AM WIs

Answers and hints to selected exercises from Lecture 2

1. Use the sigma notation Σ to write down the following series:

∞ 16
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑎) 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + ⋯ = ∑ 2𝑘 𝑏) + + + + +⋯+ =∑
3 5 7 9 11 33 2𝑛 + 1
𝑘=1 𝑛=1

∞ 16
1 1 1 1 3 3
3 3 3 1
𝑐) 1 + + + +. . . = ∑ 2 𝑑) 3 + + + + + ⋯+ = 3∑
4 9 16 𝑘 √2 √3 2 √5 4 √𝑘
𝑘=1 𝑘=1

∞ 10
1 1 1 1 (−1)𝑘+1 1 1 1 1 1 (−1)𝑘
𝑒) − + − +⋯= ∑ 𝑓) − + − + − ⋯+ =∑
5 9 13 17 4𝑘 + 1 4 8 12 16 40 4𝑘
𝑘=1 𝑘=1

2. Determine the sums of the following series

∞ ∞
3𝑛 + 4 3 𝑛 1 𝑛 1 1 5
𝑎) ∑ 𝑛
= ∑( ) + 4( ) = 3 +4 1 = + 5.
5 5 5 1−5 1−5 2
𝑛=0 𝑛=0

∞ ∞ ∞
2𝑛 − 5 ⋅ 4𝑛 2𝑛 − 5 ⋅ 4𝑛 20 − 5 ⋅ 40 1 𝑛 2 𝑛
𝑏) ∑ =∑ −( ) = [∑ ( ) − 5 ( ) ] − (1 − 5) =
6𝑛 6𝑛 60 3 3
𝑛=1 𝑛=0 𝑛=0
1 1 3
= 1−5 2 + 4 = 2 − 15 + 4 = −9.5
1−3 1−3


3. Use the Limit Comparison Test or the necessary condition to test the following series  an
n =1
for convergence or divergence:
∞
1
𝑎) ∑ 𝑎𝑟𝑐 cos necessary condition
𝑛
𝑛=1
1
lim 𝑎𝑟𝑐 cos = arccos 0 = 𝜋/2 ≠ 0, 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑛
∞
3𝑛3 + 4𝑛2 − 1
𝑏) ∑ necessary condition
4𝑛3 − 3𝑛 + 6
𝑛=1

3𝑛3 + 4𝑛2 − 1 3
lim = ≠ 0, 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
4𝑛3 − 3𝑛 + 6 4
∞
2𝑛4 + 3 1
𝑐) ∑ compare with 𝑏𝑛 =
𝑛5 − 5 𝑛
𝑛=1

2𝑛4 + 3 𝑛 2𝑛5 + 3𝑛
lim ⋅ = lim = 2 ≠ 0, ∞ 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑛5 − 5 1 𝑛5 − 5
 ∞
3𝑛3 − 2𝑛2 1;
𝑑) ∑ 6
compare with 𝑏𝑛 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
4𝑛 − 6𝑛 + 7 𝑛
𝑛=1
∞
3√𝑛3 + 𝑛 1
𝑒) ∑ compare with 𝑏𝑛 =
𝑛2 √𝑛
𝑛=1

3 √𝑛3 + 𝑛 √𝑛 3 √𝑛4 + 𝑛2
lim ⋅ = lim = 3 ≠ 0, ∞ 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑛2 1 √𝑛4
∞
∗
1 1 1
𝑓 ) ∑ 2
sin compare with 𝑏𝑛 =
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛3
𝑛=1
sin 𝑥
We shall use a limit from the next Lecture 3 : lim = 1.
𝑥→0 𝑥
1
1 1 𝑛3 1 sin
lim 2 sin ⋅ = lim 𝑛 ⋅ sin = lim 1 𝑛 = 1 ≠ 0, ∞ convergent
𝑛 𝑛 1 𝑛
𝑛
∞
arctan 𝑛 1
𝑔) ∑ compare with 𝑏𝑛 = 2 , convergent.
𝑛2 𝑛
𝑛=1
∞
1 1
ℎ) ∑ compare with 𝑏𝑛 = , convergent.
3𝑛 + 5 3𝑛
𝑛=1
∞
5 ⋅ 2𝑛 + 1 2𝑛
𝑖) ∑ compare with 𝑏𝑛 = , convergent.
3𝑛 − 2 3𝑛
𝑛=1

∞
4𝑛 + 2 cos 𝑛 4𝑛
𝑗) ∑ compare with 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑛 , convergent.
6𝑛 6
𝑛=1
∞
1 1 1 𝑛
𝑘) ∑ 𝑛 ln (1 + ) lim 𝑛 ln (1 + ) = lim ln (1 + ) = ln 𝑒 = 1,
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛=1
𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑. 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑡: 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡.
∞
𝑛+4
𝑙) ∑ 3
2𝑛 + 3𝑛 + 5
𝑛=1

1. Find 𝑏𝑛 :
𝑛+4 𝑛 1 1
∼ 3 = 2, 𝑠𝑜 𝑏𝑛 = .
2𝑛3 + 3𝑛 + 5 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛2

2. Calculate the limit

𝑛+4
𝑎𝑛 2𝑛3 +3𝑛+5 (𝑛 + 4)𝑛2 1
lim = lim 1 = lim =
𝑛→∞ 𝑏𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 2𝑛3 + 3𝑛 + 5 2
𝑛2
1 𝑛+4
Because ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛2 is convergent (here 𝑝 > 1), then ∑∞
𝑛=1 2𝑛3 +3𝑛+5 is also convergent.
 
4. Use the Root or Ratio Test to test the following series  an for convergence or divergence
n =1
𝑒 𝑛
𝑎) ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛! Ratio Test

𝑒 𝑛+1 𝑛! 𝑒
lim ⋅ 𝑛 = lim = 0 < 1, 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
(𝑛 + 1)! 𝑒 𝑛+1
𝑛3
𝑏) ∑∞
𝑛=5 2𝑛 Root Test

𝑛 𝑛3 1 𝑛 3 1 𝑛 3 1
lim √ = lim √ 𝑛 = lim ( √𝑛) = < 1, 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
2𝑛 𝑛
√2𝑛 2 2
(𝑛−1)!
𝑐) ∑∞
𝑛=1 (2𝑛)! ⋅ 2
𝑛
Ratio Test

𝑛! 2𝑛+1 (2𝑛)! 2𝑛
lim ⋅ = lim = 0< 1, 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
(2𝑛 + 2)! (𝑛 − 1)! 2𝑛 (2𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 2)
(𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑛)𝑛
𝑑) ∑∞
𝑛=7 Root Test
10𝑛
𝑛
1
𝑒) ∑∞
𝑛=1 (𝑎𝑟𝑐 cot (cos 𝑛)) Root Test

𝑛 𝜋
lim √(arccot ( cos 1/𝑛 ) 𝑛 = lim arccot( cos 1/𝑛 ) = arccot 1 = < 1, 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
4
2
𝑛𝑛
𝑓) ∑∞
𝑛=1 Root Test
(𝑛+1)𝑛2
n
nn n nn  n  1 1
n = =   = → 1 convergent
(n + 1) nn
(n + 1) n
 (n + 1)  1 n → e
(1 + ) n
n
𝑛
𝑛2
𝑔) ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1 3 ⋅ (𝑛2 +1) Root Test

𝑛
𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛2
lim √3𝑛 ( 2 ) = lim 3 ( 2 ) = 3 > 1, 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑛 +1 𝑛 +1
2
2 𝑛
(1+ )
ℎ) ∑∞
𝑛=12
𝑛
Root Test
3𝑛

2
√ 1𝑛
2 𝑛 1 2 𝑛 𝑒2
lim (1 + ) = lim (1 + ) = > 1, 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
3𝑛 𝑛 3 𝑛 3

(2𝑛)!−𝑛! (2𝑛)! (2𝑛)!

𝑖 ∗ ) ∑∞
𝑛=1 (compare with ∑∞
𝑛=1 , to determine if ∑∞
𝑛=1 , is convergent or
𝑛2𝑛 +𝑛2 𝑛2𝑛 𝑛2𝑛

divergent use the Ratio Test) or just the Ratio Test:

 (2𝑛 + 2)! − (𝑛 + 1)! 𝑛2𝑛 + 𝑛2
lim =
(𝑛 + 1)2𝑛+2 + (𝑛 + 1)2 (2𝑛)! − 𝑛!
(2𝑛 + 2)! − (𝑛 + 1)! 𝑛2𝑛 + 𝑛2
= lim =
(2𝑛)! − 𝑛! (𝑛 + 1)2𝑛+2 + (𝑛 + 1)2
(𝑛+1)! 𝑛2
(2𝑛 + 2)! (1 − (2𝑛+2)!) 𝑛2𝑛 (1 + 𝑛2𝑛 )
= lim 𝑛! (𝑛+1)2
=
(2𝑛)! (1 − (2𝑛)! ) (𝑛 + 1)2𝑛+2 (1 + (𝑛+1)2𝑛+2 )

(2𝑛 + 2)! 𝑛2𝑛 (2𝑛 + 2)(2𝑛 + 1) 𝑛2𝑛

= lim = lim =
(2𝑛)! (𝑛 + 1)2𝑛+2 (𝑛 + 1)2 (𝑛 + 1)2𝑛
2𝑛
𝑛 2𝑛 1 4
= lim 4 ⋅ ( ) = lim 4 ⋅ ( 1) = < 1, 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑛+1 1+𝑛 𝑒2
∞
2𝑛 + 1
𝑗) ∑ 𝑛 Root Test
3 + 4𝑛
𝑛=0
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
2 = √2𝑛 ≤ √2𝑛 + 1 ≤ √2𝑛 + 2𝑛 = 2 √2 → 2
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
4 = √4𝑛 ≤ √3𝑛 + 4𝑛 ≤ √4𝑛 + 4𝑛 = 4 √2 → 4

𝑛
2𝑛 + 1
𝑛 lim √2𝑛 + 1 2
lim √ = = < 1, 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡.
𝑛→∞ 3𝑛 + 4𝑛 𝑛
lim √3𝑛 + 4𝑛 4

𝑜) ∑∞ 2
𝑛=5 exp(𝑛 − 𝑛 ) Root test

𝑛 𝑛−𝑛2
2
lim √𝑒 𝑛−𝑛 = lim 𝑒 𝑛 [𝑒 −∞ ] = 0, 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
∞
3𝑛 ln 𝑛
𝑝) ∑
𝑛!
𝑛=1

Then
𝟑𝑛 ln 𝑛 (𝒆𝐥𝐧 𝟑 )𝑛 ln 𝑛 𝑒 ln 𝑛⋅𝑛⋅ln 3 𝑛𝑛⋅ln 3 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛+1) ln 3
𝑎𝑛 = = = = , 𝑎𝑛+1 =
𝑛! 𝑛! 𝑛! 𝑛! (𝑛 + 1)!
so

ln 3
𝑎𝑛+1 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛+1) ln 3 𝑛! 1 𝑛+1 𝑛
| |= = (( ) (𝑛 + 1)) .
𝑎𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)! 𝑛𝑛 ln 3 𝑛 + 1 𝑛

Thus
ln 3
𝑎𝑛+1 1 1 𝑛 ln 3 ln 3
(𝑛 + 1)ln 3
lim | | = lim ((1 + ) ) (𝑛 + 1) = lim 𝑒
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 + 1 𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛+1
ln 3−1
= 3 lim (𝑛 + 1) =∞
𝑛→∞
The series is divergent.

5*. Prove the following limits using the necessary condition for appropriate series

3𝑛
𝑎) lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑛!
3𝑛
We determine the convergence of the series ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛! from the Ratio Test:

𝑎𝑛+1 3𝑛+1 𝑛! 3
lim = lim ⋅ 𝑛 = lim = 0 < 1,
𝑎𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)! 3 !𝑛 + 1
The series is convergent, so the necessary condition is satisfied

3𝑛
lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0 ; lim =0
𝑛!
𝑛!
𝑐) lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑛
𝑛!
We determine the convergence of the series ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛𝑛 from the Ratio Test:

𝑎𝑛+1 (𝑛 + 1)! 𝑛𝑛 (𝑛 + 1) 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
lim = lim = lim = lim = lim ( )
𝑎𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)𝑛+1 𝑛! (𝑛 + 1)𝑛+1 (𝑛 + 1)𝑛 𝑛+1

𝑛+1−1 𝑛 −1 𝑛 1
= lim ( ) = lim (1 + ) = 𝑒 −1 = < 1
𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑒

The series is convergent, so the necessary condition is satisfied

𝑛!
lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0 ; lim 𝑛 = 0
𝑛

(𝑛!)𝑛
𝑑) lim 2
𝑛𝑛
𝑛→∞
(𝑛!)𝑛
We determine the convergence of the series ∑∞
𝑛=1 2 from the Root Test:
𝑛𝑛

𝑛 (𝑛!)𝑛 𝑛!
lim 𝑛 𝑎 = 𝑛→∞
𝑛→∞ √ 𝑛
lim √ 𝑛2
= 𝑛→∞
lim =0 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 5. 𝑐)
𝑛 𝑛𝑛

The series is convergent, so the necessary condition is satisfied

(𝑛!)𝑛
lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0 ; lim 𝑛2 = 0
𝑛