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Lecture 1 - Introduction To Electrical Circuit Elements

This document provides an introduction to basic electrical engineering concepts. It discusses [1] how electric energy is generated and distributed, [2] fundamental electric charge particles and electric fields, [3] potential difference and voltage, [4] electric current and its directionality, and [5] different types of circuit elements including active elements that generate energy and passive elements that control current flow such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors.

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Tushar Sharma
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© © All Rights Reserved
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24 views

Lecture 1 - Introduction To Electrical Circuit Elements

This document provides an introduction to basic electrical engineering concepts. It discusses [1] how electric energy is generated and distributed, [2] fundamental electric charge particles and electric fields, [3] potential difference and voltage, [4] electric current and its directionality, and [5] different types of circuit elements including active elements that generate energy and passive elements that control current flow such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors.

Uploaded by

Tushar Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Electrical Engineering

(TEE 101)
Introduction

Electric energy is convenient and efficient for production of


light, mechanical energy and in information processing.

Electric energy also can transport information over


tremendous distances.

Electric energy does not occur naturally in usable form and


must therefore be centrally generated and instantly
transported to myriad points.
BASIC MANIFESTATIONS OF ELECTRICITY
Fundamental electric charge carrying particles are electrons (negative charge) and protons
(positive charge).

The unit of electric charge is a coulomb, C.

In terms of this unit, the electronic charge is 1.602 × 10–19 C (–ve for electron and + ve for proton).

Since coulomb is a large unit, it is more practical to use micro-coulomb, μC.

An electric field is established in the space surrounding an electric charge and is manifested in the
form of force exerted on another charge brought into the field.

This force is given by Coulomb’s law as

where Q1, Q2 are charges in coulomb, d the distance between them in metres and f is
the permittivity of the medium
Potential Difference
It is the work (J) done when a unit positive charge is moved from a point b in the field to another point a.

The unit of potential difference is volts (V), 1V = 1 J/unit positive charge.


The symbol of potential difference (or voltage) is as v or V.
If work must be done on the charge (energy input to the charge) as it moves from b to a, the voltage of a is higher
than that of b (voltage rises from b to a) and is indicated as vab (a above b) (Fig. 1.1).
In this case, if the charge moves from a to b, energy is output. Obviously

i.e. the voltage drops in going from a to b.

There are two ways of It can be indicated by a line with by arrows at both ends
indicating the voltage an pointing towards the point with + and – sign
whose voltage is higher than that
difference on a of the other point (no arrow) by or placed at the ends
diagram, as shown in the symbol indicated on the (points) as in Fig.
Fig. 1.1. arrow as in Fig. 1.1(a), 1.1(b).
Electric Current
Electric current is the rate of flow of charge through a conducting path as shown in Fig. 1.2.
The positive direction of current is the direction in which positive charge flows; this direction is
opposite to that in which electrons flow.
Unit of current is ampere, A.

One ampere is the charge flow rate of 1 C / sec.

The symbol used for current is i or I.

The symbol for charge is q.

Average current over a period of time is


The instantaneous current is defined as

As in Fig (1.2)(a), a reference positive direction is chosen for the current.

The current in the opposite direction would then be negative as in Fig. 1.2(b).

If a current is flowing from a point a to b, it may be indicated by the symbol iab (a to b). Obviously

iba = – iab

The nature of Electric Current is


categorized as:

Unidirectional Alternating current


current or ac
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
The general representation of a circuit element is as shown in figure 1.3

Fig. 1.3 Circuit element

It has voltage and current associated with it.


The voltage is an across variable (AV) and the current is a through variable (TV).
Voltage is cause and current is its effect
Types of Circuit
Elements Active Elements are those which can generate energy.
Examples include batteries, generators, operational amplifiers
Active Circuit Passive Circuit and diodes. Note that in an electrical circuit, the source
Elements Elements elements are the most significant active elements.
Passive Elements can be defined as elements which
can control the flow of electrons through them.

They either increase or decrease the voltage. Here are some examples
of passive elements.

Resistance Capacitance Inductance

Fig. 1.4 Schematic representation of Circuit Elements

Resistor: A resistor opposes the flow of current through it. For a linear circuit, Ohm’s law is applicable, which states that voltage
across the resistor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it, the proportional constant being the resistance.

Inductor: An inductor stores energy in form of the electromagnetic field. The voltage across an inductor is proportional to the rate of
change of current flowing through it.

Capacitor: A capacitor stores energy in form of the electrostatic field. The voltage across a capacitor is proportional to the charge.

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