (a21 + a22 + a23 )(b21 + b22 + b23 ) − (a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 )2
= a21 a22 + a21 b22 + a21 b23 + a22 b21 + a22 b22 + a22 b23 + a23 b21 + a23 b22 + a23 b23
− a21 b21 − a22 b22 − a23 b23 − 2a1 b1 a2 b2 − 2a1 b1 a3 b3 − 2a2 b2 a3 b3
= a21 b22 + a21 b23 + a22 b21 + a22 b23 + a23 b21 + a23 b22 − 2a1 a2 b1 b2 − 2a1 a3 b1 b3 − 2a2 a3 b2 b3
we see that a × b2 = a2 b2 − (a · b)2 .

EXERCISES 7.5
Lines and Planes in 3-Space

−−→ −−→
The equation of a line through P1 and P2 in 3-space with r1 = OP1 and r2 = OP2 can be expressed as r = r1 + t(ka)
or r = r2 + t(ka) where a = r2 − r1 and k is any non-zero scalar. Thus, the form of the equation of a line is not
unique. (See the alternate solution to Problem 3.)

3. a =
1/2 − (−3/2), −1/2 − 5/2, 1 − (−1/2) =
2, −3, 3/2;
x, y, z =
1/2, −1/2, 1 + t
2, −3, 3/2
Alternate Solution: a =
−3/2 − 1/2, 5/2 − (−1/2), −1/2 − 1 =
−2, 3, −3/2;
x, y, z =
−3/2, 5/2, −1/2 +
t
−2, 3, −3/2
6. a =
3 − 5/2, 2 − 1, 1 − (−2) =
1/2, 1, 3;
x, y, z =
3, 2, 1 + t
1/2, 1, 3

106
 7.5 Lines and Planes in 3-Space

9. a =
1 − 3, 0 − (−2), 0 − (−7) =
−2, 2, 7; x = 1 − 2t, y = 2t, z = 7t

12. a =
−3 − 4, 7 − (−8), 9 − (−1) =
−7, 15, 10; x = −3 − 7t, y = 7 + 15t, z = 9 + 10t
x+7 z−5
15. a1 = −7 − 4 = −11, a2 = 2 − 2 = 0, a3 = 5 − 1 = 4; = , y=2
−11 4
18. a1 = 5/6 − 1/3 = 1/2; a2 = −1/4 − 3/8 = −5/8; a3 = 1/5 − 1/10 = 1/10
x − 5/6 y + 1/4 z − 1/5
= =
1/2 −5/8 1/10
x y z
21. parametric: x = 5t, y = 9t, z = 4t; symmetric: = =
5 9 4
24. A direction vector is
5, 1/3, −2. Symmetric equations for the line are (x−4)/5 = (y +11)/(1/3) = (z +7)/(−2).
27. Both lines go through the points (0, 0, 0) and (6, 6, 6). Since two points determine a line, the lines are the same.
30. The parametric equations for the line are x = 1 + 2t, y = −2 + 3t, z = 4 + 2t. In the xy-plane, z = 4 + 2t = 0
and t = −2. Then x = 1 + 2(−2) = −3 and y = −2 + 3(−2) = −8. The point is (−3, −8, 0). In the xz-plane,
y = −2 + 3t = 0 and t = 2/3. Then x = 1 + 2(2/3) = 7/3 and z = 4 + 2(2/3) = 16/3. The point is (7/3, 0, 16/3).
In the yz-plane, x = 1 + 2t = 0 and t = −1/2. Then y = −2 + 3(−1/2) = −7/2 and z = 4 + 2(−1/2) = 3. The
point is (0, −7/2, 3).
33. The system of equations 2 − t = 4 + s, 3 + t = 1 + s, 1 + t = 1 − s, or t + s = −2, t − s = −2, t + s = 0 has no
solution since −2 = 0. Thus, the lines do not intersect.
√ √
36. a =
2, 7, −1, b =
−2, 1, 4, a · b = −1, a = 3 6 , b = 21 ;
a·b −1 1 1
cos θ = = √ √ = − √ ; θ = cos−1 (− √ ) ≈ 91.70◦
a b (3 6 )( 21 ) 9 14 9 14
39. 2(x − 5) − 3(y − 1) + 4(z − 3) = 0; 2x − 3y + 4z = 19
42. 6x − y + 3z = 0
45. From the points (3, 5, 2) and (2, 3, 1) we obtain the vector u = i + 2j + k. From the points (2, 3, 1) and
(−1, −1, 4) we obtain the vector v = 3i + 4j − 3k. From the points (−1, −1, 4) and (x, y, z) we obtain the vector
w = (x + 1)i + (y + 1)j + (z − 4)k. Then, a normal vector is
 
i j k 
 
 
u × v =  1 2 1  = −10i + 6j − 2k.
 
 3 4 −3 

A vector equation of the plane is −10(x + 1) + 6(y + 1) − 2(z − 4) = 0 or 5x − 3y + z = 2.

48. The three points are not colinear and all satisfy x = 0, which is the equation of the plane.
51. A normal vector to x + y − 4z = 1 is
1, 1, −4. The equation of the parallel plane is
(x − 2) + (y − 3) − 4(z + 5) = 0 or x + y − 4z = 25.
54. A normal vector is
0, 1, 0. The equation of the plane is y + 5 = 0 or y = −5.
57. A direction vector for the two lines is
1, 2, 1. Points on the lines are (1, 1, 3) and (3, 0, −2). Thus, another
vector parallel to the plane is
1−3, 1−0, 3+2 =
−2, 1, 5. A normal vector to the plane is
1, 2, 1×
−2, 1, 5 =

9, −7, 5. Using the point (3, 0, −2) in the plane, the equation of the plane is 9(x − 3) − 7(y − 0) + 5(z + 2) = 0
or 9x − 7y + 5z = 17.
60. A normal vector to the plane is
2 − 1, 6 − 0, −3 + 2 =
1, 6, −1. The equation of the plane is
(x − 1) + 6(y − 1) − (z − 1) = 0 or x + 6y − z = 6.

107
7.5 Lines and Planes in 3-Space

63. A direction vector of the line is
−6, 9, 3, and the normal vectors of the planes are (a)
4, 1, 2, (b)
2, −3, 1,
(c)
10, −15, −5, (d)
−4, 6, 2. Vectors (c) and (d) are multiples of the direction vector and hence the
corresponding planes are perpendicular to the line.
66. Letting y = t in both equations and solving x − z = 2 − 2t, 3x + 2z = 1 + t, we obtain x = 1 − 35 t, y = t,
z = −1 + 75 t or, letting t = 5s, x = 1 − 3s, y = 5s, z = −1 + 7s.
69. Substituting the parametric equations into the equation of the plane, we obtain 2(1+2t)−3(2−t)+2(−3t) = −7
or t = −3. Letting t = −3 in the equation of the line, we obtain the point of intersection (−5, 5, 9).
72. Substituting the parametric equations into the equation of the plane, we obtain 4 + t − 3(2 + t) + 2(1 + 5t) = 0
or t = 0. Letting t = 0 in the equation of the line, we obtain the point of intersection (4, 2, 1).
75. In this problem, the cross product of the direction vector of the line with the normal vector of the given plane
will be a normal vector to the desired plane. A direction vector of the line is
3, −1, 5 and a normal vector to
the given plane is
1, 1, 1. A normal vector to the desired plane is
3, −1, 5 ×
1, 1, 1 =
−6, 2, 4. A point on
the line, and hence in the plane, is (4, 0, 1). The equation of the plane is −6(x − 4) + 2(y − 0) + 4(z − 1) = 0 or
3x − y − 2z = 10.

78. 81.

EXERCISES 7.6
Vector Spaces

3. Not a vector space. Axiom (x) is not satisfied. 6. A vector space

9. A vector space 12. Not a subspace. Axiom (i) is not satisfied.

15. A subspace 18. A subspace

21. Let (x1 , y1 , z1 ) and (x2 , y2 , z2 ) be in S. Then

(x1 , y1 , z1 ) + (x2 , y2 , z2 ) = (at1 , bt1 , ct1 ) + (at2 , bt2 , ct2 ) = (a(t1 + t2 ), b(t1 + t2 ), c(t1 + t2 ))

is in S. Also, for (x, y, z) in S then k(x, y, z) = (kx, ky, kz) = (a(kt), b(kt), c(kt)) is also in S.
24. (a) The assumption c1 p1 + c2 p2 = 0 is equivalent to (c1 + c2 )x + (c1 − c2 ) = 0. Thus c1 + c2 = 0, c1 − c2 = 0.
The only solution of this system is c1 = 0, c2 = 0.
(b) Solving the system c1 + c2 = 5, c1 − c2 = 2 gives c1 = 7
2 , c2 = 3
2 . Thus p(x) = 72 p1 (x) + 32 p2 (x)

27. Linearly independent

 2π 2π

30. (x, sin x) = x sin x dx = (−x cos x + sin x)  = −2π
0 0

108
 7.7 Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization Process

33. We need to show that Span{x1 , x2 , . . . , xn } is closed under vector addition and scalar multiplication. Suppose
u and v are in Span{x1 , x2 , . . . , xn }. Then u = a1 x1 + a2 x2 + · · · + an xn and v = b1 x1 + b2 x2 + · · · + bn xn , so
that
u + v = (a1 + b1 )x1 + (a2 + b2 )x2 + · · · + (an + bn )xn ,
which is in Span{x1 , x2 , . . . , xn }. Also, for any real number k,

ku = k(a1 x1 + a2 x2 + · · · + an xn ) = ka1 x1 + ka2 x2 + · · · + kan xn ,

which is in Span{x1 , x2 , . . . , xn }. Thus, Span{x1 , x2 , . . . , xn } is a subspace of V.

EXERCISES 7.7
Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization Process

3. Since the basis vectors in this problem are orthogonal but not orthonormal, the result of Theorem 7.5 must be
slightly modified to read
u · w1 u · w2 u · wn
u= w1 + w2 + · · · + wn .
||w1 ||2 ||w2 ||2 ||wn ||2
The proof is very similar to that given in the text for Theorem 7.5. Now, letting w1 =
1, 0, 1, w2 =
0, 1, 0,
and w3 =
−1, 0, 1 we have
w1 · w2 = (1)(0) + (0)(1) + (1)(0) = 0
w1 · w3 = (1)(−1) + (0)(0) + (1)(1) = 0
w2 · w3 = (0)(−1) + (1)(0) + (0)(1) = 0
so the vectors are orthogonal. We also compute
||w1 ||2 = 12 + 02 + 12 = 2
||w2 ||2 = 02 + 12 + 02 = 1
||w3 ||2 = (−1)2 + 02 + 12 = 2
and, with u =
10, 7, −13,
u · w1 = (10)(1) + (7)(0) + (−13)(1) = −3
u · w2 = (10)(0) + (7)(1) + (−13)(0) = 7
u · w3 = (10)(−1) + (7)(0) + (−13)(1) = −23.
Then, using the result given before the solution to this problem, we have
3 23
u = − w1 + 7w2 − w3 .
2 2
6. (a) We have u1 =
−3, 4 and u2 =
−1, 0. Taking v1 = u1 =
−3, 4, and using u2 · v1 = 3 and v1 · v1 = 25
we obtain  
u2 · v1 3 16 12
v2 = u2 − v1 =
−1, 0 −
−3, 4 = − , − .
v1 · v1 25 25 25
 
Thus, an orthogonal basis is {
−3, 4,
− 16
25 , − 25 } and an orthonormal basis is {w1 , w2 }, where
12

 
1 1 3 4
w1 =
−3, 4 =
−3, 4 = − ,
||
−3, 4|| 5 5 5

109
7.7 Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization Process

and      
1 16 12 1 16 12 4 3
w2 = − ,− = − ,− = − ,− .
||
− 25 , − 12
16
25 ||
25 25 4/5 25 25 5 5

(b) We have u1 =
−3, 4 and u2 =
−1, 0. Taking v1 = u2 =
−1, 0, and using u1 · v1 = 3 and v1 · v1 = 1
we obtain
u1 · v1 3
v2 = u1 − v1 =
−3, 4 −
−1, 0 =
0, 4 .
v1 · v1 1
Thus, an orthogonal basis is {
−1, 0,
0, 4} and an orthonormal basis is {w3 , w4 }, where
1 1
w3 =
−1, 0 =
−1, 0 =
−1, 0
||
−1, 0|| 1
and
1 1
w4 =
0, 4 =
0, 4 =
0, 1 .
||
0, 4|| 4
(c) u 4 1 1 w4
w1
2 0.5 0.5

v w3
-4 -2 2 4 -1 -0.5 0.5 1 -1 -0.5 0.5 1

-2 -0.5 -0.5
w2
-4 -1 -1

9. We have u1 =
1, 1, 0, u2 =
1, 2, 2, and u3 =
2, 2, 1. Taking v1 = u1 =
1, 1, 0 and using u2 · v1 = 3 and
v1 · v1 = 2 we obtain  
u2 · v1 3 1 1
v2 = u2 − v1 =
1, 2, 2 −
1, 1, 0 = − , , 2 .
v1 · v1 2 2 2
Next, using u3 · v1 = 4, u3 · v2 = 2, and v2 · v2 = 92 , we obtain
   
u3 · v1 u3 · v2 4 2 1 1 2 2 1
v3 = u3 − v1 − v2 =
2, 2, 1 −
1, 1, 0 − − , ,2 = ,− , .
v1 · v1 v2 · v2 2 9/2 2 2 9 9 9
Thus, an orthogonal basis is
    
 1 1 2 2 1
B =
1, 1, 0 , − , , 2 , ,− , ,
2 2 9 9 9
and an orthonormal basis is
     
1 1 1 1 4 2 2 1
B  = √ , √ ,0 , − √ , √ , √ , ,− , .
2 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 3

12. We have u1 =
1, 1, 1, u2 =
9, −1, 1, and u3 =
−1, 4, −2. Taking v1 = u1 =
1, 1, 1 and using u2 · v1 = 9
and v1 · v1 = 3 we obtain
u2 · v1 9
v2 = u2 − v1 =
9, −1, 1 −
1, 1, 1 =
6, −4, −2 .
v1 · v1 3
Next, using u3 · v1 = 1, u3 · v2 = −18, and v2 · v2 = 56, we obtain
 
u3 · v1 u3 · v2 1 −18 25 50 125
v3 = u3 − v1 − v2 =
−1, 4, −2 −
1, 1, 1 −
6, −4, −2 = , ,− .
v1 · v1 v2 · v2 3 56 42 21 42
Thus, an orthogonal basis is
  
25 50 125
B =
1, 1, 1 ,
6, −4, −2 , , ,− ,
42 21 42

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 7.7 Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization Process

and an orthonormal basis is

     
 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 4 5
B = √ ,√ ,√ , √ , −√ , −√ , √ , √ , −√ .
3 3 3 14 14 14 42 42 42

15. We have u1 =
1, −1, 1, −1, and u2 =
1, 3, 0, 1. Taking v1 = u1 =
1, −1, 1, −1 and using u2 · v1 = −3 and
v1 · v1 = 4 we obtain
 
u2 · v1 −3 7 9 3 1
v2 = u2 − v1 =
1, 3, 0, 1 −
1, −1, 1, −1 = , , , .
v1 · v1 4 4 4 4 4
Thus, an orthogonal basis is B  =
1, −1, 1, −1 , 74 , 94 , 34 , 14 , and an orthonormal basis is
   
1 1 1 1 7 9 3 1
B  = ,− , ,− , √ , √ , √ , √ .
2 2 2 2 2 35 2 35 2 35 2 35

18. We have u1 = x2 − x, u2 = x2 + 1, and u3 = 1 − x2 . Taking v1 = u1 = x2 − x and using

 1  1
16 16
(u2 , v1 ) = (x + 1)(x − x)dx =
2 2
and (v1 , v1 ) = (x2 − x)(x2 − x)dx =
−1 15 −1 15
we obtain
(u2 , v1 ) 16/15 2
v2 = u2 − v1 = x2 + 1 − (x − x) = x + 1.
(v1 , v1 ) 16/15
Next, using
 1  1
4 4
(u3 , v1 ) = (1 − x2 )(x2 − x)dx = , (u3 , v2 ) = (1 − x2 )(x + 1)dx = ,
−1 15 −1 3
and  1
8
(v2 , v2 ) = (x + 1)(x + 1)dx = ,
−1 3
we obtain
(u3 , v1 ) (u3 , v2 ) 4/15 2 4/3 5 1 1
v3 = u3 − v1 − v2 = 1 − x2 − (x − x) − (x + 1) = − x3 − x + .
(v1 , v1 ) (v2 , v2 ) 16/15 8/3 4 4 2
Thus, an orthogonal basis is B  = x2 − x, x + 1, − 54 x3 − 1
4 x+ 1
2 .
√ √ √
21. Using w1 = 1/ 2, w2 = 3x/ 6, and w3 = (15/2 10)(x2 − 1/3), and computing
 1 √
1
(p, w1 ) = (9x2 − 6x + 5) √ dx = 8 2,
−1 2
 1 √
3
(p, w2 ) = (9x2 − 6x + 5) √ x dx = −2 6
−1 6
 1   
15 1 12
(p, w3 ) = (9x − 6x + 5) √
2
x −
2
dx = √ ,
−1 2 10 3 10
we find from Theorem 7.5
√ √ 12
p(x) = 9x2 − 6x + 5 = (p, w1 )w1 + (p, w2 )w2 + (p, w3 )w3 = 8 2 w1 − 2 6 w2 + √ w3 .
10

111
7.7 Gram-Schmidt
CHAPTER 7 REVIEW EXERCISES Process
Orthogonalization

CHAPTER 7 REVIEW EXERCISES

3. False; since a normal to the plane is
2, 3, −4 which is not a multiple of the direction vector
5, −2, 1 of the
line.
6. True 9. True 12. orthogonal


15. (−12)2 + 42 + 62 = 14
18. The coordinates of (1, −2, −10) satisfy the given equation.

21. x2 − 2 = 3, x2 = 5; y2 − 1 = 5, y2 = 6; z2 − 7 = −4, z2 = 3; P2 = (5, 6, 3)

24. 2b =
−2, 4, 2; 4c =
0, −8, 8; a · (2b + 4c) =
3, 1, 0 ·
−2, −4, 10 = −10
√
1 3 10
27. A = |5i − 4j − 7k| =
2 2
30. parallel: −2c = 5, c = −5/2; orthogonal: 1(−2) + 3(−6) + c(5) = 0, c = 4

33. compb a = a · b/b =
1, 2, −2 ·
4, 3, 0/5 = 2

36. a − b =
1, 2, −2 −
4, 3, 0 =
−3, −1, −2

√
compb (a − b) = (a − b) · b/ 16 + 9 = 15 (a · b − b · b) = 15 [(4 + 6 + 0) − (16 + 9)] = −3
projb (a − b) = [compb (a − b)](b/b) = −3
45 , 35 , 0 =
− 12
5 , − 5 , 0
9

39. A direction vector of the given line is
4, −2, 6. A parallel line containing (7, 3, −5) is (x−7)/4 = (y −3)/(−2) =
(z + 5)/6.
42. Vectors in the plane are
2, 3, 1 and
1, 0, 2. A normal vector is
2, 3, 1 ×
1, 0, 2 =
6, −3, −3 = 3
2, −1, −1.
An equation of the plane is 2x − y − z = 0
a 10 √ √
45. F = 10 = √ (i + j) = 5 2 i + 5 2 j; d =
7, 4, 0 −
4, 1, 0 = 3i + 3j
a 2
√ √ √
W = F · d = 15 2 + 15 2 = 30 2 N-m
48. Let F1  = F1 and F2  = F2 . Then F1 = F1 [(cos 45◦ )i + (sin 45◦ )j] and F2 = F2 [(cos 120◦ )i + (sin 120◦ )j], or
√
F1 = F1 ( √12 i + √12 j) and F2 = F2 (− 12 i + 23 j). Since w + F1 + F2 = 0,
√ √
1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3
F1 ( √ i + √ j) + F2 (− i + j) = 50j, ( √ F1 − F2 )i + ( √ F1 + F2 )j = 50j
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
and √
1 1 1 3
√ F1 − F2 = 0, √ F1 + F2 = 50.
2 2 2 2
√ √ √
Solving, we obtain F1 = 25( 6 − 2 ) ≈ 25.9 lb and F2 = 50( 3 − 1) ≈ 36.6 lb.
d 2 p1 d 2 p2
51. Let p1 and p2 be in Pn such that = 0 and = 0. Since
dx2 dx2
d 2 p1 d 2 p2 d2 d 2 p1 d2
0= + = (p 1 + p 2 ) and 0 = k = (kp1 )
dx2 dx2 dx2 dx2 dx2
we conclude that the set of polynomials with the given property is a subspace of Pn . A basis for the subspace
is 1, x.

112