Kingdom: Plantae

Subkingdom: Tracheobionta

Superdivision: Spermatophyta

Division: Magnoliophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Order: Sapindales

Family: Meliaceae

Genus:

Sandoricum

Species:

Sandoricum

koetjape

(Burm.f.)

Merr.

COMMON NAME: Santol

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr.

SYNONYMS/ OTHER SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Azedarach edule Noronha
Melia koetjape Burm. f.
Sandoricum indicum Cav.
Sandoricum maingayi Hiern
Sandoricum nervosum Blume

OTHER COMMON NAME:

Santor (Most dialects)
Katoh (Pamp.)
Katul (Sbl.)
Kechapi (Eng.)
Red santol (Engl.)
Lolly fruit (Engl.)
Wild mangosteen (Engl.)

MORPHOLOGY:
 ROOTS
Tap root system

 LEAVES
Leaves are groups of 3 leaflets, elliptic to oblong-ovate, 10 to 25
centimeter long, with pointed tips and round bases.

 FLOWERS
Flowers are numerous, somewhat fascicled, about 1 centimeter
long, in greenish or yellowish clusters.

 STEM/BARK
Its trunk is straight with low branches and high buttress roots (up to
3 m tall in mature specimens). Grey bark is usually smooth, but
sometimes flaky or fissured. Young branches are thickly covered in
short, brown hairs.

 FRUIT
Fruits are rounded and somewhat flattened, 4 to 6 centimeters,
yellowish-orange when ripe with a thick pericarp.

 SEEDS
Seeds are large, surrounded by a translucent or pale, sweet tasting
edible pulp.

CULTIVATION:
Santol is a plant of the hot, wet tropical lowlands, and cannot be
grown above 1,000 metres in Java. It flourishes in dry as well as moist
areas of the Philippine lowlands. Large trees can tolerate occasional light
frosts. The mean annual rainfall should lie in the range of 950 - 5,000mm,
preferrably spread through the year but tolerant of a dry season of 2 - 5
months. The temperatures during the hot season is best around 32 - 35°c,
in the cold season from 18 - 22°c, but not below 16°c.
Prefers a position in full sun, but tolerant of some shade. Prefers a fertile,
well-drained, medium-acid soil, succeeding in clay loams, sandy clay
loams with plenty of organic matter, limestone soils, volcanic soils and
podsolic soils. Plants are wind tolerant.
Trees commence flowering about 5 - 7 years after germinating. Clonally
propagated trees may flower after 3 - 4 years.
There are several named varieties, developed for their superior fruits.
Two 30 year old trees, in a botanic gardens, that had never fruited were
put under stress by pounding large, heavy stones into the narrow forks of
the main limbs - their first crops followed soon after.
PROPAGATION:
Seed - best sown as soon as it is ripe since they have a short viability.
Freshly sown, they have a germination rate of 90-95% in 16-31 days.
Seeds grow away quickly.
Budding.
Air layering.

PHYTOCHEMISTRY:
- Bark contains traces of a bitter principle, a toxic alkaloid.
- Seed contains an amorphous bitter principle.
- Bark also contains a bitter substance, sandoricum acid, similar to acids
found in Chisocheton, dysoxylum, heynea and carapa.
- Thai study yielded two new limonoids from the leaves: sandoripin A and
sandoripin B.
- Study on leaves have yielded trijugin-type limonoids, sandrapins A, B, C,
D and E and sandoripin A and B.
- Studies have yielded more than 10 terpenoids. Terpenoids represent the
largest class of secondary metabolites from natural source.
- Seeds have yielded andirobin-type limonoids - sandoricin and 6-
hydroxysandoricin.
- Fruit hulls have yielded bryononic acid and bryonolic acid terpenoids,
meso-inositol and dimethyl mucate polyalcohol.
- Stem bark studies have yielded triterpenoids such as, katonic acid,
indicic acid, koetjapic acid, 3-oxo-12-oleanen-29-oic acid,
alloaromadendrene, caryophyllene oxide, spathulenol], bryononic acid,
secobryononic acid, secoisobryononic acid, 20-epikoetjapic acid, 3-
epikatonic acid and sandorinic acid A, B and C.
- Ethyl acetate extract of leaves yielded two new limonoids: 2α-(2-
methylbutanoyl)oxy]sandoricin (1) and 2α-(2-
methylpropanoyl)oxy]sandoricin (2).
- Hexane extract of stem bark yielded an oleane-type triterpenoid,
briononic acid.
- Ethyl acetate extract of leaves yielded two new limonoids identified as
acetate derivatives 1 and 2, suggested to be added to the class of highly
oxidized ring fissioned limonoids.
- Study of stem bark yielded secomultiflorane-type triterpenoid acids:
bryononic acid and two new ring=A secotriterpenoids.
- Study yielded two new additional trijugin-type limonoids, sandrapins D
(4) and E (5), which are analogues of previously reported sandrapins A-C
(1-3).

MEDICINAL USES:
- Fresh leaves applied to the skin are sudorific.
- Used by the Ifugaos for diarrhea.
- Ayta people of Porac, Pampanga, apply mashed fresh leaves throughout
the body as repellent against hematophagous insects.
- Indigenous people of Santol, La Union, use the lolly fruit for fever and
diarrhea. Bark used in embalming, placed inside the casket.
- Decoction or infusion of leaves used for baths to reduce fever.
- Also, used for diarrhea and as a tonic after childbirth.
- Bark poultice used for ringworm.
- Bitter roots, bruised with vinegar and water, is a carminative; used for
diarrhea and dysentery.
- Pounded barks applied to ringworm.
- Leaves used for skin infections and rashes.
- Roots used as tonic.
- Roots used in Malay medicine as preventive after childbirth and as a
general tonic.
- In Malaysia, aqueous extract of the bark is consumed as a tonic after
childbirth.
- In Indonesia, bark decoction used to treat leucorrhea and colic.
REFERENCES:

Santol / Sandoricum koetjape Philippine Medicinal Herbs / Philippine Alternative

Medicine / StuartXchange. (n.d.). Retrieved September 14, 2020, from
http://www.stuartxchange.org/Santol.html

Sandoricum koetjape. (n.d.). Retrieved September 14, 2020, from

http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Sandoricum+koetjape

Plants Profile for Sandoricum koetjape. (n.d.). Retrieved September 14, 2020,
from https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=SAKO4

Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr. (n.d.). Retrieved September 14, 2020, from
https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/3/1/3109