6 Numbers – Part 2

Unit Digit 54 = 625 64 = 1,296

To find the unit digit, one need not consid-
er the complete number. The operation can
be performed at unit digit only to get the
results. Unit places can be directly added, Example 1:
subtracted or multiplied but can’t be divided.
Find the unit digit of the following:
Only the unit digit of the number matters
a) (375)37 × (436)289 + (3741)2,895
while calculating the unit digit.
b) 313,637 + 76214
For example, finding the unit digit of 76214 is
the same as finding the unit digit of 6214. Solution: a) 1; b) 1
For example, finding the unit digit of a) (375)37 × (436)289 + (3741)2,895
19,98721,567 is the same as finding the unit Unit digits are 5, 6, and 1, with cyclicity = 1.
digit of 721,567. (375)37 ® Unit digit = 5
For example: (436) 289
® Unit digit = 6
Unit digit of (5,266 × 7,869 – 24,372) = 6 × (3741)2,895 ® Unit digit = 1
9 – 2 = 4 – 2 = 2.
Unit digit of (375) × (436)289 + (3,741)2,895
37

As you can see in the above example, we =5×6+1=0+1=1

have taken only the unit digit of 5,266, 7,869,
b) 313,637 + 76214
and 24,372 to solve the question.
Unit digit of 313,637 = 1
Cyclicity
Unit digit of 76214 = 6
Unit digit of all the digits from 0 to 9, when
raised to some power, repeats itself in a cer- Unit digit of 313,637 + 76214 = 1 + 6 = 7
tain cycle. Digits with Cyclicity 2
Based on cyclicity, all ten digits {0, 1, 2, 3, … 9} Unit digits of numbers ending with 4 or 9
can be divided into three categories. repeat themselves after every second power.
It can also be said that numbers ending with
0 2
4 or 9 raised to any power (except 0) will
1 4 3 have only two different answers of a unit
5 9 7 digit.
6 8 Therefore, the cyclicity of 4 and 9 is 2.
Cyclicity = 1 Cyclicity = 2 Cyclicity = 4
41 = 4 91 = 9
Digits with Cyclicity 1
42 = 16 92 = 81
Any number ending with 0 or 1 or 5 or 6
43 = 64 93 = 729
raised to any power (except 0) will always
end in 0 or 1 or 5 or 6, respectively. That is 44 = 256 94 = 6,561
why these digits have cyclicity as 1. 45 = 1,024 95 = 59,049
51 = 5 61 = 6
52 = 25 62 = 36
53 = 125 63 = 216

Numbers – Part 2 165

 It can be observed that the unit digit of 32...............
3031
 
Similarly, 29
(       4)Odd  4 30 = Even number and (even)Any power = even
(       4)Even  6 number
........∞
(       9)Odd  9 3132
Hence, 30 = even number
Even
(       9) 1 Unit digit of (29)even º unit digit of 9Even = 1.
Unit digit of
Example 2: .................. 32 .................
 151617 30
31 
Find unit digit of (324)397 + (689)322 – (79)731  14  29 
Solution: 6  
=4×1=4
Unit digit of (324)397 = unit digit of (4)397
= unit digit of 4Odd = 4. Digits with Cyclicity 4
Unit digit of (689)322 = unit digit of (9)322 Unit digits of numbers ending with 2 or 3 or
= unit digit of 9even = 1. 7 or 8 repeat themselves after every fourth
power. It can also be said that numbers end-
Unit digit of (79)731 = unit digit of (9)731
ing with 2 or 3 or 7 or 8 raised to any power
= unit digit of 9odd = 9.
(except 0) will have four different unit-digit
Unit digit of (324)397 + (689)322 – (79)731 answers.
= 4 + 1 – 9 = 5 – 9.
Therefore, the cyclicity of 2, 3, 7, or 8 is 4.
{Now, the unit digit can’t be negative, so take
10 carry and add} 21  2  31  3  71  7  81  8 
   
Hence, unit digit of (324)397 + (689)322 – (79)731 22  4  32  9  72  49  82  64 
= 5 + 10 – 9 = 6.    
23  8  33  27  73  343  83  512 
(This is similar when we subtract 19 from 45,  
24  16  34  81  74  2401 

84

 4096 
the unit digit will be 6).
25  32 35  243 75  16807  85  32768
Example 3:    

Find the unit digit of

.................. 32 .................
 151617 30
31 
 14  29 
 
It can be observed that each of 2, 3, 7, and 8
Solution: 4 repeats after the fourth power.
17............. Method to find unit digit of numbers having
16
15
 14  cyclicity 4

...........∞ y Divide the power (index) by 4 and find the

16 17 remainder.
Figure out whether 15 would be
even or odd. y If the remainder is 1, 2, or 3, raise the unit
digit of the number to the power 1, 2, and
15 = Odd number and (odd)Any power
= odd
3, respectively.
number
y If the remainder is 0, raise the unit digit of
...........∞
16 17 the number to the power 4.
Hence, 15 = odd number
Unit digit of (14) odd
= unit digit of 4Odd = 4 For example :
Find unit digit of 23746.

166 Numbers – Part 2

  746  Unit digit of 81 or 84k + 1 = 8
Remainder  2
 4  Unit digit of 82 or 84k + 2 = 4
Unit digit of 83 or 84k + 3 = 2
Unit digit of 23746 = unit digit of 3746
Unit digit of 84 or 84k = 6
As 3 has a cyclicity of 4
a should leave remainder as 3, when
So, unit digit of 3746 = unit digit of 3(remainder of
divided by 4, i.e., it should be of 4K + 3 type.
746/4)
= unit digit of 32 = 9.
20 = 4 × 5 + 0, 21 = 4 × 5 + 1, 22 = 4 × 5 + 2,
Note: Remainder can be obtained by dividing
and 23 = 4 × 5 + 3
the last two digits of the number in case of
divisibility by 4. As, only 23 = 4K + 3 type, option (D) is cor-
rect answer.
Example 4:
Example 7:
Find the unit digit of 34256 × 76738.
Find the unit digit of
Solution: 4
(5!)5! + (4!)4! + (3!)3! + (2!)2! + (1!)1!.
 56 
Rem    0 Solution: 7
4 
It can be noticed that any factorial greater
Unit digit of 342 56
= unit digit of 2 = unit
56
than 4 will have at least one zero at the end.
digit of 24 = 6. (5!)5! = (120)120 = Unit digit = 0
 38  (4!)4! = (24)24 = 424 = 4Even Þ Unit digit = 6
Rem    2
4  (3!)3! = 66 Þ Unit digit = 6
Unit digit of 767 38
= unit digit of 7 38
= unit (2!)2! = 22 Þ Unit digit = 4
digit of 72 = 9.
(1!) = 1
1! 1
Þ Unit digit = 1
Unit digit of 34256 × 76738 = 6 × 9 = 4.
Unit digit of (5!)5! + (4!)4! + (3!)3! + (2!)2! + (1!)1!
Example 5: =0+6+6+4+1=7
55
Find the unit digit of 5354 . Example 8:
Solution: 1 If n is a natural number, how many distinct
Because cyclicity of 3 is 4, divide the index, values of unit digit of (2n + 4n + 6n + 8n) are
i.e., 5455 by 4 and check remainder possible?
5455 = 54 × 54 × 5453 = (2 × 27) (2 × 27) × 5453 Solution: 2
= 4 × (27 × 27 × 5453) = 4 N type The cyclicity of all the digits is either 1 or 2,
or 4. But, for simplicity, one can also take
 5455   4N 
Hence, Rem   = Rem  the cyclicity of all the digits as 4. It would
0
 4   4  not affect the unit digit’s results.
55
Unit digit of 5354 = 34 = 1 So, here n can be of four types :

Example 6:    4k type ® {4, 8, 12, 16,………….}

If the unit digit of 48a is 2, then which of the (4k + 1) type ® {1, 5, 9, 13,………….}
following can be the value of a? (4k + 2) type ® {2, 6, 10, 14,………….}
(A) 20 (B) 21 (4k + 3) type ® {3, 7, 11, 15,………….}
(C) 22 (D) 23 when, n = 4k, put n = 4
Solution: (D) Unit digit of 24 + 44 + 64 + 84 = 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 = 4
Cyclicity of 8 is 4 when, n = 4k + 1, put n = 5

Numbers – Part 2 167

 Unit digit of 25 + 45 + 65 + 85 = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 = 0 (531)437 = (31)437
when, n = 4k + 2, put n = 6 Unit digit = 1 and tens digit = unit digit of 3
Unit digit of = 26 + 46 + 66 + 86 ×7=1
=4+6+6+4=0 Last 2 digits of = (31)437 = 11
when, n = 4k + 3, put n = 7 Important observation
Unit digit of = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8
7 7 7 7
The last two digits of the square of any num-
=8+4+6+2=0 ber of (50N ± K) type are the same as the
So, it can be witnessed that for any value of last two digits of the square of K.
n, the unit digit of 2n + 4n + 6n + 8n has only
Last two digits of (50 N ± K )2
two distinct values, i.e., 0 and 4.
= Last two digits of K 2
Hence, answer = 2.
For example :
Last Two Digits 782 = (50 × 2 – 22)2 = 6,084
This section generally asks for the last two 222 = 484
digits of a number to be raised to some pow-
So, the last two digits of 782 = (50 × 2 – 22)2
er. Only the last two digits of the number
= last two digits of 222
matter in the last two-digit questions.
Similarly, last two digits of 1692 = (50 × 3 +
Last two digits of (123,456)487 = Last two digits
19)2 = last two digits of 192 = 61
of (56)487
Last two digits of (56,789)369 = Last two digits When unit digit of bases 3, 7, or 9
of (89)369 34 = 81,   74 = 2,401,   92 = 81
When the unit digit of base is 1 To find out the last two digits of numbers
(61)43 = (1 + 60)43 ending with 3, 7, or 9, convert the base to
get 1 at the unit place and then apply the
(x + a)n = n
C0xn a0 + nc1xn–1a1 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +nCn x0
method of finding the last two digits of the
an
base ending with 1.
(1 + 60)43 = 
43
C0 × 143 × 600 + 43C1 × 142 × 601
Example 10:
+ 43C2 × 141 × 602 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Find the last two digits of the following:
In the expansion after second term, all the
terms will have at least two zeros at the end. a) 3275 b) 217438 c) 5954
So, it will not affect the last two-digit cal- Solution: a) 07; b) 09; c) 61
culation, and these terms can be neglected. a) Last two digits of 3275
(1 + 60)43 = 1 × 1 × 1 + 43 × 1 × 60 = Last two digits of (34)68 × 33
= 1 + 2,580 = 2,581 = Last two digits of (81)68 × 27 = 41 × 27
Last two digit is 81. = 07
With proper observation, it can be concluded b) 217438 = 17438 = (174)109 × 172
(– – – b 1) XYZ
Þ unit digit = 1, tens digit = = (172 × 172)109 × 89
unit digit of b × z
= (89 × 89)109 × 89
Example 9:
= (892)109× 89
Find the last two digits of (531) 437
= (21)109 × 89 {\ Last two digits of
Solution: 11 892 = 112 = 21}

168 Numbers – Part 2

 = 81 × 89 = 09 The above results can be re-written as
c) 59 54
= (59 ) {\ Last two digits of 59
2 27 2
(210)Odd Þ last two digits are 24
= 92 = 81} (210)Even Þ the last two digits are 76
= (9 ) = (81) = 61
2 27 27
Example 12:
When the unit digit of the base is 5 Find last two digits of :
Let’s assume the base ending in 5 has its a) 834
tenth digit as b, and the exponent is N. b) 6243
( b 5)N c) 5,736218
Only when both b and N are odd the last Solution: a) 04; b) 28; c) 56
two digits would be 75; otherwise, it would a) 834 = (23)34 = 2102 = (210)10 × 22 = (210)Even × 22
be 25.
= 76 × 04 = 04
Only when both the tens digit of the num-
ber and the unit digit of power are odd the b) 6243 = (2 × 31)43 = 243 × 3143 = (210)4 × 23 × 3143
last two digits will be 75; otherwise, it would = 76 × 08 × 91 = 28
be 25. c) 5,736218 = 36218 = (22 × 32) 218

Example 11: = 2436 × 3436

Find last two digits of : = (210)43 × 26 × (34)109

a) 435289 = 24 × 64 × (81)109

b) 5,835242 + 395871 = 24 × 64 × 21 = 56
Shortcut to Calculate the Last Two Digits
Solution: a) 75; b) 00 1. Last two digits of N20K = 01 (when N is a
a) In 435289 both tens digit of the number number ending in 1, 3, 7, or 9 and K is a
as well as unit digit of power are odd; natural number).
the last two digits of 435289 = 75. 2. Last two digits of N20K = 76 (when N is a
b) In 5,835242 tens digit of the number is number ending in 2, 4, 6, or 8 and K is a
odd, but the unit digit of power is even; natural number).
the last two digits of 5,535242 = 25. For example, last 2 digits of 789240
In 395871 both tens digit of the number as = 78920 × 12 = 01
well as unit digit of power are odd; the For example, last 2 digits of 584840
last two digits of 395871 = 75. = 58420 × 42 = 76
So, last 2 digits of 5,835242 + 395871 =
 25 + 75
= 00 Remainders
To find the remainders, replace numbers
When the unit digit of the base is even
with remainders till you get the answer,
We know that 210 = 1,024 keeping +, –, ×, and power as it is.
Last two digits of (1,024)N = the last two dig- For example, when 100 is divided by 7, the
its of (24)N remainder = 2.
It is the speciality of the number 24 that  100 
  2
(24)Odd Þ last two digits are 24  7 r
(24)Even Þ the last two digits are 76 Now, we will represent 100 in different ways
and divide it by 7, but still, the remainder will
be the same.

Numbers – Part 2 169

  100   50  30  20   1  2  6   9  Negative remainder + divisor = Positive
As           2 remainder
 7 r  7 r  7 r  7 r
 32    4 (Positive remainder )
When 50, 30, and 20 are divided by 7, the re- Rem  
mainders are 1, 2, and 6, respectively. So, we  7    3 (Negative remainder )
have replaced numbers 50, 30, and 20 with 32 = (28 + 4). 28/7 remainder is 0 and 4/7
remainders 1, 2, and 6, respectively, keeping remainder is 4. Now replace numbers with
+ sign as it is. remainders. So, final remainder is 0 + 4 = 4.
 100   125  25  6 4 2 Also, 32 = (35 – 3). 35/7 remainder is 0, and
Also,           2
 7 r  7 r  7 r  7 r 3/7 remainder is 3. Now replace numbers
with remainders. So, final remainder is 0 – 3
When 125 and 25 are divided by 7, the re-
= –3.
mainders are 6 and 4, respectively. So,
we have replaced numbers 125 and 25 Now negative remainder = –3.
with remainders 6 and 4, respectively, So, positive remainder = Negative remainder
keeping – sign as it is. + divisor = – 3 + 7 = 4.
 100   10  10   3  3   9   60    6
Similarly,           2 Similarly, Rem  
 7 r  7 r  7 r  7 r  9   3
Example 13: Note: While solving the remainder problem,
Find the remainder when (239 × 457 – 218) one can select any positive or negative re-
is divided by 5. mainder, but it is always advised to select
the smaller out of positive and negative re-
Solution: 0
mainder to simplify the calculation.
 239  457  218  Example 14:
 
 5 r Find remainder when (252 × 398 × 496) is
 239   457   218  divided by 25.
   4,    2,   3
 5 r  5 r  5 r Solution: 16
Now, replace numbers with remainders 2  2  4
keeping signs of × and – as it is to get the 252  398  496
final answer. = (2) × (–2) × (–4) = 16
25
 239  457  218   4 2  3  5
  =  =  0 Common Factor
 5 r  5 r  5 r
Sometimes, it is easy to simplify the given
Hence, the final answer is 0. question by cancelling the common factors
Negative Remainder from the numerator and denominator and then
The concept of the negative remainder is performing the division. But the remainder ob-
only introduced to reduce the complexity of tained must be multiplied by the common fac-
finding remainders. But the negative remain- tor to get the remainder of the original question.
der is never accepted as the final answer. Example 15:
So, if in any problem, one gets the negative Find the remainder when 308 is divided by 12.
remainder at the end of the solution; add
Solution: 8
it to the divisor, and it will give a positive
remainder, which would be the final accept- 308 = 4 × 77
able answer. 12 = 4 × 3

170 Numbers – Part 2

308 4  77 77  817 
  Rem  7
  1  1
12 43 3  16 
 77 
Rem    2 9
3 Rem    9
 16 
 308  Now, replace numbers with remainders
Hence, Rem    42 = 8
 12  keeping the sign of × as it is.

Simple Remainder Problems Hence, final remainder = 1 × 9 = 9

 (a  1)m  3219 (25 )19 295

m c)  3  3
   ( 1) 24 2 3 2 3
 a  r
Cancelling out the common factor of 23,
 (na  1)m 
   ( 1)
m
292
 a  r we are left with
3
 (na  K )m   292  92
   (  K )m Rem    ( 1)  1
 a  r  3 

In this type of question, one’s motive should  292 

But final remainder = Rem   × com-
be to make a dividend in such form that it  3 
mon factor = 1 × 8 = 8
leaves the remainder as +1 or –1. Sometimes
it would not be possible to get such a form Euler Theorem
of a dividend. In that case, proceed with +K If a and b are the co-prime numbers
or –K as the remainder. and f(b) is the Euler totient function of
Example 16:  a ( b ) 
b then Rem  1
Find the remainder of the following :  b 
12637 To solve problems, the Euler theorem can also
a)
5   m  
 a   a  ( b ) Rem 
m
330 be generalised as Rem    
b)
16  b   b 
 
 Rem
3219
c) Euler Totient Function
24
Euler totient function of any number ‘N’ rep-
Solution: a) 1; b) 9; c) 8
resents the number of numbers less than N
12637 that are coprime to N.
a)
5
For example:
 126 
Rem    1. Now replace the number Let’s calculate f(12).
 5  Write all the numbers less than 12 that are
with the remainder, keeping power as it is. coprime to it = 1, 5, 7, 11.
 12637   ( 1)37  So, there are total four numbers.
Re m    Re m  1
 5   5  f(12) = 4

34 )7  32 817  9 Method to calculate Euler totient function

330
b)   Prime factorise the number N
16 16 16

Numbers – Part 2 171

  169 
N = pa × qb × rc × ………….. Further divide 169 by 48 =    25
 48 Re m
 1  1  1 Fermat’s Theorem
 (N )  N   1    1    1   .................
 a  b  c If P is a prime number and a, P are coprime
to each other.
Example 17:  aP   aP 1 
Rem    a or Rem  1
f(40)  P   P 
Solution: 16
It can be noticed that Fermat’s theorem is a
40 = 8 × 5 = 23 × 5 special case of the Euler theorem only.
 1  1 1 4
f(40) = 40  1    1    40    16 Example 20:
 2  5 2 5
Find the remainder when 625 is divided by 13.
Solution: 6
Keynote 13 is a prime number, and 6 and 13 are co-
prime to each other. Hence, apply Fermat
If P is prime number,  (P )  P  1 theorem.
 612 
Rem  1
 13 
Example 18:
Find the remainder when 28109 is divided by  625   612  612  6 
Rem    Rem  =1×1×6=6
37.  13   13 
Solution: 28
Wilson Theorem
f(37) = 37 – 1 = 36
If P is a prime number.
Applying Euler theorem,
  109   Rem 

 P1  !   (1) or (P – 1) and
     P 
 109    36 Rem 
28 28
Rem   
 37   37 Rem  (P  2)! 
Rem  1
 28 
1  P 
   281  28
 37 Rem Example 21:
Find the remainder when 27! is divided by
Example 19:
29.
Find the remainder when 13194 is divided by
Solution: 1
48.
Solution: 25  27 ! 
Rem  1
48 = 24 × 3  29 
Apply Euler theorem, Example 22:
 1  1 1 2 Find the remainder when 25! is divided by
f(48) = 48 ×  1    1    48    16
 2  3  2 3 232.
Solution: 483
  194  
 13   13 16 Rem
194   25 !  25  24  23  22 !
Rem     132  169 Rem  2  
 48   48   23  232
 
 Rem

172 Numbers – Part 2

Cancelling out the common factor of 23 Smallest solution of equation (i) is obtained
at x = 3 and y = 2.
 25  24  22 ! 
Rem    2  1  ( 1)  2 or = –2 + Hence, the remainder = 8 × 3 + 1 = 25 or 11 ×
 23  2 + 3 = 25.
23 = 21  
Example 24:
Final remainder = Remainder × common fac- Find remainder when 2140 is divided by 95.
tor = 21 × 23 = 483.
Solution: 16
Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) 95 ® 5 × 19 (Co-prime pairs)
CRT is applied in problems where divisor is a  2140 
composite number that can be split into two Rem   ?
 95 
co-prime numbers.
Let’s understand the application of CRT by  2140  40
Þ Rem   1 1
an example.  5 

Example 23:  2140   240 

Þ Rem    Rem  
Find the remainder when 724 is divided by 88.  19   19 

Solution: 25 236  24 1 16

=   16
19 19
 724 
Rem   Applying CRT, 5x + 1 = 19y + 16
 88 
5x = 19y + 15
Þ 88 = 8 × 11 (split into two coprime At, y = 0, x = 3
numbers)
Hence, remainder is 5 × 3 + 1 = 16 or 19 × 0
 724  24 + 16 = 16.
Þ Rem    ( 1)  1
 8 
Base System
  24  
 724   7 10 R  In mathematics, there are different ways of
Rem      representing the number depending upon the
Þ  11   11  ( using Euler
  number of digits used. And the number of dig-
 R theorem)
its used denotes the base of the system. Like
74 72  72 49  49 5  5 25 in the decimal system (which is very common),
=     3
11 11 11 11 11 digits from 0 to 9, i.e., total 10 digits, are used.
It can be observed that 724 is either of the Base can take any value from 2 onwards but
forms of 8x + 1 or 11y + 3. in general practice it is used up to base 16,
According to CRT, the final remainder would i.e., hexadecimal system.
be the smallest number satisfying. Number of digits used in any base m range
from 0 to m – 1
8x + 1 = 11y + 3 …(i)
For example:
8x = 11y + 2 (x and y are non-nega-
Base Digits used
tive integers)
Base 10 ® 0 to 9
At y = 0, x® Not integer
(Decimal system)
At y = 1, x ® Not integer
Base 8 ® 0 to 7
At y = 2, x = 3
(Octal system)

Numbers – Part 2 173

 Base 7 ® 0 to 6 Solution: 870 C16
(Septenary system)
Base 2 ® 0 and 1
(Binary system)
Base 16 ® 0 to 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
(Hexadecimal system)
To avoid confusion, numbers from 10 to 15
are represented by alphabets as 10 ® A, 11 ® (34,572) to « (870C)16
B, 12 ® C, 13 ® D, 14 ® E, 15 ® F. Conversion from base m to decimal system
Hence, digits used in base 16 are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, (base 10)
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F. (abcd)m ® (  )10
y One should be familiar with counting = a × m3 + b × m2 + C × m1 + d × m0
numbers used in a particular system. For (abcd)m ® (am3 + bm2 + cm + d)10
example, counting numbers used in base
Example 26:
6 would be
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21,… Convert (2,135)7 to the decimal system.
Because in base, six digits that can be Solution: 76110
used are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. (2,135)7 = 2
 × 73 + 1 × 72 + 3 × 7 + 5 × 7° = 686
+ 49 + 21 + 5 = 761
Conversion from Decimal System (Base
(2,135)7 « (761)10
10 to Base m)
Example 27:
To convert any number from base 10 to base
m, successively divide the number by m and Find the value of base m in (426)8 = (338)m
note down the remainders. Solution: 9
Let’s understand by example: Convert both the bases to decimal system
Convert (358)10 to base 6 and equate

(358)10 ® (  )6 Þ 4 × 82 + 2 × 81 + 6 × 8° = 3 × m2 + 3 × m1
+ 8 × m°
Þ 256 + 16 + 6 = 3m2 + 3m + 8
Þ 3m2 + 3m + 8 = 278
Þ m2 + m – 90 = 0
Þ (m – 9) (m + 10) = 0
m = 9, –10
Hence, m = 9

(358)10 « (1,354)6 Addition, Subtraction, and Multiplication in

Base System
Example 25:
The logic of addition, subtraction, and mul-
Convert (34,572)10 to base 16.
tiplication in any base is same as of decimal
system.

174 Numbers – Part 2

Addition in base 10 Solution: 3,6037
Let us understand the logic of addition.
2 5 7
+ 4 8 6
7 4 3
Answer = (3,603)7
Divisibility in the base system
y A number in base m is divisible by m – 1,
if the sum of digits of the numbers is di-
visible by m – 1.
y A number in base m is divisible by m + 1
Logic if the difference between the sum of the
digits at odd places and the sum of the
Add the digits. If it is greater than the high-
digits at even places is either 0 or divisible
est digit used in that base, divide it by base,
by m + 1.
keep the remainder, and send the quotient
as carrying. Continue the same process till Example 31:
the end. Find the remainder when (37,542)8 is divided
Example 28: by 7.
(354)6 + (432)6
Solution: 0
Solution: 1,2306
(37542)8 3  7  5  4  2
1 1  
7  7 Re m
3 5 4
 4 3 2  21 
  0
8 9 6  7 Re m
6 1 2 6 1 3 6 1 0
12 3 0 Keynote
The logic used in addition can be extended
for subtraction and multiplication. y Maximum n digit number in base m =
Example 29: (mn − 1) in base 10.
Calculate (656)8 – (357)8 y Minimum n digit number in base m =
(mn−1) in base 10.
Solution: 2778
Whenever we borrow one, we borrow a value Example 32:
equal to the base. So, borrow one means + 8.
Find the remainder, when (23,795)12 divided
by 13.
Solution: 2
(23, 795)12

  
 275  39    2
  2
13  13   13 Re m
Re m

Answer = 2778
Example 30:
(46)7 × (54)7

Numbers – Part 2 175

 Trailing Zeros in the Base System n
3. In the expansion (a + b)n = ∑ n
Cr × (a)n-r × (b)r
If a number in base m has K trailing zeros, r=0

the number will be multiple mK. r can take any value from ‘0’ to ‘n’, so the
Example 33: total number of terms in the expansion
is (n + 1).
How many trailing zeroes can be ob-
tained when 60! in base 10 is converted to 4. Since nCr = nCn–r for r = 0, 1, 2, 3, …n so,
base 9? the coefficient of terms equidistant from
the beginning and end are equal.
Solution: 14
5. Putting a = 1 and b = x in the expansion
The highest power of 9 available in 60 ! will
of (a + b)n, we get
give the number of trailing zeroes when 60 !
is converted to base 9. n

To find the highest power of 9 in 60 ! Find the

(1 + x)n = 
r 0
n
Cr  x r (This is the expan-

highest power of 3 in it. sion of ascending power of x)

60 20 6 n
= 20 = , 6, = 2 = 20 + 6 + 2 = 28
3 3 3 (1 + x)n = 
r =0
n
Cr  x n-r (This is the expan-
60 ! ® 328 = 914
sion of descending power of x).
There would be 14 trailing zeroes.
y The coefficient of (r + 1)th term in the
Binomial Theorem expansion of (1 + x)n is nCr.
y The coefficient of xr in the expansion
The traditional form of binomial expression
of (1 + x)n is nCr.
is (x + a)n, and the expansion of (x + a)n, n Î
N is called a binomial theorem. 6. Putting a = 1 and b = –x is the expansion
of (a + b)n, we get
Important Concepts in Binomial Theorem
n
If a and b are real numbers and n Î N, the
binomial expansion of (a + b)n is given by:
( 1  x )n   (-1)
r 0
r n
Cr  x r

(a + b)n = nC0 × an × b0 + nC1 × an–1 × b1 + nC2 × 7. If n is odd, [(x + a)n + (x – a)n] and [(x + a)n
an–2 × b2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + nCr × an–r × br + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + nCn–1 × a1
× bn–1 + nCn × a0 × bn – (x – a)n] both contains same number
n  n  1
of terms which is equal to   terms.
i.e., (a + b)n = ∑
r=0
n
Cr (a)n-r × (b)r
 2 

If we replace ‘b’ by ‘–b’, we get 8. If n is even, [(x + a)n + (x – a)n] contains

n
n 
(a – b)n = ∑ n
Cr × (a)n-r ×(-b)r   1  terms and[(x + a) – (x – a) ] con-
n n
r=0 2 
n n
(a – b)n = ∑ (-1)
r=0
r n
Cr × an-r × br tains   terms.
2
Binomial Theorem Properties Example 34:
1. The terms in the expansion of (a – b)n Find the expansion of (a + b)5.
are alternatively positive and negative.
2. The last term is positive or negative de-
pending upon the value of n, (even or odd).

176 Numbers – Part 2

Solution: Example 38:
Here, (a + b)5 = 5C0 × (a)5 × (b)0 + 5C1 × (a)4 × Find the number of terms in the expansion
(b)1 + 5C2 × (a)3 × (b)2 + 5C3 × (a)2 × (b)3 + 5C4 of [(a + b)54 + (a – b)54].
× (a)1 × (b)4 + 5C5 × (a)0 × (b)5 Solution:
= 1 × a × 1 + 5 × a × b + 10 × a × b + 10
5 4 3 2
As we know that, if n is even, the expansion
× a2 × b3 × 5 + a × b4 + 1 × 1 × b5 n 
of [(a + b)n + (a – b)n] contains   1  terms.
=a
 5 + 5a4b + 10a3b2 + 10a2b3 + 5ab4 + b5
2 
Example 35: So, the expansion of [(a + b)54 + (a – b)54]
Find the expansion of (a – b)5.  54 
contains  + 1  = 28 terms.
 2 
Solution:
Example 39:
Here, (a – b)5 = 5C0 × (a)5 × (–b)0 + 5C1 × (a)4 ×
Find the number of terms in the expansion
(–b)1 + 5C2 × (a)3 × (–b)2 + 5C3 × (a)2 × (–b)3 +
of [(a + b)54 – (a – b)54].
5
C4 × (a)1 × (–b)4 + 5C5 × (a)0 × (–b)5
Solution:
Þ 1 × a5 × 1 + 5 × a4 × (–b) + 10 × a3 × b2
+ 10 × a2 × (–b)3 × 5 + a × b4 + 1 × 1 × As we know that if n is even, the expansion
(–b)5 n
of [(a + b)n – (a – b)n] contains   terms.
Þ a – 5a b + 10a b – 10a b + 5ab – b 2
5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5

So, the expansion of [(a + b)54 – (a – b)54]

Example 36:
 54 
Find the number of terms in the expansion contains   = 27 terms.
(a – b)99.  2 
General Term or Indicated Term or Middle
Solution:
Term in a Binomial Expansion
As we know that the expansion (a ± b)n con- If a and b are real numbers and all x Î N,
tains (n + 1) terms. the binomial expansion of (a + b)n is given
Total number of terms in the expansion by:
of (a – b)99 = 99 + 1 = 100 (a + b)n = nC0 × an × b0 + nC1 × an–1 × b1 + nC2 ×
Hence, (a – b) 99
contains 100 terms. an–2 × b2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + nCr × an–r × br +……….+ nCn–1 × a1
× bn–1 + nCn × a0 × bn.
Example 37:
From the above expansion we find that:
Find the number of terms in the expansion
of [(a + b)55 + (a – b)55]. First term = nC0 × an × b0
Solution: Second term = nC1 × an–1 × b1
As we know that, if n is odd, the expansion Third term = nC2 × an–2 × b2 and so on.
 n  1 Here we observe a pattern that the suffix
of [(a + b)n + (a – b)n] contains   terms. of c in any term is one less than the term
 2 
number. The power of b is the same as the
So, the expansion of [a + b)55 + (a – b)55] suffix of c and the power of a is n minus the
 55 + 1  56 suffix of c.
contains   = = 28 terms.
 2  2 Now, from the above observation, we can
find the (r + 1)th term.
T(r+1) = nCr × an–r × br

Numbers – Part 2 177

 This is known as the general term. For dif- Example 42:
ferent values of r, one can find all the terms Find the fifth term from the end in the ex-
which exist in the expansion. 8
 1
pansion of  x   .
y In the binomial expansion of (a + b)n, the  x
rth term from the end is (n + 1) – r + 1 Solution:
= (n – r + 2)th term from the beginning. Fifth term from the end = (8 – 5 + 2) = fifth
y In the binomial expansion of (a + b)n, the term from the beginning.
rth term from the beginning is (n + 1) – r 4
+ 1 = (n – r + 2)th term from the end.  1
\ T5 = T(4+1) = C4 × (x)
8 8–4
×  
n   x
y If n is even,   1  th term is the mid-
2  1
dle term. = 70 × x 4 × = 70
x4
 n  1 n  3
y If n is odd,   th term and   th Hence, the fifth term from the end of the
 2   2  expansion is 70.
term are the two middle terms.
Example 43:
Example 40: Find the middle term in the expansion of
Find the general term in the expansion of (a2 + b)8.
(a + b)9. Solution:
Solution: Here, n = 8, which is an even number.
th
General term is given by 8 
So,  + 1  term, i.e., fifth term, is the
T(r+1) = nCr × (a)n–r × (b)r 2 
T(r+1) = 9Cr × (a)9–r × (b)r middle term.
Example 41: T5 = T(4+1) = 8C4 × (a2)8–4 × (b)4
Find the 19th term in the expansion of = 70 × a8 × b4 = 70a8b4
21
 x2  Hence, the middle term is 70a8b4.
  4x  .

 2  Finding the Term Independent of Variable
Solution: Here, finding the term which is independent
General term is given by T(r+1) = nCr × an–r × br of the variable means that the term whose
power of the variable is ‘0’.
T19 = T(18 + 1)
Let’s understand this with an example.
21 18
x2  Example 44:
T(18 + 1) = 21C18 ×    ( 4 x )18
 2
  Find the term independent of x in the ex-
10
3  2
 x2  pansion of 3 x 2  2  .
= 1,330 ×   ( 1)18  (4 x )18 x 
 2  
 
Solution:
x6 Let (r + 1)th term be independent of x in the
= 1, 330 × × (4 x )18
8 given expression.
r
 2 
T(r+1) = Cr (3x )
10 2 10–r
× 2
x 

178 Numbers – Part 2

 = 10Cr × (3)10–r × (x)20–2r × (2)r × (x)–2r Example 46:
= Cr × (3)10 10–r
× (x) 20–4r
× (2) r
Find the coefficient of (x)–5 in the expansion
10
This term is independent of x, if 20 – 4r = 0  2 
of  x 3  2  .
\r=5  x 
(5 + 1)th term = sixth term is independ-
Solution:
ent of x.
Let (r + 1)th term contains (x)–5 in the expan-
T6 = 10C5 × (3)10–5 × (2)5 = 252 × (3)5 × (2)5 10
 2
= 256 × (6)5 sion of  x 3  2  .
 x 
TC = 19,90,656
r
 2 
T(r+1) = 10Cr × (x3)10–r ×   2 
Finding the Coefficient for a Given Power of  x 
the Variable = 10Cr × (x)30–3r × (–2)r × (x)–2r
For example: = 10Cr × (x)30–5r × (–2)r…(i)
3a means three times a, and a is a variable For this term to contain (x)–5
and 3 is the coefficient of a.
30 – 5r = –5
The coefficient of an algebraic expression
r=7
can be positive or negative,
T(7+1) = T(8) be the term which contains (x)–5
Let’s understand this with an example.
Put r = 7 in equation (i) we get
Example 45:
T8 = 10C7 × (x)30–35 × (–2)7
Find the coefficient of x57 in the expansion
of (x4 + x3)15. = 120  (  128)  ( x )5
Solution: 
Hence, the coefficient of (x)–5 will be
Let (r + 1)th contain x57 in the expansion 120  ( 128)  15360.
(x4 + x3)15 Consecutive Terms or Consecutive
T(r+1) = Cr × (x )
15 4 15–r
× (x )
3 r
Coefficients
= 15Cr × (x)60–4r × (x)3r If one’s given consecutive terms or the co-
= Cr × (x)
15 60–r
…(i) efficient of consecutive terms in the ex-
pansion (a + b)n, then one assumes that
For this term to contain x57, (60 – r) must be
the consecutive terms are rth, (r + 1)th, and
equal to 57.
(r + 2)th. In other words, we can say that
60 – r = 57 one can assume Tr, T(r + 1), and T(r + 2) terms as
r =3 consecutive terms.
Then T(3+1), i.e., T4 term be the term which n
Cr nr 1
n
C nr
contains x57. The ratio of  and n r  1  .
n
Cr  1 r Cr r1
Put r = 3 in equation (i) we get
Example 47:
T4 = 15C3 × (x)60–3
The coefficient of three consecutive terms
15 × 14 × 13 in the expansion of (1 + x)n are in the ratio of
= × x 57
3×2× 1 21:140:780. Find the value of n.
= 455x57 Solution:
Hence, the coefficient of x57 will be 455. Let’s assume the three consecutive terms
be rth, (r + 1)th and (r + 2)th terms and their

Numbers – Part 2 179

 coefficient in the expansion of (1 + x)n be Finding the Number of Integral Terms Using
n
Cr–1, nCr, and nCr+1, respectively. Binomial Theorem
Here, it is given that, nCr–1 : nCr : nCr+1 Let’s understand this concept with the help
= (21:140:780) of an example.
n
Cr  1 21 Example 48:
Now, 
n
Cr 140 Find the number of integral terms in the ex-
pansion of (31/2 + 71/4)2,048.
r 3
Þ  Solution:
n  r  1 20
The general term in the expansion of (31/2 +
Þ 20r = 3n – 3r + 3
71/4)2,048 is given by
23r − 3 2048-r r
\ n=  …(i) T(r+1) = 2,048
Cr × (3)1/2  × (7)1/4 
3    
n
Cr r1 140 = 2,048
Cr × (3)1,024–r/2 × (7)r/4
Similarly,  
n
Cr  1 nr 780 = 2,048
Cr × (3)1,024–r × (3)r/2 × (7)r/4

r1 7 = 2,048
Cr × (3)1,024–r × [(3)2 × 7]r/4
\  Þ 39r + 39 = 7n – 7r
n  r 39 r
Now, T(r+1) is an integer if is an integer
4
46r  39
Þ n  …(ii) such that 0 ≤ r ≤ 2,048 and r is a multiple
7
of 4.
On comparing both equations
Hence, r can take any value from 0, 4,
23 r - 3 46r  39 ………. 2,048.

3 7 r = 0, 4, 8, 12, ………. 2,048
\r=6
r can assume 513 values.
Put the value of r in equation (i) we get
Hence, there are 513 integral terms.
23  6  3
n
3
n = 45
Hence, the value of n = 45.

180 Numbers – Part 2

 Practice Exercise – 1

Level of Difficulty – 1 7. What is the remainder when 8567 is divid-

ed by 1,088?
1. What is the remainder when 5051 is divided (A) 8
by 17? (B) 64
(A) 17 (C) 512
(B) 13 (D) 576
(C) 1
(D) 16 8. Find the unit digit of 72023 – 22022.
(A) 9
2. What is the difference (in base 12) be-
(B) 7
tween the largest five-digit number
(C) 5
(in base 12) and the smallest five-digit
(D) 3
number (in base 12)?
(A) ABBBB 9. If x3 + y3 + z3 = 177 and xyz = 59, find the
(B) BABBB 4
 x2  y 2  z2 
(C) BBABB value of  .
(D) BBBAB  xy  yz  zx 
 
3. Find the unit digit of 10. A two-digit number PQ in base 11 is
(789444 + 798444 + 897444). one-third of the number formed by re-
(A) 8 versing its digits when considered in
(B) 6 base 19. How many such numbers are
(C) 4 possible?
(D) 2 (A) 6
(B) 5
4. What is the remainder when 2320 + 2019 is
(C) 4
divided by 11?
(D) 3
(A) 3
(B) 6
(C) 5 Level of Difficulty – 3
(D) 2
11. If P = 38008, find the last four digits of P.
5. Find the remainder when 128128 is divided
by 100. 12. All-natural numbers that give remainders
(A) 28 1 and 2 when divided by 6 and 5, respec-
(B) 84 tively, are written in ascending order,
(C) 36 side by side, from left to right. What is
(D) None of these the 99th digit from the left of the num-
ber thus formed?
Level of Difficulty – 2
13. If N = 12345678910111213 ………. till 500
6. Find the remainder when 111222333444 digits. Find the remainder when N is di-
………. 888999 is divided by 37. vided by 625.
(A) 36 (A) 125
(B) 18 (B) 220
(C) 1 (C) 215
(D) None of these (D) 203

Numbers – Part 2 181

 14. Find the unit digit of the [6 ´ {LCM of 15. If (1,100)x + (554)x = (785)11, then the value
(32021 - 1) and (32021 + 1)}]. of (645)x when written in decimal base
(A) 4 system is _______.
(B) 6
(C) 2
(D) 8

182 Numbers – Part 2

 Solutions

1. (D) \ Remainder = 6
We can write 5051 in the form of Hence, option (B) is the correct answer.
5051 (51  1)51 ( 17  3  1)51 5. (C)
 
17 17 17 Remainder when N is divided by 100
Since the number (50)51 is of the form = Last two digits of N
17K – 1. Remainder when 128128 is divided by 100
Remainder when (17K – 1) is divided by 17 = Last two digits of 128128
( −1)51 (128)128 = (27)128 = 2896 = (210)89 × 26 = (1024)89
is = –1 or –1 + 17 = 16
17 × 26
Hence, option (D) is the correct answer. [Last two digits of (1024)x = Last two dig-
its of (24)x]
2. (A)
(24)89 × 64 = 24 × 64 = 1536
When the base of number system ex-
[As last two digits of (24)Odd power = 24]
ceed 10, then 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15
So last two digits of 128128 = 36
are represented by A, B, C, D, E, and
Hence, option (C) is the correct answer.
F, respectively.
Largest five-digit number in base 12 6. (D)
= BB,BBB. Any number of the form kkk, where k is
Smallest five-digit number in base 12 any digit from 1 to 9, is always divisible
= 10,000. by 37.
Required Difference = (BB,BBB) – (10000) As kkk = k(111) = k(37 × 3)
= AB,BBB. Now 111222333444 ………. 888 999 can be
Note: B – 1 = 11 – 1 = 10 = A written as
Hence, option (A) is the correct answer. 111 × 1024 + 222 × 1021 + 333 × 1018 ……….
3. (A) 888 × 103 + 999
Unit digit of (789444 + 798444 + 897444) Now each of the 111, 222, 333, and so on
= unit digit of (9444 + 8444 + 7444) till 999 is divisible by 37. Therefore, the
Unit digit of 74K and 94K is always 1 remainder will be 0.
Unit digit of 84K is always 6 Hence, option (D) is the correct answer.
Hence, unit digit of (9444 + 8444 + 7444)
7. (D)
= 1 + 6 + 1 = 8.
Hence, option (A) is the correct answer. 8567 82 8565
 2
1, 088 8  17
4. (B)
Let’s keep the common factor (64) aside
2320 + 2019
and find the remainder when 8565 is di-
11
vided by 17.
(22  1)20  (22  2)19 ( 1)20 ( 2)19
= =
8 
141

4, 096
4 141
11 11 11 8565  81  81
 
1 (2)19 1 24  (25 )3 17 17 17
= − = 
11 11 11 11 Now replace the number with a remainder
3 3
1 16  (33  1) 1 16  ( 1)
4, 096  1
141 141
=  =  8  81 1  8
11 11 11 11  
17 17 17
1 16 17
= + = Remainder = (–8) or (–8 + 17 = 9)
11 11 11

Numbers – Part 2 183

  8565  Hence, 5 values of PQ are possible.
But, final remainder = remainder of 
 17  Hence, option (B) is the correct answer.
 
× common factor = 9 × 64 = 576 11. 6,561
Hence, option (D) is the correct answer. We have P = 38,008
We can relate the concept of ending digit
8. (A)
with the remainder as follows:
As per the cyclicities of 7, unit digit of 74k Unit digit of a number can be expressed
= 1 (where k is a natural number), as the remainder when the number is di-
and as per the cyclicity of 2, unit digit of vided by 10.
24k = 6 (where k is a natural number). The last two digits of a number can be
Now unit digit of 72,023 = unit digit of (72,020 expressed as the remainder when the
× 73) number is divided by 100.
= unit digit of (74)504 × 73 = 1 × 3 = (3) Last three digits of a number can be ex-
Unit digit of 22,022 = unit digit of 22,020 × 22 pressed as remainder when number is
= (24 )504  4  6  4  (4) divided by 1,000.
Unit digit of 72,023 – 22,022 = 3 – 4 = (9) Last four digits of a number can be ex-
[As 72,023 > 22,022, so unit digit of 72,023 will pressed as remainder when number is
act like 13 not 3. divided by 10,000.
For example, 143 – 74 = 69]. Therefore, we need to find remainder
Hence, option (A) is the correct answer. when 38,008 is divided by 10,000.
Using Euler theorem:
9. 16 First, we will find Euler totient function
xyz = 59 of 10,000.
Thus, 3xyz = 177  1  1
Thus, 3xyz = x3 + y3 + z3  
 10, 000  10, 000   1    1  
2 5

When 3xyz = x3 + y3 + z3
1 4
Þ x+y+z=0  10, 000    4, 000
2 5
Þ (x + y + z)2 = 0
Þ x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2xz + 2yz = 0 Now, we know that using Euler theorem:
Thus, x2 + y2 + z2 = - (2xy + 2xz + 2yz)   10000 
3
will give remainder 1.
x2 + y 2 + z2 10000
Thus, = = -2
xy + yz + xz
3 
2
4000
4
 38 1  6561
 x2  y 2  z2  Therefore, 
Thus,   = 16 10000 10000
 xz 
Remainder will be 6,561 which are also
10. (B)
the last four digits of the number.
1
(PQ)11 = (QP)19 Hence, 6,561 is the correct answer.
3
convert both (PQ) and (QP) into the base 10 12. 0
1 Natural number N which when divided by
11P + Q = (19Q + P)
3 5 give a remainder 2 are given by 5K+ 2
33P + 3Q = 19Q + P [‘k’ is a whole number].
32P = 16Q Natural number N which when divided by
6 give a remainder 1 are given by 6m + 1
P 1
= [‘m’ is a whole number]
Q 2
N = 5k + 2 = 6m + 1
Now PQ could be 12, 24, 36, 48, and 5A. Þ 6m = 5k + 1

184 Numbers – Part 2

 Min value of k for which m would be in- So, the unit digit 203 has to be removed.
teger is 1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 … 199 200 201 202
Min value of N = 7 (putting the value of 20 will be our number with 500 digits.
k = 1). Remainder when N is divided by 625
Next values of N = 7 + {LCM (5 and 6)y} = 7 = Remainder when the last four dig-
+ 30y (where y is a whole number) 0220
its of N are divided by 625 → →
Putting the value of y as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 625
so on we will get all such natural num- Remainder = 220.
bers as 7, 37, 67, 97, 127, and so on. Hence, option (B) is the correct answer.
When numbers written one beside the
other, 14. (A)
7376797127157187217247277307337… Since (32021 - 1) and (32021 + 1) are consec-
In the above sequence: The first four utive even numbers.
numbers give first seven digits. After \ their HCF = 2
these four numbers, three-digit numbers We know that
follow. The three-digit numbers from an LCM of (a, b) × HCF (a, b) = a × b
AP with common difference 30. LCM × 2 = (32021 – 1) × (32021 + 1) = (32021)2 – 12
First three-digit number = 127 34042 − 1
LCM =
The 30th three-digit number = 127 + 2
(30 - 1) × 30 = 997. Now 6 × LCM = 3 × (34042 − 1)
So, the first 34 numbers give 97 digits
with 34th number as 997. Unit digit of 34042 = 34040 × 32 = 1 × 9 = 9
The next number in this AP is 997 + 30 Note: Since cyclicity of 3 is 4 and unit
= 1,027. digit of 34K = 1
Hence, the 99th digit is 0. \ Unit digit of = 3 ´ (34042 − 1)
13. (B) = 3 ´ (9 – 1) = 24 = 4
Hence, option (A) is the correct answer.
Range Numbers Digits
15. 421
1–9 9 9 (1100)x + (554)x = (785)11
Now, writing each of them in decimal
10–99 90 180
base system:
100–199 100 300 (1100)x = x3 + x2
(554)x = 5x2 + 5x + 4
So, if we write 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 … (785)11 = 7 × 112 + 8 × 11 + 5 × 1 = 940
198 199. So, x3 + x2 + 5x2 + 5x + 4 = 940
A total of 489 digits will be written. x3 + 6x2 + 5x + 4 = 940
For the next three numbers after 199, 200, x (x2 + 6x + 5) = 936
201, and 202, nine digits will be written. x(x + 5) (x + 1) = 936
So, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 … 199 200 Solving we get x = 8
201 202. Therefore, (645)x = (645)8 = 6 × 82 + 4 × 8
We have 498 digits being written. + 5 × 1 = 421
Now, if we write 203, three more digits
will be added, and the total digits would
then be 501.

Numbers – Part 2 185

 Practice Exercise – 2

Level of Difficulty – 1 (C) 18

(D) None of these
1. Constant term in the expansion of
10 8. What is the remainder when 42468 – 91357
 1
 x   is: is divided by 10?
 x
(A) -252 9. A number N, when expressed in base 12,
(B) 252 has 7 in its unit’s place. What is the digit
(C) 125 in the unit’s place when the number N is
(D) –125 converted into base 5?
(A) 1
2. What is the remainder when (2938475)18 (B) 2
is divided by 19? (C) 3
(A) 17 (D) Cannot be determined
(B) 18
(C) 9 10. Find the unit digit of (1!)99! + (2!)98! + (3!)97!
(D) 8 + (4!)96! + ... + (97!)3! + (98!)2! + (99!)1!.
(A) 9
3. Which of the following will completely (B) 7
divide 1182022 – 612022? (C) 5
(A) 573 (D) 1
(B) 537
(C) 579
(D) 597 Level of Difficulty – 2

4. Find the remainder when 35555 + 53333 is 11. Find the coefficient of x30 in the expan-
divided by 23.  1 
15

(A) 1 sion of  x 3  2  .
 x 
(B) 22
(C) 8 (A) 455
(D) None of these (B) –455
(C) 1365
5. Find the remainder when 490 × 565 × (D) –1365
662 × 720 is divided by 47.
(A) 22 12. A four-digit number of the form AB89 is
(B) 25 a perfect square, where A and B are dis-
(C) 30 tinct digits. How many such numbers are
(D) 17 possible?
(A) 1
6. Let k = 20042 + 22004. What is the unit dig- (B) 2
it of k 2 + 2k ? (C) 3
(D) 4
7. Find the remainder when the product of
first 19 consecutive positive integers is 13. Find the number of terms in the expan-
divided by 361. sion (1 + 2a + a2)30.
(A) 0 (A) 61
(B) 1 (B) 496

186 Numbers – Part 2

 (C) 71 the minimum number of possible pairs
(D) 248 of boxes of the same weights?
9 10 (A) 0
78
14. Find the unit digit of 7 . (B) 1
(A) 7 (C) 2
(B) 9 (D) 3
(C) 3 20. A number N, when divided by 24, leaves a
(D) 1 remainder of 17. What will the sum of all
15. A 3 digits number in base 9, when ex- possible remainders be when N is divid-
ed by 96?
pressed in base 11, has its digits reversed
in order. What is the value of the original
Level of Difficulty – 3
number in the decimal system?
(A) 245 21. Find the term independent of x in the ex-
(B) 490 12
 1 
(C) 732 pansion of  5 x 2   .
(D) Cannot be determined  4x4 
12
C4 × (5)8
16. Let N be a set of integers {2, 7, 12, 17, …, (A)
256
242, 247, 252} and K be a subset of N 12
such that the sum of no two elements C6 × (5)12
(B)
of N is 254. Find the maximum possible 256
12
number of elements in K. C5 × (2)12
(C)
(A) 25 256
(B) 26 (D) Cannot be determined
(C) 50
22. How many factors of 9! are there whose
(D) 51
unit digit is 5?
17. Find the remainder when 1167 + 1317 is di- (A) 10
vided by 144. (B) 16
(A) 1 (C) 40
(B) 143 (D) 80
(C) 40 23. Find the sum of digits of the smallest
(D) None of these natural number, which when multiplied
by 123 ends in a number whose thou-
18. How many natural numbers exist such
sands, hundreds, tens, and unit digits are
that in base 5, a number is a four-digit
2, 0, 1, and 4, respectively.
number, and in base 6, the number is a
(A) 11
three-digit number?
(B) 13
(A) 89
(C) 15
(B) 90
(D) 17
(C) 91
(D) 92 24. A two-digit number has distinct digits. How
many such two-digit positive numbers is
19. The sum of weights of 11 boxes is 49 kg, the difference between the number itself
where the weight of each box is an inte- and the number formed on reversing its
gral multiple of kilograms. What could be digits is the perfect square of an integer?

Numbers – Part 2 187

 25. How many five-digit numbers are there 28. The coefficients of three consecutive
such that digits at hundred’s place, unit’s terms in the expansion (1 + a)n are in the
place and ten-thousands place are the ratio 11:45:165. Find the value of n.
first three terms of a geometric progres- (A) 55
sion in any order? (B) 54
(A) 1,500 (C) 56
(B) 900 (D) 57
(C) 3,300
(D) 1,700 29. A trader wants to measure all integral
weights from 1 to 320 kg, using a com-
26. What is the sum of the last two digits of mon balance where weights can be kept
6100 − 1 in both the pans. What is the minimum
? number of weights required?
5
27. In a certain number system to the base 30. Find the number of integral terms in the
K, we define a sum, S, as given below. expansion of (31/2 + 71/4)512.
S = (11)K + (22)K + (33)K + ... + {(K – 1) (A) 511
(K – 1)}K (B) 128
Here {(K – 1) (K – 1)}K denotes the largest (C) 512
two digit number in that number system. (D) 129
Find the value of 4S + (20)K.
(A) (1,000)K
(B) (2,000)K
(C) (3,000)K
(D) (4,000)K

188 Numbers – Part 2

 Solutions

1. (A) 4. (D)
 1
10 Concept: (xN + yN) is always divisible by
We have,  x -  (x + y) when N is an odd number.
 x
Now 35555 + 53333 = (35)1111 + (53)1111 = (243)1111
The general term of the expansion + (125)1111 which is divisible by (243 + 125)
 1
10
= 368 = 16 × 23
x-  is given by So, 35555 + 53333 is divisible by 16 × 23.
 x
 1
r So, the remainder when (35555 + 53333) is
  10
General term =  r  1 thterm  Cr  ( x ) 10 r
   divided by 23 will be zero.
 x Hence, option (D) is the correct answer.
= (–1)r × 10Cr × (x)10–2r…(1)
The given expression is constant when 10 5. (B)
– 2r = 0, i.e., when 10 = 2r or r = 5 When 490, 565, 662, and 720 are divided
Put r = 5 in equation (1), we get (–1)5 × 10C5 by 47, we get 20, 1, 4, and 15, respectively,
10! as the remainder. Their product = 20 × 1
= –1 × = (–252) × 4 × 15 = 1,200.
5! × 5!
We get the remainder 25 by dividing 1,200
Hence, the constant term is –252. by 47.
Hence, option (A) is the correct answer. So, the remainder when 490 × 565 × 662
2. (C) × 720 is divided by 47 is 25.
(2938475)18 Hence, option (B) is the correct answer.
19 6. 0
(2  186  9  185  3  184  8  183  4  182  7  181  5)10

19

Unit digit of 20042  22004 
Now,
( 18)even
, remainder = 1 and
( 18)odd
,

 unitdigitof 4  2 2 4

19 19 
 unitdigitof 6  6  2 
remainder = 18 or –1 So, the unit digit of k is 2.
    
2  1  9  1  3  1  8  1  4  1  7  1  5    Unit digit of k 2 = 4
19
Since k  20042  22004 is a multiple of 4,
10
 therefore 24k will have its unit digit as 24 ,
19
Remainder = –10 or –10 + 19 = 9. which is equal to 6.
Hence, option (C) is the correct answer. Thus, the unit digit of k 2  2k  4  6  0.

3. (B) 7. (D)
AN – BN is divisible by (A + B) and (A – B) The product of the first 19 consecutive
whenever N is even. positive integers will be = 19!.
Þ 1182022 – 612022 is divisible by both (118 – Now we need to find out the remainder
61) and (118 + 61) and also by (118 – 61) when 19! is divided by 361 (19 × 19)
(118 + 61) 19 ! 19 × 18 !
Þ 1182022 – 612022 is divisible by 57 (19 × 3), = =
19 × 19 19 × 19
179 and also by (57 × 179)
Þ 1182022 – 612022 is divisible by (179 × 3) Now taking 19 common from both numer-
= 537 ator and denominator, first we will find the
Hence, option (B) is the correct answer. remainder when 18! is divided by 19.

Numbers – Part 2 189

 Remainder when 18! Is divided by 19 = 18 r
 1 
(by Wilson’s theorem). T(r+1) = (–1) × Cr (x )
r 15 3 15–r
× 2
Now, final remainder = remainder × com- x 
mon factor = 18 × 19 = 342. = (–1)r × 15Cr (x)45–5r ...(i)
Hence, option (D) is the correct answer. For this term to contain (x)30, we must
have
8. 7
45 – 5r = 30 Þ r = 3
When any number is divided by 10, re-
mainder = unit digit of that number So, (3 + 1)th i.e., 4th term contain x30
So, when 42468 – 91357 is divided by 10, Put r = 3 in equation (i) we get
Remainder = unit digit of 42468 – 91357 = (–1)3 × 15C3 × (x)30 = –455 (x)30
Unit digit of any even power of 4 = 6 Hence, the coefficient of x30 = (–455)
Unit digit of any odd power of 9 = 9 Hence, option (B) is the correct answer.
Unit digit of 42468 – 91357 = 6 – 9 = 7
12. (B)
(As 42468 > 91357 and 6 is smaller than 9, so
6 will act as 16 and then unit digit will The last two digits of the perfect square
be 7). repeat in such a way that
Last two digits of x2 = last 2 digits of (50K
9. (D) ± x)2.
Given that N when expressed in base 12, Where 1 ≤ x ≤ 25 and K = natural number
has 7 in its unit’s place. So, the first perfect square with the last
Hence N = 12k + 7. two digits as 89 = 172.
Now, when 12k + 7 is converted to base 5, Other squares with the last two digits
the unit’s place depends on the remain- as 89.
der when 12k + 7 is divided by 5.
A unique value cannot be determined as
for k = 1, the remainder is 4, whereas for
k = 2, the remainder is 1.
Hence, option (D) is the correct answer.

10. (A) Only 1,089 and 6,889 are valid.

For all (N!)N! (where N ≥ 5), unit digit will As in 4,489 both the digits A and B are
be 0. the same.
So, we only need to find the unit digit of Hence, two such numbers are possible.
(1!)99! + (2!)98! + (3!)97! + (4!)96! Hence, option (B) is the correct answer.
Unit digit of (1)99! + (2)98! + (6)97! + (24)96!
= unit digit of (1)99! + (2)98! + (6)97! + (4)96! 13. (A)
= unit digit of 1 + 6 + 6 + 6 Here the given expansion is (1 + 2a + a2)30
= unit digit of 19 = 9 The given expansion can be written as
Hence, option (A) is the correct answer. [(1 + a)2]30 = (1 + a)60
We know that the expansion (a + b)n con-
11. (B) tains n + r–1Cr–1 terms.
Suppose (r + 1)th term involves x30 in the hence, (1 + a)60 Þ 60+2–1C2–1 Þ 61C1 Þ 61 terms
15
 1  Hence, option (A) is the correct answer.
expansion of  x 3  2  .
 x  14. (A)
As we know that, (x – a)n We know that the unit digit of 74k = 1,
n where k is a natural number
=  (1)
r 0
r n
Cr ( x )nr (a)r

190 Numbers – Part 2

 10 If we take any two of the first 26 terms, their
89
Here the power of 7 is 7 . Now we will sum will be less than 254, so the first 26
divide this power by 4. terms of the set can definitely be part of K.
10 If we take any two of the last 26 terms,
89
7 when divided by 4, the remainder their sum will be more than 254, so the
would be 1 89
10
last 26 terms of the set can be part of K.
So, we can write 7 = 4k + 1 (As num- Hence, the maximum number of ele-
ber = divisor × quotient + remainder) ments in K = 26.
9 10 Hence, option (B) is the correct answer.
78
Unit digit of 7 = unit digit of 7(4k+ 1)
17. (D)
= unit digit of 74k ´ 71 = 1 ´ 7 = 7.
Hence, option (A) is the correct answer. 1167 + 1317 = (12 – 1)67 + (12 + 1)17
Now, if we expand (12 - 1)67 + (12 + 1)17,
15. (D) then all the terms in the expansion are
Let’s assume the three-digit number = ABC divisible by 144 except the last two terms
According to the question, (ABC)9 = (CBA)11 in (12 - 1)67 and (12 + 1)17 each.
Converting both (ABC)9 and (CBA)11 to the Last two terms in (12-1)67 = 67C66(12) – 1
decimal system, we will get = 804 – 1 = 803.
A × 92 + B × 9 + C × 1 = C × 112 + B × 11 + A Last two terms in (12 + 1)17 = 17C16 (12) + 1
Þ 81A + 9B + C = 121C + 11B + A = 17 × 12 + 1 = 204 + 1 = 205.
Þ 80A = 2B + 120C Required remainder will be the remain-
Þ 40A = B + 60C der, when 803 + 205 = 1008 is divided by
As 40A and 60C always end in 0, B should 144, which is 0.
definitely be 0. Hence, option (D) is the correct answer.
Now, 40A = 60C
18. (C)
A 3
= Let us find the natural numbers (base 10)
C 2
corresponding to a four-digit number in
Which means A = 3 or 6 and B = 2 or 4 the base five systems.
As A ≤ 8 because the number (ABC) is in The smallest such number being (1,000)5
base 9. = 125 and the largest such number is
So, ABC = 302 or 604 (4,444)5 = 624 (i.e., 625 - 1).
Now, (ABC)9 = (81A + 10B + C)10 Similarly, the smallest and the largest
(302)9 = (81 × 3 + 10 × 0 + 2)10 = (245)10 three-digit numbers in the base six sys-
(604)9 = (81 × 6 + 10 × 0 + 4)10 = (490)10 tem are (100)6 = 36 and (555)6 = 215.
So, the value of ABC in the decimal num- From the above observations, we can say
ber system could be either 245 or 490. that all numbers from 125 to 215 satisfy
Hence, option (D) is the correct answer. both conditions.
16. (B) Hence, 215 - 125 + 1 = 91 such numbers
As you can see that the numbers in the set exist.
are in AP with first term 2 and the com- Hence, option (C) is the correct answer.
mon difference of 5 and last term of 252. 19. (C)
So, Nth term (last term) of the numbers To minimise the pairs of boxes with the
TN = 2 + (N – 1)5 = 252, solving which we same weights, we must maximise the
will get N = 51. number of boxes with different weights.
So, there are 51 terms with middle term Let us take the weight of different boxes,
= 26th term = 2 + 25 ´ 5 = 127. starting from 1 kg as following:

Numbers – Part 2 191

 1 kg, 2 kg, 3 kg, 4 kg, 5 kg, 6 kg, 7 kg, 21. (A)
8 kg, and 9 kg Let (r + 1)th term be independent of x in
A total of nine boxes with a total weight the given expansion.
= 45 kg. r
 1 
Now we have to accommodate two box- Now, T(r+1) = Cr × (5x )
12 2 12–r
×  4 
es such that their combined weight is 4  4x 
kg. There are two possibilities – (2 kg and r
 1
2 kg) and (1 kg and 3 kg). Þ Cr × (5)
12 12–r
× (x) 24–2r
×     ( x )-4r
If we take 2 kg and 2 kg, then there will  4
be three boxes with each weighing 2 kg,  1
r

and there will be three pairs possible. Þ Cr × (5)

12
×  -  × x24-6r 
12–r
...(i)
[For example, if boxes A, B, and C are 2  4
kg each, there will be three pairs of box- This term is independent of x, if 24 – 6r
es with the same weights (A, B), (B, C), =0Þr=4
and (A, C)]. So, (4 + 1), i.e., fifth term is independent
But if we take boxes of 3 kg and 1 kg, of x.
there will be two pairs of boxes with the Putting r = 4 in equation (i), we get
same weight, i.e., two boxes weighing 3 4
 1
kg and two boxes weighing 1 kg. T5 = C4 × (5)
12 12–4
× - 
Hence, the minimum number of pairs of  4
boxes with the same weights will be two. 4
 1
Hence, option (C) is the correct answer. Þ 12C4 × (5)8 ×  - 
 4
20. 212 12
Number = Divisor ´ quotient + remainder C4 × (5)8
Hence, required term =
N = 24Q + 17. 256
Hence, option (A) is the correct answer.
When Q = 0 and N is divided by 96, the
remainder would be = 17.
22. (A)
When Q = 1 and N is divided by 96, the
The prime factorised form of 9! = 27 × 34
remainder would be = 41.
× 51 × 71.
When Q = 2 and N is divided by 96, the
When any factor of 34 × 71 is multiplied by
remainder would be = 65.
51, the unit digit of the resulting number
When Q = 3 and N is divided by 96, the
will be 5.
remainder would be = 89.
The number of factors of 34 × 71 = 5 × 2 = 10.
When Q = 4 and N is divided by 96, the
The number of factors of 9! whose unit
remainder would be = 17.
digit is 5 = 10 × 1 = 10.
When Q = 5 and N is divided by 96, the
Hence, option (A) is the correct answer.
remainder would be = 41.
And this process goes on till infinity, but 23. (D)
remainders will repeat, and only four Since the product ends with 4, the re-
possible remainders would be there, quired number should end with 8.
which are 17, 41, 65, and 89.
123 ´ 8 = 984
Thus, the sum of all possible remainders
So, the product of ten’s place of the re-
= 17 + 41 + 65 + 89 = 212.
quired number and 123 should end with 3.
Hence, ten’s place of the required num-
ber has to be 1.
123 ´ 18 = 2,214

192 Numbers – Part 2

 So, the product of hundred’s place of Þ 9 ´ (1 ´ 10 ´ 1 ´ 10 ´ 1) + 4 ´ (3! ´ 10 ´
the required number and 123 should end 10) = 3,300 numbers in all.
with 8. Hence, the hundred’s place of the Hence, option (C) is the correct answer.
required number has to be 6.
26. 12
123 ´ 618 = 76,014
So, the product of thousand’s place of 6100  1  6  1  1  6  62  63    699 

the required number and 123 should end 5 5
with 6. Hence, the thousand’s place of Therefore, the expression reduces to
the required number has to be 2.  1  6  62  63    699 
123 ´ 2618 = 3,22,014
The last two digits will be obtained when
So, the required number is 2,618. the expression is divided by 100. We
Sum of digits of the required number can write 100 as the product of two co-
(2,618) = 17. primes in the following manner:
Hence, option (D) is the correct answer. 100 = 4 ´ 25 [N = a ´ b, where a = 4, b =
25 are co-primes].
24. 29
Using the Chinese remainder theorem:
Let the two-digit number be xy
The difference between the number and  1  6  62  63    699  mod 4  r1  3
the number obtained when its digits are  1  6  62  63    699  = 4x + 3
Þ
reversed is,
(10y - x) - (10x - y) = 9(y - x)  1  6  62  63    699  mod 25  r2 0
This must be a perfect square.  1  6  62  63    699  = 25y
So, it can only take the values of 9, 36,
and 81. Þ 4x + 3 = 25y
It cannot take the value 0 because it The minimum value of x for which y is a
is given that the digits of the two-digit whole number is 18. If x is 18, y = 3.
number are distinct. So, minimum number = 75.
If 9(y - x) = 9, then (y - x) = 1. There will
be 17 numbers such that either y - x = 1 General number satisfying the above
or x - y = 1. equation = 75 + k{LCM (25, 4)} = 100k + 75
If 9(y - x) = 36, then (y - x) = 4. There will So,  1  6  62  63  ......  699  = 100k + 75
be 11 numbers such that either y - x = 4
or x - y = 4. Which means when  1  6  62  63    699 
If 9(y - x) = 81, then (y - x) = 9. is divided by 100, the quotient is k and
There will be only 1 number such that x - the remainder is 75.
y = 9, that is 90. Hence, the last 2 digits of
So, the total number of numbers possi-  1  6  62  63    699 = 75.
ble are 17 + 11 + 1 = 29.
The sum of the last two digits = (7 + 5) = 12.
25. (C)
27. (B)
Number is of the form a1a2a3a4a5 where
a1 ¹ 0 First convert each term of S into base 10,
Given that a1, a3, and a5 are in G.P. in any we will get
order, so possible geometric progres- S = (K + 1) + (2K + 2) + (3K + 3) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +
sions are {(K – 1) K + K – 1}
(1, 1, 1), (2, 2, 2), (3, 3, 3) ……. (9, 9, 9) and S = K {(1 + 2 + 3+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + (K – 1)} + {(1 + 2
(1, 2, 4), (1, 3, 9), (2, 4, 8), (4, 6, 9) + 3 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + (K – 1)}

Numbers – Part 2 193

 weights, he can also measure 2 kg (3 – 1)
 
 K  1 K   K  1 K 
S = K  + 
  and 4 kg. To measure a 5 kg, a new weight
 2   2 
    of 9 kg is required.
With 1 kg, 3 kg, and 9 kg weights, he can
1
=
2

 K 3  K  measure all weights up to 13 kg.

  
4S = 2 K 3  K = 2K 3   2K  S. No. Weight
Upper Limit for
Measurement
= (2,000)K – (20)K
1 1 kg 1 kg
Thus, 4S + (20)K = (2,000)K - (20)K + (20)K
= (2,000)K 2 3 kg 4 kg
Hence, option (B) is the correct answer.
3 9 kg 13 kg
28. (A)
4 27 kg 40 kg
Let the three consecutive terms in the
expansion be rth, (r + 1)th and (r + 2)th 5 81 kg 121 kg
term, their coefficient in the expansion
(1 + a)n are nCr–1, nCr, and nCr+1, respectively. 6 243 kg 364 kg
The ratio of nCr–1:nCr:nCr+1 = 11:45:165
n
\ The minimum number of weights re-
Cr-1 11 r 11 quired is 6.
Now = Þ 
n
Cr 45 n  r  1 45
56r  11 30. (D)
Þn …(i) Tr+1 term in the expansion (31/2 + 71/4)512 is
11
n given by
Cr 45 r1 9
Now  Þ  512-r r
n
Cr  1 165 n  r 33 Tr+1 = Cr × (3)1/2 
512
× (7)1/4 
   
42 r  33
Þn …(ii) r r

 
256-
9 = 512
Cr × 3 2 ×(7) 4

On comparing both equations we get

42 r  33 56r  11 r
  r
 Þ r = 11 = Cr × (3)
512 256–r
× (3) 2
× (7) 4
9 11
Put the value of r in equation (i) we get r

Þ n
56  11  11
 55
= Cr × (3)
512 256–r

× 3 ×7 2
 4

11
r
Hence, n = 55. T(r+1) will be an integer, if is an integer
Hence, option (A) is the correct answer. 4
such that 0 ≤ r ≤ 512
29. 6 r is a multiple of 4, satisfying 0 ≤ r ≤ 512
To measure 1 kg, the trader must have a r = 0, 4, 8, 12, …, 512
1 kg weight. Now, as he can put weights Tn = a + (n – 1) × d Þ 512 = 0 + (n – 1) × 4
on both sides of the pan, he can measure Þ n = 129
the sum and the difference between the So, r can assume 129 values.
weights. Hence, there are 129 integral terms in the
So, to measure 2 kg, instead of using a expansion of (31/2 + 71/4)512.
2 kg weight, he will take a new weight Hence, option (D) is the correct answer.
of 3 kg. As the trader has 1 kg and 3 kg

194 Numbers – Part 2