Entanglement of a laser driven pair of two-level qubits via its

phonon environment

Elena Cecoi,1 Viorel Ciornea,1 Aurelian Isar,2 and Mihai A. Macovei1

1
Institute of Applied Physics, Academy of Sciences of Moldova,
Academiei str. 5, MD-2028 Chişinău, Moldova
arXiv:1712.05668v2 [quant-ph] 16 Mar 2018

2
Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering,
Reactorului str. 30, P.O.BOX MG-6 Bucharest - Magurele, Romania
(Dated: September 26, 2018)

Abstract
The entanglement dynamics of a laser-pumped two-level quantum dot pair is investigated in
the steady-state. The closely spaced two-level emitters, embedded in a semiconductor substrate,
interact with both the environmental vacuum modes of the electromagnetic field reservoir as well
as with the lattice vibrational phonon thermostat. We have found that the entanglement among
the pair’s components is substantially enhanced due to presence of the phonon subsystem. The
reason is phonon induced decay among the symmetrical and antisymmetrical two-qubit collective
states and, consequently, the population of the latter one. This also means that through thermal
phonon bath engineering one can access the subradiant two-particle cooperative state.

1
I. INTRODUCTION

Quantum dot qubits systems have been studied extensively in the last years. A substan-
tial experimental progress involving these systems has been made. The interest in quantum
dots lies in the fact that their properties can be engineered and to some degree they behave
as real atoms. From these reasons often quantum dots systems, together with quantum
wells or quantum circuits samples, are called artificial atomic systems and are relevant
constituents towards quantum technologies. As a consequence, entangled photons genera-
tion via high-symmetry site-controlled quantum dots was already demonstrated [1], whereas
single- or cascaded-photon emission from the Mollow triplet sidebands was experimentally
proven [2] as well as sub-natural single-photon emissions from a single quantum dot [3]. In
certain laser-pumped artificial atomic samples, phonon environment may lead to broaden-
ing of spectral lines or to asymmetrical peaks in the Mollow spectrum [4]. Furthermore,
temperature-dependent Mollow triplet spectra from a single quantum dot was observed as
well [5], while self-homodyne measurement of a dynamic Mollow triplet in the solid state
was reported too [6]. Notice earlier works on control of the quantum dynamics in these sys-
tems, see for instance [7, 8]. Moreover, few- or many-qubit ensembles are as well relevant for
present or future quantum applications. Particularly, the interaction among closely spaced
artificial emitters are dominated by dipole-dipole coupling and by phonon-assisted energy
transfer processes [9]. The fluorescence properties of nearly identical quantum dots systems
were largely investigated [10], including phonon spontaneous emission [11]. Photon super-
radiance phenomenon in quantum dot samples was observed experimentally [12] whereas
fast phonon dynamics in optomechanical systems, due to cooperative effects among closely
placed multiple two-level quantum dots, was theoretically reported as well [13].
Thus, a quantum dot ensemble may mutually couple via interaction with photon or
phonon subsystems, respectively. Therefore, one may naturally ask about the entanglement
creation among the quantum dots. In this context, entanglement between two quantum dots
in a cavity injected with squeezed vacuum was demonstrated in Ref. [14]. Entanglement
dynamics between two coupled quantum dots in a nanowire photonic-crystal system was
investigated in [15]. Recently, it was demonstrated that the degree of entanglement can be
controllably tuned during the time evolution of quantum dots system [16]. Notably, phonon-
mediated generation of quantum correlations between quantum dot qubits was proven to be

2
efficient in a certain temperature range, but not at lower ones [17]. Additionally, complete
disentanglement by phonon induced dephasing of a pair of two-level qubits was theoretically
predicted in Ref. [18], see also [19].
In contrast, here, we shall demonstrate the steady-state entanglement among a laser-
pumped pair of two-level closely packed quantum dots where the phonon environmental
thermostat significantly enhances this particular quantum effect at lower temperatures. The
reason consists in the fact that the phonon environmental reservoir opens a decay channel
between the symmetrical and antisymmetrical two-qubit collective states, respectively. At
lower temperatures this allows to populate the subradiant state depending on the strength
and sign of the dipole-dipole interaction potential. However, higher phonon bath tempera-
tures do not lead to substantial entanglement creation among the quantum dots as long as
the laser-qubit coupling strength, i.e. Rabi frequency, is of the order of the dipole-dipole
frequency shift between the superradiant and subradiant two-particle collective states, or
less.
The article is organized as follows. In Sec. II we describe the analytical approach and
the system of interest, whereas in Sec. III we analyze the obtained results. A summary is
given in Sec. IV.

II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

We consider a laser pumped system consisting of a pair of identical two-level quantum

dots. The laser wave-vector is perpendicular to the line connecting the qubits. The quantum
emitters interact also with the environmental vacuum modes of the electromagnetic field
reservoir as well as with the vibrational phonon thermostat.
In the following, we shall present the corresponding master equation describing the in-
vestigated model where the vacuum modes of the electromagnetic field reservoir as well as
the phonon thermostat are included properly.

3
 A. The master equation

The master equation describing this system in the absence of phonons and in the Born-
Markov approximations, is given as follows [20–23]
i γ
ρ̇ + [H, ρ] = − (1 + χr )[Res + Rsg , (Rse + Rgs )ρ]
~ 2
γ
− (1 − χr )[Rea − Rag , (Rae − Rga )ρ] + H.c., (1)
2
where an overdot denotes differentiation with respect to time. In Eq. (1), the Hamiltonian
characterizing the coherent quantum dynamics of the qubits interacting with the laser field
is H = H0 + Hi , where

H0 /~ = 2∆Ree + (∆ + Ωdd )Rss + (∆ − Ωdd )Raa , (2)

and
√
Hi = 2~Ω(Res + Rsg + Rse + Rgs ). (3)

Here, Ω denotes the standard Rabi frequency, whereas ∆ is the detuning of the two-level
qubit’s frequency from the laser one. χr describes the radiative coupling among the two-
level qubits while Ωdd corresponds to the dipole-dipole interaction potential, respectively.
The radiative coupling χr goes to zero (unity) for larger (smaller) interparticle separations
r in comparison to the photon emission wavelength. Correspondingly, Ωdd tends to zero
or to the static dipole-dipole interaction potential, namely, Ωdd = 3γ(1 − 3 cos2 ζ)/4(kr)3,
where ζ is the angle between the transition dipole vector d~ and the vector connecting the
two qubits, i.e., ~r. The single-qubit spontaneous decay rate is γ = k 3 d2 /6πǫǫ0 ~, where
k is the resonant photon wave-vector in the medium, while ǫ0 is the vacuum permitivity
whereas ǫ is the relative dielectric constant of the semiconductor. The two-qubit transition
operators are obtained using the common Dicke states, namely, Rαβ =|αihβ|, where {α, β} ∈
{e, g, s, a} denote the two-qubit excited state and the ground state, and the symmetrical
and antisymmetrical collective states, respectively. They obey the commutation relation:
[Rαβ , Rβ ′ α′ ] = δββ ′ Rαα′ - δα′ α Rβ ′ β . Notice that the collective two-qubit states are defined as
follows [20–23]
1

|ei = |eei,|si = √ |egi + |gei ,
2
1

|ai = √ |egi − |gei , |gi = |ggi. (4)
2

4
The first term describing the damping phenomenon in the master equation (1) is responsible
for the spontaneous decay via the symmetrical channel |ei → |si → |gi, whereas the second
one through the antisymmetrical channel |ei → |ai → |gi, respectively. The antisymmetrical
transitions are less available when the two qubits get closer to each other because γ(1 −
χr )/2 ≪ γ in this particular case. As we shall demonstrate further, things change in the
presence of phonons.
In the presence of vibrational phonon reservoir one has to modify the master equation
accordingly, that is, we have to add the corresponding contribution [24–27]. The Hamilto-
nian, Hpn , describing the interaction of the qubit subsystem with the phonon reservoir can
be represented as

X i X (1)
~ωp b†p bp + H0 + λp1 2Ree + Raa + Rss + Rsa + Ras b†p1 − bp1



Hpn =
p
2 p1
i X (2)
λp2 2Ree + Raa + Rss − Rsa − Ras b†p2 − bp2 .



+ (5)
2 p2

Eliminating the phonon bosonic operators {b†p , bp } in a standard way, i.e., by assuming weak
qubit-phonon coupling strengths as well as neglecting memory effects, we arrive at a master
equation describing the qubit subsystem interaction with the phonon thermostat only. The
corresponding phonon decay rates are calculated to second order in the coupling strengths
(ξ)
λpξ , {ξ ∈ 1, 2}. Then, taking into account the contribution arising from the photon reservoir,
that is Eq. (1), the final master equation describing the whole system is:
i γ
ρ̇ + [H, ρ] = − (1 + χr )[Res + Rsg , (Rse + Rgs )ρ]
~ 2
γ
− (1 − χr )[Rea − Rag , (Rae − Rga )ρ]
2
− Γ(1 + n̄)[Rsa , Ras ρ] − Γn̄[Ras , Rsa ρ] + H.c.. (6)

π
P P (ξ) 2
Here Γ = 4 ξ={1,2} pξ (λpξ /~) δ(ωpξ − 2Ωdd ), with Ωdd > 0, is the decay rate
among the symmetrical and antisymmetrical two-qubit states due to phonon thermo-
stat. Particularly, this decay rate can be approximately represented as [28]: Γ ≈
(A~/πkB )(2Ωdd )3 exp [−(2Ωdd /ωc )2 ], with ωc being the cutoff frequency. For typical param-
eters A ∼ 11fs/K, ωc ∼ 3 × 1012 Hz, and 2Ωdd ∼ 1012 Hz one has Γ ∼ 1010 Hz. Further, the
interparticle separation was assumed to be larger than the main phonon bath wavelength
as well as the linear dimensions of a single quantum dot. Respectively, it is considered

5
to be smaller than the relevant photon wavelength. Hence, the two-level emitters interact
with independent phonon reservoirs. Respectively, the average mean phonon number n̄, at
temperature T , is given by the expression n̄ = [exp (2~Ωdd /kB T ) − 1]−1 , with kB being the
Boltzmann constant. If Ωdd < 0, that is Ωdd = −|Ωdd | ≡ −Ωdd , the corresponding Master
Equation can be obtained from Eq. (6), making the transformation s ↔ a in Eq. (2) and
in the last line of (6). Thus, generalizing at this stage, one can observe a phonon induced
decay rate between the collective states |si ↔ |ai around the dipole-dipole frequency shift
between these states. Finally, the scheme works also if one considers an identical dipole-
dipole coupled qubit pair consisting from a two-level atom and a two-level quantum dot,
(1) (2)
respectively, i.e. in this case either λp1 or λp2 is zero.

B. The equations of motion

The equations of motion describing the quantum dynamics of a pair of laser-pumped two-
level quantum dots interacting also with the environmental vacuum and thermal phonon
reservoirs can be easily obtained from the master equation (6). For our purpose, when
Ωdd > 0, the equations of motion for the populations of the two-qubit collective states are,
respectively,
√

hṘee i = i 2Ω hRse i − hRes i − 2γhRee i,
√

hṘss i = i 2Ω hRes i − hRse i + hRgs i − hRsg i


− γ(1 + χr ) + 2Γ(1 + n̄) hRss i + γ(1 + χr )hRee i
+ 2Γn̄hRaa i,


hṘaa i = γ(1 − χr )hRee i − γ(1 − χr ) + 2Γn̄ hRaa i
+ 2Γ(1 + n̄)hRss i, (7)

with

hRee i + hRss i + hRaa i + hRgg i = 1.

6
This system of equations is not closed and, therefore, we present the equations of motion
for the two-qubit coherences, namely,


hṘes i = i ∆ − Ωdd + iγ(3 + χr )/2 + iΓ(1 + n̄) hRes i
√

+ i 2Ω hRss i − hRee i − hReg i ,


hṘsg i = i ∆ + Ωdd + iγ(1 + χr )/2 + iΓ(1 + n̄) hRsg i
√

+ i 2Ω hReg i + hRgg i − hRss i + γ(1 + χr )hRes i,
√

hṘeg i = 2i∆ − γ)hReg i + i 2Ω hRsg i − hRes i . (8)

The missing equations of motion can be obtained via Hermitian conjugation of the above
system of three equations, i.e., Eqs. (8). One can observe that the system of equations (7)
and (8) involve mostly the transitions |ei ↔ |si ↔ |gi. Importantly, there is a phonon
induced population decay in the antisymmetrical two-qubit collective state through the
channel |si → |ai when Ωdd > 0, see the last equation in (7). This would change the qubits
quantum dynamics in an external laser field and subject to damping via photon and phonon
surrounding reservoirs.
In the absence of a cw coherent driving, i.e. when Ω = 0, the equations of motion Eq. (7)
and Eq. (8) can be solved analytically. For instance, the populations of the cooperative

7
two-qubit states are given by the following expressions:

e−Γ+ t

hRss (t)i = sinh (Ω̄t) 2n̄ΓRaa (0) − (Γ + γχr )
Ω̄
γRee (0)e−Γ+ t



× Rss (0) + Ω̄Rss (0) cosh (Ω̄t) +
Ω̄(Γ2− − Ω̄2 )
 
2


× Ω̄ cosh (Ω̄t) γ(1 + χr ) − 4n̄Γ + ᾱ sinh (Ω̄t)

γRee (0)e−2γt
 
2
+ 4n̄Γ − γ(1 + χr ) ,
Γ2− − Ω̄2
e−Γ+ t

hRaa (t)i = sinh (Ω̄t) 2Γ(1 + n̄)Rss (0)
Ω̄



+ (Γ + γχr )Raa (0) + Ω̄Raa (0) cosh (Ω̄t)

γRee (0)e−Γ+ t

Ω̄ cosh (Ω̄t) γ(1 − χr )2 − 4Γ(1 + n̄)


+ 2 2
Ω̄(Γ− − Ω̄ )
γRee (0)e−2γt
 
+ β̄ sinh (Ω̄t) + 4Γ(1 + n̄)
Γ2− − Ω̄2

2
− γ(1 − χr ) ,

hRee (t)i = hRee (0)ie−2γt ,

hRgg (t)i = 1 − hRee (t)i − hRss (t)i − hRaa (t)i, (9)

where ᾱ = Γ− γχr (1 + χr ) + Γ 1 + χr − 2n̄(1 − χr ) − (1 + χr )Ω̄2 and β̄ =



Γ− γχr (χr − 1) − Γ 3 + χr + 2n̄(1 + χr ) − (1 − χr )Ω̄2 , while Γ± = Γ(1 + 2n̄) ± γ,



p
Ω̄ = Γ2 (1 + 2n̄)2 + γχr (2Γ + γχr ). Depending on the initial conditions for hRαα (0)i,
α ∈ {e, s, a, g}, and the ratio γ/Γ as well as environmental temperatures one can recover
the results presented in [10, 18, 19, 24] for the same examined two-qubit system.
However in the following, we shall investigate the influence of the phonon environment
on entanglement creation between the two quantum emitters in the presence of a coherent
external source, i.e. Ω 6= 0. For this reason, the concurrence will be calculated in the
steady-state which has been widely used in this sense.

8
FIG. 1: The steady-state behavior of concurrence C versus ∆/γ and Ω/γ. The involved parameters
are: Γ/γ = 3, Ωdd /γ = 15, χr = 0.9 and n̄ = 0.05.

III. ENHANCED TWO-QUBIT ENTANGLEMENT VIA PHONON RESERVOIR

For a mixed state of qubits {q1 , q2 } with density matrix ρq1 q2 , the concurrence C is defined
as [29, 30]
4
X
C = max{0, s1 − sξ }, (10)
ξ=2

where the quantities sξ (ξ ∈ {1, 2, 3, 4}) are the square roots of the eigenvalues of the matrix
product
R = ρq1 q2 (σq1 y ⊗ σq2 y )ρ∗q1 q2 (σq1 y ⊗ σq2 y ), (11)

in descending order. Here, ρ∗q1 q2 denotes complex conjugation of ρq1 q2 , and σjy are Pauli
matrices for the two-level systems (j ∈ {q1 , q2 }). The values of the concurrence range from
zero for an unentangled state to unity for a maximally entangled two-particle state [29, 30].
The density matrix ρq1 q2 can be represented in the basis |eei, |egi, |gei and |ggi, which is
symmetric under the exchange of the sub-systems [29–31]. Taking into account the equations
(4), (7) and (8) as well as the equations of motions involving the antisymmetrical channel

9
 FIG. 2: Same as in Fig. 1 but for Γ/γ = 0, i.e., no coupling to the phonons.

|ei ↔ |ai ↔ |gi, that is,

√

hṘea i = i 2ΩhRsa i + i ∆ + Ωdd + iγ(3 − χr )/2 + iΓn̄

× hRea i,


hṘag i = i ∆ − Ωdd + iγ(1 − χr )/2 + iΓn̄ hRag i
√
− i 2ΩhRas i − γ(1 − χr )hRea i,


hṘsa i = 2iΩdd − γ − Γ(1 + 2n̄) hRsa i
√

+ i 2Ω hRea i + hRga i , (12)

one can calculate the concurrence C for Ωdd > 0. Again, the missing equations of motion
can be obtained via Hermitian conjugation of the above system of three equations, i.e.,
Eqs. (12). In fact, in the steady-state one always has: hRea i=hRag i= hRsa i = 0, and so does
the corresponding Hermitian conjugate parts.
In Figure (1), the steady-state behaviors of the two-particle concurrence C is calculated as
function of the external control parameters {∆/γ, Ω/γ}. The entanglement is substantially
enhanced in comparison to the case when phonons are absent, compare Fig. (1) and Fig. (2).
This happens because phonons open an additional decay channels |si → |ai such that the
antisymmetrical state |ai gets populated, see Figure (3). Hence, the entanglement maximum
and, correspondingly, the maximum population of the antisymmetrical state |ai is achieved
when the laser is in resonance with the symmetrical two-qubit state |si, i.e., ∆ ≈ −Ωdd , see
Fig. (1) and Fig. (2). Actually, phonons change the phase of the cooperative two-particle

10
state

√
|Ψφ i = |egi + eiφ |gei / 2. (13)

Note that the antisymmetrical state |ai ≡ |Ψπ i is a subradiant one since it couples weakly
with the vacuum modes of the electromagnetic field reservoir, see the dashed curves in
Figure (3). However, the phonon thermostat facilitates its population via a phonon induced
decay and when the phonon decay rate Γ is of the order of the single-qubit spontaneous
decay rate γ, or even larger. Respectively, the total intensity of the spontaneously scattered
photons in the steady-state, i.e.,

Is = γ (1 + χr )hRss i + (1 − χr )hRaa i + 2hRee i , (14)

reduces substantially in comparison to the same quantity but in the absence of phonons.
Furthermore, higher bath temperatures lower the entanglement between the quantum dots
for a fixed dipole-dipole interaction potential. This occurs because the symmetrical and the
antisymmetrical two-qubit cooperative states tend to populate approximately equally, but
weakly, for larger thermal phonon bath temperatures. More specifically, when γ/Γ ≪ 1 and
the laser-pumped qubits are close to each other, one has:



hRaa i = 1 + n̄ / 1 + 4n̄ , (15)

whereas


hRss i = hRee i = hRgg i = n̄/ 1 + 4n̄ . (16)

We observe that in this regime the populations do not depend on the external control
parameters, except the temperature. If n̄ → 0, hRaa i → 1 while all other populations are
almost zero. While if n̄ ≫ 1, then hRaa i=hRee i= hRss i =hRgg i=1/4. The concurrence in
this particular case, i.e., for γ/Γ ≪ 1, is:
 p


C = max 0, ( (1 + n̄)(1 + 2n̄) − 3n̄ / 1 + 4n̄ , (17)
√
which is zero when n̄ = (3 + 37)/14, while equals to unity if n̄ = 0. For environmental
temperatures up to several Kelvins and dipole-dipole coupling strengths of the order of
1012 Hz one can achieve those values for n̄ discussed here.

11
 (a) (b)

FIG. 3: The time-dependences of the populations in (a) the subradiant state |ai as well as in (b)
the superradiant state |si against the scaled time, when Ωdd > 0. The solid blue line corresponds
to ∆ = −Ωdd whereas the solid green curve is for ∆ = Ωdd . Respectivelly, the dashed lines stand
for Γ = 0. Other parameters are the same as in Fig. 1 with Ω/γ = 5 and hRgg (0)i = 1. The
oscillations in (b) are due to coherent driving of the transitions |ei ↔ |si ↔ |gi.

When Ωdd < 0, the situation is different. In this case, at lower environmental tempera-
tures, the phonon bath opens a decay channel between the antsymmetrical and symmetrical
two-qubit collective states, i.e., |ai → |si. However, the whole population is shared almost
equally among the ground and symmetrical cooperative states, respectively, when the laser
is in resonance with the latter state, that is around ∆ ≈ Ωdd . The complete population of
the symmetrical state is avoided because the antisymmetrical state couples weakly with the
vacuum modes of the electromagnetic field in this case and, correspondingly, less population
is transferred to the state |si. Consequently, the entanglement is weaker in comparison to
the case when Ωdd > 0, and its magnitude is close to that shown in Figure (2).

IV. SUMMARY

Summarizing, we have proposed a scheme allowing to populate the subradiant two-

particle collective state, which otherwise almost is decoupled from the interaction with the
surrounding electromagnetic vacuum reservoir. The sample, consisting from an identical
pair of two-level quantum dots, interacts coherently with a laser field and dampens via the
environmental electromagnetic field reservoir as well as the phonon thermostat. The phonon
bath induces transitions among the symmetrical and antisymmetrical two-qubit collective
states, around the dipole-dipole frequency shift between them, with a subsequent popula-
tion of the antisymmetrical cooperative state. Hence, quantum entanglement among the
closely spaced constituents substantially enhances due to vibrational phonons and at lower

12
temperatures.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by a mobility project of the Romanian National Authority
for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNCS - UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-PI-1.1-
MCD-2016-0088, within PNCDI III, as well as by the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, grant
No. 15.817.02.09F. Furthermore, we acknowledge useful discussions with Victor Ceban,
Profirie Bardetski and Sergiu Cojocaru.

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